The development of table tennis

Development history of table tennis

From 65438 to 0988, table tennis first appeared as a formal event in the 24th Olympic Games.

So far, table tennis has been held for five consecutive Olympic Games.

The Olympic table tennis championship is held every four years. There are four events: men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles and women's doubles.

The total number of people in the Olympic Games is limited.

Since the IOC's policy at that time was to reduce the number of team events and people as much as possible, ITTF had just joined the Olympic Games and had to accept this restriction.

Moreover, at that time, the International Olympic Committee was not interested in the team events of individual events, so the first agreement reached between ITTF and the Olympic Committee was that only 64 male athletes and 32 female athletes could participate in the men's and women's singles competitions of the Olympic Games.

After that, we discussed with the head of the Olympic Committee and added men's and women's doubles.

At that time, the quota of the International Olympic Committee for table tennis players was 192.

Finally, the number of table tennis players who entered the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games was: 64 pairs of men's singles, 48 pairs of women's singles, 32 pairs of men's doubles and 0/6 pairs of women's doubles.

In several Olympic Games, many athletes participated in singles and doubles events, which made the number of athletes fail to meet the Olympic quota, leading to the reduction of the staff of the International Olympic Committee.

The current limit is 172.

Since the Sydney Olympic Games in 2000, ITTF has increased the number of doubles without affecting the number of singles, reaching the Olympic quota of 172.

ITTF has always taken various measures to increase the number of table tennis events and the number of participants in the Olympic Games.

However, due to the influence of the International Olympic Committee's "Olympic slimming" plan, this wish cannot be realized for the time being.

In addition, ITTF doesn't want players from one country to face each other in the Olympic finals (1 1 events in the five finals of 20 events are played by players from the same country).

Therefore, during the Athens Olympic Games, ITTF officials had extensive exchanges with all parties. In order to increase the excitement of the competition, ITTF proposed to replace doubles with teams, but the International Olympic Committee only made a request that the number of participants should not be increased in strict accordance with President Rogge's "Olympic slimming" plan, otherwise the proposal would not be passed.

Therefore, ITTF has formulated the plan of "Team Entering the Olympics" and put forward various competition modes, hoping that 12 ~ 16 teams can participate.

During the 2004 Athens Olympic Games, ITTF President shalala announced that he had met with IOC President jacques rogge and the executive committees, and everyone agreed to replace the doubles competition with the team competition in the 2008 Olympic Games without increasing the number of participants.

This proposal was adopted at the IOC meeting held in Singapore on October 27th, 2005/KLOC-0.

The Origin and Evolution of Table Tennis

Table tennis is a skillful sport against the net. The game is to hit the ball on the opponent's desktop according to the rules, forcing the opponent to hit the ball back out of bounds, get caught or foul.

There are many theories about the origin of table tennis. The most popular one is that table tennis originated in England at the end of 19 and originated from tennis.

It is said that one day at the end of 19, London encountered a rare sultry weather.

After watching Wimbledon, two young British nobles went to a single room in a fancy restaurant for dinner.

First cover the cigar box as a fan, and then discuss tennis skills and tactics. Pick up the cork bottle of champagne as a ball, use the big dining table as a table, pull a thread in the middle as a net, and use the cigarette case cover as a racket.

The waiter cheered on the side, and the female shopkeeper who heard the news couldn't help but blurt out "table tennis" and named it "table tennis".

At first, table tennis was just a court sport. Its name was not table tennis, but "Flim—Flam", also known as "Goossime".

Later, an American named Heath invented a hollow toy ball called celluloid.

About 1890, British James? When James Gibb traveled to America, he saw a toy ball made of celluloid and brought it back to England to replace the original solid ball.

At that time, the racket handle was very long, with parchment on both sides and hollow in the middle. When you hit celluloid with this racket, you make a "ping" sound, and when you land, you make a "ping" sound. Thus, the name of table tennis was born.

This kind of toy ball is called table tennis.

It started in Europe and America, and then spread in Asia.

A British sporting goods company first used the word "Ping-Pong" as an advertising name and registered it as a trademark.

189 1 English Charles? Baxter applied for the license of table tennis as a commercial patent.

The International Table Tennis Federation (ITTF) is a federation of table tennis organizations participating in ITTF.

At present, the International Table Tennis Federation has more than 200 members, making table tennis one of the three major sports with the largest number of participants in the world. Its abbreviation is: International Table Tennis Federation, abbreviated as ITTF.

It was founded in 1926 and 12 in London, England. Its original headquarters was in Hastings, East Sussex, England, and it moved to Lausanne, Switzerland in 2000.

1926 65438+February 65438+February in Ivo, London, England? In the library of montague's mother, Ms. Swislin, the first historic congress of the International Table Tennis Federation was held.

The ITTF Constitution and competition rules were formally adopted at the meeting.

Since the word "Ping-Pong" was found to be a commercial registered name, ITTF changed its name to "Table Tennis" Association, which has been in use ever since.

Before the 1920s, table tennis was still in the game stage.

The invitational tournament has been held since the 1920s.

1 926 65438+February 6th to 1 1 The1th World Table Tennis Championships was held in McMoor Hall, Flinton Street, London.

The competition consists of five events: men's team, men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles and mixed doubles.

There is also a men's singles comfort match.

Because the total number of female athletes participating in the competition is only 16, there is no women's team and women's doubles competition.

1 the world championship ended the historical stage of table tennis as entertainment and made it a sport.

The development of table tennis

The Development of World Table Tennis

At the beginning of table tennis, the horizontal racket is used.

After 1902 was introduced into Japan, the method of holding the racket appeared directly.

Some people infer that this is the difference between holding a knife and fork and chopsticks when eating in the east and the west, which leads to the different grip methods in the early days.

Racket started from a long-handled racket with parchment on both sides and hollowed out in the middle, and evolved into a polished short-handled racket and a racket made of cork or sandpaper. Subsequently, rubber rackets, sponge rackets, forward and reverse sponge rackets, long rubber rackets, reverse sponge rubber rackets and "elastic glue" were invented one after another.

At present, players use a special rubber with teeth, which covers the surface of sponge from top to bottom and sticks to wooden or carbon rackets.

The scoring method has gradually changed from the early 10, 20, 50, 100 to 2 1 1. In 2003, the 47th World Table Tennis Championships officially started to use the game of 1 1.

The early table tennis table was small, the net was high and the specifications were not uniform.

1936 or so, changed to the current specification.

There are four major table tennis events in the world: Olympic Table Tennis Tournament, World Table Tennis Championships, World Cup Table Tennis Tournament and ITTF Professional Tour.

The World Table Tennis Championships is the largest, the highest level and the largest number of participants among the four world table tennis events, and it is also the only competition that includes all seven awards.

At present, team competitions are held every two years, and individual competitions are held five times a year. So far, 48 competitions have been held.

Each project has a special trophy, which comes from many countries and is named after the name of the donor.

Nowadays, table tennis has developed into a competitive sport with high technology, high speed and strong rotation, and nearly 40 million people all over the world are engaged in this sport.

Table tennis is in China.

China table tennis is recognized as the "national sport" of China in the world.

China's table tennis was imported from Japan.

At the beginning of the 20th century, shortly after the Meiji Restoration in Japan, many Japanese enterprises set up commercial organizations in coastal cities of China to sell a lot of goods to the China market.

Therefore, table tennis was introduced to China along with business contacts and frequent exchanges between Japanese industrial and commercial circles.

1904 The manager of a stationery store in Sima Road, Shanghai bought 10 sets of table tennis equipment (table, net, ball and racket with holes) from Japan, put them in the store, and personally performed table tennis, introducing the situation of playing table tennis in Japan.

From then on, table tennis began to rise in China.

19 16 The Children's Department of the YMCA of Shanghai added a table tennis room and table tennis table to carry out table tennis among students.

Later, the movement was also carried out in several big cities such as Beijing, Tianjin and Guangzhou.

From 65438 to 0925, China and Japan started the exchange of table tennis.

1927, the Japanese team went to China for an away game.

In August of the same year, I participated in the China-Japan Table Tennis Exhibition in the 8th Far East Games held in Shanghai.

1935, ITTF called to invite China to join ITTF and participate in the 9th World Table Tennis Championships, but no funds were available.

1952, the first national competition was held in Peking University.

After the game, the national table tennis team began intensive training.

In the same year, the Table Tennis Department of the All-China Sports Federation joined the International Table Tennis Federation and was later renamed the China Table Tennis Association.

On April 5th, 1959, Rong Guotuan won the first men's singles world championship for China at the 25th World Table Tennis Championships.

1961April, China Table Tennis Association hosted the 26th World Table Tennis Championships, which was the first world championship in the history of China.

Since Rong Guotuan 1959 won the first world championship, the China table tennis team has won more than 100 world championships for the motherland in the past 50 years, winning all the gold medals in the four World Championships and the two Olympic Games, creating an immortal history that is rare in the world sports world.

65438-0988 At the 24th Seoul Olympic Games, China won the women's singles (Chen Jing) and men's doubles (Chen Longcan/Wei), tied with the host South Korea, and occupied 2/5 of the gold medals of the entire China delegation.

Since 1988 Seoul Olympic Games table tennis first became an official event, China almost completely monopolized the gold medal in this event.

Among them, 9 women's gold medals have been won in 10 and 7 men's gold medals in 10.

Table tennis has become the dominant event of China sports delegation.

Table tennis has formed a virtuous circle of popularization-improvement-popularization-improvement in China.

According to statistics, at present, the population who often plays table tennis in China is about 6.5438+million.

In today's reform and opening up, in order to improve the physical quality of the whole nation and further inspire the national spirit, table tennis has become more fashionable in the wave of actively implementing the national fitness plan in China, and more and more people take part in table tennis after school and on rest days.

Table tennis competition venues and facilities

Venue standard

The Olympic table tennis competition will be held in the gymnasium. The specific standards of the gymnasium are as follows:

Competition area

Including a formal competition venue with a standard size (8 meters wide and 16 meters long) that can accommodate 4 or 8 tables (depending on the competition method), and the competition area should also include the required areas, such as the passages beside the competition tables, electronic display screens, seats for athletes and coaches, and competition officials' areas (technical representatives, referees, arbitrators, etc.). ), photographer area, TV camera area, award area.

lamplight

In order to ensure the clarity of the Olympic TV broadcast images, the illuminance is required to be 1500 ~ 2500 lux, and the illuminance of all tables is the same.

If it is necessary to add a temporary light source due to TV broadcast and other reasons, the angle between the light source and the ceiling should be greater than 75 degrees.

The illuminance of other parts of the competition area shall not be less than 1/2 of the illuminance of the competition table, and the light source shall not be less than 5 meters from the ground.

Generally, the surrounding area of the venue should be dark, and the illuminance in the auditorium should be significantly lower than that in the competition area, so as to avoid dazzling light sources and natural light without covered windows.

ground

The floor shall be a wooden or movable plastic floor of brand and type approved by ITTF.

The floor is elastic, and there are no other signs and signs of movement.

The color of the floor should not be too light or too reflective, but red or crimson; Don't use too much oil or wax to avoid slipping.

temperature

The air velocity in the competition area in the exhibition hall is controlled within 0.2 ~ 0.3m/s, and the temperature is about 20 ~ 25 degrees Celsius, or 5 degrees Celsius lower than the outdoor temperature.

Table tennis equipment specifications

Field specification

The competition area should be surrounded by the same dark baffle with a height of 0.75m and separated from the adjacent competition area and spectators.

The area of each table is 8m× 16m.

There are tables, nets, balls, baffles, referee tables, referee chairs and scorers in the venue.

At least two electronic scorecards should be used for each table, and four should be used for the final.

Electronic scoreboards are placed on both sides of the table tennis court or on the back of the four corners, marked with the names of athletes, countries or regions, time, scores of each game, etc. So that the audience can see the score clearly on the display screen in the stands.

There is also a large electronic display screen that can be clearly seen by all the audience in the gymnasium, which can display all the information about table games at the same time.

In the final or when there is only one table, the referee uses a microphone to facilitate the audience to watch the game.

specification of equipment

Table-76 cm high, 2.74 m long, 1.525 m wide, dark green or blue in color.

Net-the height is 15.25cm, and the protruding part outside the table is 15.25cm, with the same color as the table.

Ball-a white or orange, dull hard ball with a diameter of 40mm and a weight of 2.7g.. ..

Baffle-height 0.75m, width 1.4 or 2m, the same color as the table.

All equipment is specially approved and designated by ITTF company.

During the whole competition, including training facilities, the same brand of equipment must be used.

Key points of table tennis competition rules

The latest ITTF competition rules are adopted in the Olympic table tennis competition rules.

The competition system of Olympic table tennis competition is formulated by ITTF Olympic Committee (ITTF Olympic Group) and implemented after being approved by ITTF Committee.

Key points of rules

service

(1) At the start of serving, the ball is naturally placed on the palm of your hand, without clapping your hands, and the palm is open and kept still.

(2) When serving, the server must throw the ball up almost vertically with his hands, and must not make the ball rotate, and make the ball rise not less than 16 cm after leaving the palm of his hand without clapping his hands, and must not touch anything before it falls.

(3) When the ball falls from the highest point of throwing, the server can hit the ball, so that the ball first touches its own table, then crosses or bypasses the net, and then touches the table of the receiver.

In doubles, the ball should touch the right half of the server and receiver.

(4) From the beginning of serving to hitting the ball, the ball should always be above the table, outside the end line of the server, and it should not be blocked by any part of the body or clothes of the server or its doubles partner.

(5) When a player serves, at the moment when the ball touches the racket, there should be no obstacles in the virtual triangle formed by the connection between the ball and the net post and above a certain height, and one of the referees should be able to see the player's hitting point clearly.

strike a ball

After the opponent serves or returns the ball, the player must hit the ball so that the ball directly passes over or bypasses the net device, or touches the net device before touching the opponent's table.

Lose points

(1) cannot be delivered legally;

(2) Failure to fight back legally;

(3) After hitting the ball, the ball crosses the opponent's end line and does not touch the opponent's table;

(4) plugging;

(5)combo；

(6) hitting the ball with a racket face that does not conform to the rules;

(7) The athlete or anything worn by the athlete makes the table move;

(8) The player or anything worn by the player touches the net device;

(9) Don't clap your hands and touch the table;

(10) Doubles players hit the ball in the wrong order;

(1 1) When the rotation serve method is implemented, the server is hit by the receiver or his doubles partner, including the receiver, and 13 legal counterattacks are completed.

Give full play to

In a game, the winner is 1 1. 10 After the draw, the winner is the one who scores 2 points first.

The best-of-seven system is adopted in a single elimination match, and the best-of-five system is adopted in singles or doubles in team matches.

Order and direction

After (1) scores 2 points, the server becomes the server, and so on, until the end of the game, or until the score between the two sides is 10, or when the rotation service method is adopted, the order of serving and receiving is unchanged, but each person only serves 1 minute in turn.

(2) In doubles, every time the service is changed, the front-end server will become a server, and the partner of the front-end server will become a server.

(3) The player who serves first in a game should receive the service first in the next game of that game. In the final game of doubles, when one player scores 5 points first, the receiver must exchange the order of receiving the service.

(4) In one game, one player in one direction will change to another direction in the next game.

In the deciding game, when one side scores 5 points first, the two sides should exchange places.

Intermittent rest

(1) The intermission shall not exceed 1 minute.

(2) In a game, each side has a timeout of no more than 1 minute.

(3) In each game, after scoring 6 points in the deciding game or changing positions, there is a short time to wipe the sweat.

Competition method

The table tennis competitions held in the five Olympic Games have similar methods, but they are not exactly the same. They mainly adopt the methods of group pre-selection and single elimination plus play-offs or ranking elimination plus play-offs

The method of table tennis competition in the 29th Olympic Games is:

Team competition-in the first stage, 16 men's and women's teams were divided into four groups for a single round robin.

In the second stage, the team that won the first place in the team produced the gold medal and silver medal in the team competition through the rematch and final.

The team that won the second place in the group can only compete for the bronze medal.

Through the duel of the second place in the group, the two teams that won the semi-finals and the two teams that lost the semi-finals of the bronze medal, resulting in the bronze medal in the team competition.

The form of team competition is:

(1) Best of five games system.

One, two, four and five games are singles, and the third game is doubles.

(2) A team consists of three athletes, each of whom plays twice.

(3) The competition sequence is:

Home team visiting team

Scene 1 a-x

The second game b-y

Scene 3 C+A or B-Z+X or y

Game 4 A or B-Z

Game 5 c-x or y

(4) The list of doubles players will be determined after the first two games.

(5) If A or B and X or Y participate in the doubles competition, they cannot participate in the subsequent singles competition; Only athletes who do not participate in doubles can participate in the following singles competitions.

Singles competition-ranking elimination and bronze medal competition will be conducted in the same form as the 28th Olympic Games.

If the number of places in the team competition is not used up and then allocated to singles, so that the number of men's and women's singles exceeds 64, a qualifying round will be added.

Watching etiquette helps you watch the game and makes it more exciting-table tennis

Table tennis is a very delicate sport.

During the competition, athletes' psychology and spirit are in a highly concentrated state, so athletes need to carefully observe the movement, time, position, racket shape, ball-coming operation and opponent's expression when hitting the ball with their eyes. Listen to the sound of the opponent's racket hitting the ball with your ears, so as to judge the rotation, speed, strength, landing point and rhythm of the ball, as well as the opponent's psychological state and possible tactics, and consider how to return the ball.

Athletes' correct judgment of these situations and threatening to return the ball not only depend on their own ability, but also need a good competition environment.

Therefore, watch the table tennis match should pay attention to the following points:

(1) During the period from the time when the athletes are ready to serve to the time when the ball becomes a dead ball, the whole stadium should be kept quiet, and no clapping, stamping the floor, shouting, cheering, walking around at will, displaying flags and slogans, etc.

(2) Don't take photos with a flash.

Flash has a great influence on the table tennis match, because the collision between the table tennis bat and the ball is completed in an instant, and the flash will flash across the athletes' eyes, making them unable to judge the quality of the incoming ball, thus affecting the quality and hit rate of the return ball.

(3) Be subtle when refueling, and don't bring gongs, drums and horns into the gymnasium, because loud voices and excessive language will affect athletes' mood and attention.

(4) Smoking is prohibited in the venue; The phone is turned off or set to vibrate or mute.

Time, place and venue of table tennis competition in the 29th Olympic Games

The table tennis competition of the 29th Olympic Games will be held in Peking University Gymnasium from August 3rd to 23rd, 2008.

List of qualified participants in the Olympic Games:

Man:

Bohr (Germany ranked 5th in the world in June+10, 5438)

Samsonov (Belarussian 65438+ 10 ranked 6th in the world).

Gao Ning (Singapore 65438+ 10 World Ranking 10).

Li Jing (Hongkong, China, 13 World October)

Chuan Zhiyuan (China Taipei World Ranking in June 14)

Glinka (Greek 65438+ 10 World Ranking 15)

Shi Lage (Austrian 65438+ 10 World Ranking 16)