At the peak of 1950, the number of military and political personnel left by the Kuomintang government reached 5.5 million. Together with the 3.5 million public officials of the Kuomintang government, there are 9 million prisoners. They are a factor of social instability, so they adopted a policy of secrecy.
Industry and agriculture in old China were extremely backward. From 1937 to 1949, the national economy suffered great damage after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the war of liberation. When People's Republic of China (PRC) was founded, industrial and agricultural production was far from the pre-war level. From the agricultural point of view, the highest grain output in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is 280 billion Jin. 1949 is only about 224 billion Jin. 1950 planned output increase1000 billion Jin, which is far from the highest level before the war. The situation of cotton production is even worse, only about half of that before the war. At that time, each rural person earned about 400 Jin of grain a year, and he had to pay 80 Jin of public grain to the country, which was quite heavy.
1949, China's modern industry only accounted for 17% of the total industrial and agricultural output value. Compared with the highest annual output in history, the main products decreased by 48%, iron by 86%, steel by 83% and cotton textiles by more than 25%. Because agricultural production has not resumed, it is difficult to maintain normal production of light industrial products with agricultural products as raw materials, and during the Kuomintang rule, there was unprecedented hyperinflation and the market was extremely chaotic. Take Shanghai as an example. Compared with the pre-war period, prices have risen by as much as 200 times, the purchasing power of urban and rural people is low, commodities cannot be sold, industries are greatly affected, and a large number of workers are unemployed.
Transportation is in urgent need of recovery. At that time, there were more than 20,000 kilometers of railways in China. Except for the northeast (about 40%), the railway in Shanhaiguan gradually recovered. There are few ships available for shipping, mostly small-tonnage coastal and inland vessels, and many sea-going vessels are threatened by the Kuomintang to Taiwan Province Province or Hongkong.
The low level of industrial and agricultural production and poor commodity circulation have affected the national fiscal revenue. At that time, the rural burden accounted for 4 1.4% of the national fiscal revenue, and the urban burden accounted for 38.9%. In fact, many taxes, such as salt tax, commodity tax and slaughter tax, are passed on to farmers, and the income of state-owned enterprises only accounts for 17. 1. None of the above three tax policies can cover the state's expenditure, and there will still be a deficit, so it is necessary to issue bonds. When compiling the national budget of 1950, 82% of the expenditure depends on various incomes, 7% on bonds, and the rest on issuing currency.
In the early days of liberation, floods and droughts were quite serious, with 65.438+0.2 billion mu of cultivated land and 40 million people affected. The people's government can't ignore these victims, but must take measures such as emergency rescue and self-help in production, which will also increase the financial burden of the government.
Some people in the national bourgeoisie look down on * * * and think that these "bumpkins" can only fight and don't understand the economy; We can govern the countryside, but we can't manage the cities, especially the big cities. Some people say, "* * * military 100, political 80, economic 0." Some speculators openly compete with the government.
The blockade and destruction of imperialism and Kuomintang reactionaries are also important reasons for economic difficulties. At that time, shipping in coastal ports was extremely difficult, and many islands in the south were occupied by Kuomintang troops. Foreign trade is mainly with the Soviet Union and eastern European countries. Many of the materials we need are unavailable.
The situation is really grim. Hostile forces at home and abroad are always looking forward to the failure of * * *. They said, "* * * will win the world at once, but it cannot rule the world at once." Some Democrats are also worried that * * * lacks experience and cannot govern the country well.
The people of the whole country were not intimidated by difficulties. Mao Zedong said: "There are many difficulties before us, but we believe that all difficulties will be overcome through the heroic struggle of the people of the whole country." Under the leadership of the CPC Central Committee and Mao Zedong, people all over the country are actively engaged in economic construction. Over the past three years, all the work has progressed smoothly, fundamentally reversing the chaotic situation left over by the Kuomintang government and achieving political, economic and social stability.
Case discussion: What was the national conditions in the early days of the People's Republic of China?
Case Comments: The establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) (PRC) ended the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and China entered a new democratic society and entered a new historical stage of transition from new democracy to society. But what we are facing is not a scene of prosperity, but a mess, riddled with holes, and we have to do everything. China has withstood the tests of politics, economy and military affairs. The analysis of China's national conditions is the transition from new democracy to socialism.
Case 2: The Battle between "Silver Dollar" and "Rice Cotton"
case presentation
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the Central People's Government faced extremely serious social problems, namely, market instability and soaring prices, which seriously affected the social order and the consolidation of people's political power. In order to stop the market chaos aggravated by speculative capital manipulation and stabilize prices, Mao Zedong led the Party and the people's government, relied on the strength of the state-owned economy and the support of the people in the old liberated areas, resolutely adopted strong economic measures and necessary administrative means, and organized two major "campaigns" against speculative capital.
The first is the "Battle of the Silver Dollar". Under the leadership of Mao Zedong, the military departments and people's governments in major cities explicitly prohibited the free circulation of gold bars, silver dollars and foreign currencies in the market, and all of them were listed and exchanged by the People's Bank of China, stipulating that RMB was the only legal tender. Speculators turned a deaf ear to this order and continued to disrupt the financial market. In Shanghai, they even threatened; The PLA can enter Shanghai, but not RMB. On June 1949, the Shanghai Municipal People's Government dispatched military police to seal up the "Securities Building", the gold and silver speculation base camp, and arrested 238 chief speculators. Students cracked down on illegal activities that undermined finance, consolidated the status of RMB and played an important role in stabilizing the market.
After the "Silver Dollar War", speculative capitalists did not give up. They thought that the "silver dollar war" was won by the people's government by political power, so they turned their speculative targets to the grain, cotton yarn, cotton cloth and coal markets. With their encouragement, prices in the whole country rose three times a day, especially in Shanghai. At this time, the Kuomintang spy shouted: "As long as we control' two whites and one black' (rice, cotton yarn, coal),
Facing the rampant activities of speculators, the Central People's Government headed by Mao Zedong attaches great importance to stabilizing prices. After careful investigation and study, it instructed the Finance Committee of China, headed by Comrade Chen Yun, to rely on the newly established powerful socialist state-owned economy to mobilize and concentrate enough important materials such as grain, cotton yarn and cotton cloth throughout the country, and to choose appropriate machines for centralized sales. This is a devastating blow to speculators. The Central People's Government mobilized 65,438+065,438+05 to 30 days from the Northeast, imported 654,380+million Jin of grain every day, stepped up the eastward transportation of cotton in Central China, and transported the accumulated gauze along the Longhai to Xi 'an. During this period, Tianjin, Shanghai, Xi 'an and other big cities. Cotton yarn and other articles. After careful arrangement and adequate preparation, we chose the opportunity when the market price reached its peak, and made unified actions in major cities across the country on1October 25th, 165438. A large number of materials poured into the market, which made the speculative capitalists unprepared and difficult to swallow. On the 26th, the market price immediately fell. After 10 days of continuous selling, the prices of grain, cotton and other commodities plummeted by 30% to 40%. Speculators sold their shares when their plot to drive up prices was shattered, but the market was saturated, and the more they sold, the harder it was to get rid of them. Many speculators used usury to snap up the hoarded goods, and as a result, they lost money and had to pay interest, and both sides were slapped. Many of them had to declare bankruptcy because of excessive losses.
Case discussion: what is "silver dollar", the battle of "rice cotton" and the significance of the battle of "rice cotton"
Case Comments: In the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, in order to strive for a fundamental improvement in the country's financial and economic situation, the CPC Central Committee made a decision to rectify and restore the national economy, and fought an economic war without smoke, which made those who doubted whether * * * could do a good job in the domestic and international economy have to admire * *. Facts have proved that China can not only win militarily and politically, but also do a good job in economic work.
Case 3: The Echo of Shen Jia's 300th Anniversary Celebration.
case presentation
Mao Zedong seems to have a hunch that four or five years before the national liberation, he reminded all party comrades to guard against arrogance and rashness, and to prevent officials from becoming masters. It coincided with Li Zicheng's entry into Beijing, the 300th anniversary of the demise of the Ming Dynasty. Guo Moruo wrote an article "The Three Centennial Festival of Shen Jia", evaluating Li Zicheng's historical merits and demerits, especially after he entered Beijing, he repeated the mistakes of emperors in previous dynasties, indulged in extravagance and extravagance, and took bribes and perverted the law, making it difficult for the country to overthrow. Mao Zedong read this article and thought it was a good textbook for educating the whole party, and regarded it as a rectification document. He took preventive measures against all comrades in the party. 1949, Beiping was liberated for a month, and everyone was ready to enter the big city, both excited and nervous. Mao Zedong repeated an old saying: When we entered Beiping, it was not Li Zicheng who entered Beiping, but they changed when they entered Beiping.
Mao Zedong and the guards discussed what to do after entering the city. Some people say that when they enter the city, they buy watches and look at the time. Others say that if you don't eat millet after entering the city, you will get hurt. Mao Zedong said: We have just defeated the Japanese aggressors and Chiang Kai-shek reactionaries in the United States with millet and rifles and entered the big cities. Don't forget these. When we enter the city, a new China government will be established, and many people will be officials in the government. No matter how big it is. They all serve the people, are revolutionary work, and all need hard work. Don't think that once you become an official in the city, you won't work hard and don't want to live a hard life. In that case, it's almost like Li Zicheng.
1on March 23rd, 949, Mao Zedong left Xibaipo and set foot on the journey of marching into Peiping. Mao Zedong said with emotion: Today is the day to "catch the exam" in Beijing. Zhou Enlai replied: "We all have to pass the exam, don't go back." Mao Zedong smiled and replied, "If we return, we will fail. We will never be Li Zicheng, and we all hope to do well in the exam. "
Case discussion: What new challenges did China face in the early days of the People's Republic of China?
Case Comment: In the early days of the People's Republic of China, China faced new challenges. This not only means overcoming all difficulties and learning new skills in the face of new tasks, but more importantly, under the new historical conditions of entering a prosperous city, taking charge of state power and engaging in peaceful construction, can the party maintain flesh-and-blood ties with the people, continue to maintain the fine tradition of seeking truth from facts, being modest and prudent and struggling hard, and not be corroded by power, status and bourgeois support?
Case 4: Tongrentang freshmen
case presentation
When people in the industrial and commercial circles heard the news of transforming capitalist industry and commerce, their mood was extremely contradictory and complicated. 1953, when all kinds of enterprises were thriving and everyone wanted to do a big job, the state proposed to transform private enterprises into socialist enterprises, specifically, to implement public-private partnerships, which gave everyone a great shock and made everyone unprepared ideologically. Someone said, "Fifteen buckets are pumping water."
1953, Beijing Municipal Bureau of Local Industry chose Tongrentang as the first public-private joint venture, which had a great shock to the operators of Tongrentang. At this time, Tong Ren Tang has existed for hundreds of years. It was founded in the eighth year of Kangxi in Qing Dynasty (1669). On the eve of the liberation of Beiping, Tongrentang had more than 90 employees/kloc-0, with a bonus of about 800,000 yuan and an annual output value of about 10. The annual retail sales is about 300,000 yuan, with outdated equipment and backward management. 1949 When Beiping was liberated, Tongrentang was run by Xerox XIII Le Song, who was also the general manager of Tianjin Darentang Management Office. Since the beginning of the 1948+0950 War to Resist US Aggression and Aid Korea, Tong Ren Tang has donated 99,000 yuan to the country.
Tongrentang has always been valued and cared by the party and the government. The news of public-private partnership has dealt a great blow to the Le family. They really regret that an old shop that has been in business for hundreds of years will lose its ownership, management sovereignty and profit distribution. After repeated consideration, Le Song realized that this is the general trend, the aspiration of the people and the historical trend, which cannot be violated. Moreover, after the joint venture, he also served as a manager and enjoyed living conditions.
Great changes have taken place in enterprises after the public-private partnership. For example, although Tongrentang is a big pharmacy, the previous management mode is outdated, and there are loopholes such as weak production planning, scattered storage of materials, unclear procedures for collecting materials and excessive product backlog. After the public-private partnership, management has been improved, various rules and regulations have been established, equipment has been increased, technology has been improved, and pulverizers and boilers have been designed by themselves. The production packaging has been improved and the sales volume has been increasing. The sales department has increased the number of drugs from dozens to more than 200 every day. Store Changle Songsheng said happily: "The running water in other people's homes is getting less and less every day, and our home is getting more and more every day. I was worried that the joint venture would affect production. I didn't expect the business to develop so fast after the joint venture. "
1955, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai met with Le Songsheng in Zhongnanhai, asked about his life and work, and encouraged him to make more contributions to the pharmaceutical industry. In the same year, he was elected as the deputy mayor of Beijing as a representative of Beijing Municipal People's Congress and CPPCC. On June 38+0956, Beijing Sinopharm Industry was a public-private partnership.
Case discussion: What is the significance of China's transformation of capitalist industry and commerce?
Case comment: As can be seen from the case, the national bourgeoisie has experienced the process of doubt, excitement, contest and obedience in the process of transformation. The news of public-private partnership came as a great shock to musicians. They really regret that the old shops that have been in business for hundreds of years will lose their ownership, management sovereignty and profit distribution. After repeated consideration, Le Song realized that this was the general trend, the aspiration of the people and the historical trend. Be inviolable. After the public-private partnership, great changes have taken place in the enterprise, and the sales volume has been rising. China's policy of peaceful redemption was supported by national capitalists. China, represented by Mao Zedong, creatively opened up a capitalist industrial and commercial transformation road suitable for China's characteristics and accumulated rich experience.
Case 5: "Teacher Rong is here, welcome!" -Mao Zedong and Rong Yiren
case presentation
From a national capitalist to the vice president of the Republic, Rong Yiren's experience is legendary. Among the people who had an important influence on Rong Yiren's life, one person will be remembered by him forever. For decades, he has treated this great man with reverence. This is Mao Zedong.
"The first time I met Chairman Mao was in June 1950." Rong Yiren recalled, "At that time, as one of the invited representatives, I attended the second session of the first session of the China People's Political Consultative Conference, and was honored to attend the banquet hosted by Chairman Mao for the delegates at the Happy Year Hall in Zhongnanhai. When I approached the Happy New Year Hall, Chairman Mao had stood in front of the door and warmly welcomed me. The people's leaders are humble and enthusiastic. He shook my hand and said. Chairman Mao's hands are soft and powerful, which made me feel very constrained when I first entered Zhongnanhai. "
Rong Yiren was born in a national bourgeois family. When he was young, he began to take charge of some enterprises in the family and became the "younger generation" of national capitalists. Out of patriotism, he stayed when Shanghai was liberated. But like other capitalist industrialists and businessmen, he still has a nervous mentality about the future fate of living in new China. "Chairman Mao realized our ambivalence at that time and told us that as long as we link our personal future with the future of the country, everyone has a future." "Chairman Mao also encouraged us to do good deeds for the people and do good deeds persistently. The more good things we do, the more people will get in return. The people will never forget it. "
Although the Rong Yiren family has huge capital and high social prestige, their career in old China has not been spared the disaster brought by imperialist aggression and the oppression of the corrupt Kuomintang regime, and their desire to revitalize the country through industrial management cannot be realized. When Rong Yiren saw the achievements made in a short time after the founding of New China and the policies adopted by the CPC Central Committee and Chairman Mao towards the national bourgeoisie, he deeply realized that according to Mao Zedong's words, only by taking the socialist road can the country develop and everyone has a future.
Rong Yiren also recalled: "1At a meeting in Beijing in June 1955, I met Chairman Mao and told him that I hoped he would take time to go to Shanghai. /kloc-one day in early October, I was working in a company in Shanghai when I was suddenly informed that Chairman Mao had come to Shanghai and was leaving. "
Rong Yiren said: "Chairman Mao mentioned my name several times in his speech in the 1950s, and illustrated the great influence of the Party on the work of the national bourgeoisie at home and abroad with my example of pursuing progress. This made me have mixed feelings, and I was deeply moved by Chairman Mao's concern and attention to me. His words inspired me and strengthened my determination to take the socialist road. "
Case discussion: What is the policy of "transforming enterprises and transforming people at the same time" in China?
Case Comment: While transforming capitalist industry and commerce, China attached great importance to the transformation of people, combining the transformation of enterprises with the transformation of people. First of all, he gave ideological education to capitalists, often organized them to study, guided them to participate in various political practice activities, educated them on the future of socialism, and raised their consciousness. On the one hand, he made them realize that changing capitalist ownership is the general trend. On the other hand, make them understand the party's policy of uniting, educating and reforming capitalists. Secondly, in the spirit of "only use, take proper care of", give capitalists and employers the necessary work arrangements, so that they will gradually become self-reliant workers; Thirdly, "guarantee to the end" in life and give capitalists high salaries. It can be seen from this case that Rong Yiren, a "red capitalist", has gradually supported the reform policy.