Jin Shu Tiequan, Golden Boxing, Silver Boxing and Shi Quan are also called "Dan Shu Tieqi". Also known as "Iron Fist" in this province. Dan Shu: written with cinnabar; Hard evidence documents. In ancient times, the emperor granted preferential treatment or exempted certificates to people who had made outstanding contributions. The diploma was written on Dan's iron plate, hence the name. In order to win the trust and prevent forgery, the iron drum was cut open, and the court and the governor each kept half.
Racial division
According to research, after Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang seized power, Yuan Xun was awarded the "Red Book Iron Voucher" as a reward in order to consolidate his rule and defeat the hero. After the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang appointed Xiao He, Han Xin, Zhang Cang and Sun Bin. Taking the heroic outline as an oath, Uncle Dan, Tieqi, Jin Dian and Shishi were hidden in the ancestral hall. " Fu' is often called' Qi', that is, a certificate of honor between emperors, heroes and ministers. "Records, fighters, Jingui and Shishi" means that the imperial edicts and vows of emperors, heroes and ministers are written on the "Iron Fist" with red sand, and then placed in Jinguili and hidden in the stone ancestral hall to show seriousness and ensure the safety of the "Iron Fist". However, the earliest "iron coupons" did not have the privilege of being free from crime and death. Only as a voucher for promotion to Dagong. Many heroes who were awarded iron coupons and their descendants were convicted and even executed.
During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen often distributed iron coupons to family relatives and trusted ministers, and even ministers begged the emperor for iron coupons to protect themselves. Since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, issuing "iron coupons" has become a routine system. All the founding fathers, ZTE heroes and ethnic minority leaders presented "iron coupons". Even some officials and eunuchs received "iron coupons". In addition, since the Sui Dynasty, the inscription of red sand on the "iron coupon" was gradually changed to gold, so later generations also called it "golden book iron coupon". In the fourth year of Jian 'an, Qian Liu, the most famous "money coupon" in the Tang Dynasty, was presented to Yue. It is still preserved in the National Museum of China.
"Dan Shu Tie Voucher" has the right to avoid death, no later than the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The number of iron coupons saved from death in the early days was mostly less than three times. From the Northern Wei Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, there were more and more times to avoid death. In the late Tang Dynasty, the descendants of the recipients of iron coupons could even use it to avoid one or three deaths.
In the late Song and Zhou Dynasties, he added a yellow robe and seized the throne from Chai Jia. In order to calm people's hearts, he gave Chai's descendants a "red book iron coupon". Even if Chai's descendants commit crimes, they will not be punished. The "small whirlwind" described in Chai Jin's Water Margin and the famous novel "Dan Shu Tie Quan" does have its historical basis.
In the Ming Dynasty, the iron coupon system was further improved. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, legally stipulated that the recipients of the "Red Book Iron Voucher" were limited to military service and awarded the honorary ministers of "Gong, Hou and Shu". In the Ming Dynasty, gold, calligraphy and iron coupons were divided into seven classes, among which the duke was divided into first class, the marquis was divided into second class and the earl was divided into third class. Iron sheets come in different sizes. The largest duke's first-class iron ticket is one foot high and one foot six inches five minutes wide. Other equivalent iron sheets are generally reduced by 5 points in height and width. The youngest Earl's second-class iron ticket is 7 inches high and 1.2 inches wide and lasts for 5 minutes. All coupons are in duplicate, one for the recipient and the other hidden in the internal office. When it needs to be tested, put them together to determine the authenticity.
Zhu Yuanzhang was a great hero in Wu Sannian. Li Shanchang, Xu Da, Li Wenzhong and other 34 people.
Compared with the iron coupons in the Tang Dynasty, the gold calligraphy paper and iron coupon paper in the Ming Dynasty have obviously changed. One repents not for rebellion, but for other capital crimes. Second, the number of deaths is relatively small, which leads to the inevitable death of children and grandchildren.
The Qing dynasty abolished the system of "Dan Shu Tie Quan".
Shape evolution
It started from the Emperor Gaozu and was later inherited by later generations. Originally named after iron plate alchemy. It's just a seal and a certificate of honor issued to the lieutenant.
After the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it began to have the function of exemption from punishment and death. Wei also gave secret gifts to those who wanted to join the army to ensure their privileges after joining the army. They heard stories from all over the world.
This system was clearly defined in the Tang Dynasty. The styles of the past dynasties were different, and later generations basically imitated the system of the Tang Dynasty.
The iron coupons of the Jin Dynasty are shaped like rolling tiles, engraved with words and plated with gold. It's all gold, half meritorious service, half emperor and half royal treasure.
1369, decorated by Ming Hongwu. Because of the system of the Tang dynasty, there are also gains and losses. This number is as big as a tile and is divided into seven grades. Second class, one foot high and one foot six inches wide; One is nine inches five minutes high and one foot six inches wide. Hou, third class, nine inches high and one foot five inches five minutes wide; One is eight and a half inches high and one and a half feet wide. Eight inches high, one foot four inches and five minutes wide. "Second class, seven inches five points high and one foot three inches five points wide; One is six inches and five minutes high and one foot and two inches and five minutes wide. On the other hand, I have given the record of meritorious service and the amount of donations. On the other hand, I exempted them from punishment and reduced their wages. The fourth title, Li Mao's world, by the way; Starting from Chengzu, Yue Fengtian pushed Jingnan; The rest is to promote integrity for Fengtian Yiyun and Fengtian Yiwei. Chen Wu is called Li Xuan Chen Wu, and Chen Wen is called Foreign Minister. These words are inlaid with gold. 97 delegates were awarded the merits and rights of the Tibetan government from left to right. If something goes wrong, they will close the door to win trust. In three years, six people won the iron ticket and 28 people were waiting. In the past twenty-five years, iron coupons have been reformed and given eight points to the public and citizens. In the early years of Yongle, some donors contributed to this disaster.
System traceability
The red book iron coupon is a reward and contract certificate given to heroes by feudal emperors. Similar to modern popular medals, but slightly different in appearance and broader in connotation. But from the origin, function and nature, iron coupons are the embryonic form of medals.
Tracing back to the form of the iron coupon system, it originated from the Copper Coin Festival in the Warring States Period. The word "irrefutable evidence is like a mountain" comes from the history books "Han Shu Gao Ji" and "Biography of Ji Zun". It is called "Dan posting contract" and "Dan posting voucher". There is a saying in Cheng Dachang's "Fan Roadshow": Iron coupons are as strong as cylindrical tiles and iron gold characters. Two coupons are combined into one. The ticket on the left is kept by the payee, and the ticket on the right is hidden in the palace or ancestral hall. Under special circumstances, check the authenticity of two coupons together to prevent forgery. However, judging from the earliest existing iron coupons, by the late Tang Dynasty, the sharing system of iron coupons had changed, and the cylindrical tile shape had become like a tile and was no longer shared.
According to historical records, as early as the Western Han Dynasty, in order to consolidate his rule, Liu Bang, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, wooed people who had made meritorious deeds and presented red books and iron coupons as rewards. There was no promise of exemption from punishment and death at that time. It's just a stamp.
From the Southern and Northern Dynasties to the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Emperor Xiaowen of the Northern Wei Dynasty issued iron coupons to imperial clan and trusted ministers in order to protect himself and his family. During the Song, Qi, Liang and Chen Dynasties, it was common to issue iron coupons. After Sui and Tang Dynasties, issuing iron coupons became a routine system.
The words on the iron coupon were written on the red sand of the Han dynasty, that is, "the red treasure book iron Covenant"; The word written in Liang Yin is "silver coupon"; In the Sui Dynasty, gold was used for writing, also known as "golden vouchers". Therefore, later generations called the iron coupon "the golden book iron coupon". Because iron coupons can be passed down from generation to generation, they are also called "world coupons".
The earliest existing iron coupon belongs to Qian Miao, King of wuyue in the Five Dynasties, with a history of 1000 years. It is reported that this iron ticket was given to Qian Miao by Tang Zhaozong in 896 AD, in recognition of wuyue King Qian Miao's contribution to the crusade against Dong Chang. Cast iron, shaped like a ceramic tile, is 29.8cm long, 52cm wide, 2.4 1cm thick, weighing 132, and 2350 words of gold, with 25 lines of each word 14. The full text was written in regular script, and most of the cash words were stripped away. The main content of the voucher is to record the recipient's contribution to the conquest of Dong Chang. Because of its contribution to the imperial court, it is the emperor's reward and symbol to his subordinates, that is, "the Qing Dynasty was spared nine deaths, and the descendants died three times."
Since then, no matter how the form and content of China's ancient iron coupons evolved, its purpose has never gone beyond the category of "expressing morality, communicating customs and leading the world", which is consistent with the meaning of modern medals.
The content of the iron coupon
The engraving content of iron coupons generally includes four aspects: first, the date of the coupon, the name, official title and residence of the payee; Second, record the merits and demerits of the donee to the court; The emperor was granted privileges, such as immunity from death. Four. The oath of the emperor. According to the relevant laws of North Korea, heroes, ministers and their descendants who hold iron coupons can enjoy various privileges granted by the emperor.
The characters on the iron coupons were written in red sand in the Han Dynasty, which is called "Red Book Iron Covenant" or "Red Book Iron Coupon".
After the Tang Dynasty, the iron coil was not a little red book, but was inlaid with gold. According to records, Qian Liu was given to Yue in the Tang Dynasty. It was an iron bar shaped like a tile, more than three feet high and more than three feet wide. This roll is inlaid with gold. Including the oath of title, position, achievement, etc. It also says, "The minister pardons the death of nine people and the death of three children, otherwise the company will not be jointly and severally liable."
The iron coils of the Ming Dynasty were made according to the system of the Tang Dynasty, but "the so-called exemption from death means exemption from all death sentences except rebellion and rebellion." But it is not allowed to continue post-war customs clearance, post-war customs clearance, post-war customs clearance, post-war customs clearance and post-war customs clearance.
Iron sheet shape
Iron sheet is a tubular iron product. The words on the iron coupon were originally written in red sand, which are collectively called "Little Red Book Iron Deed", that is, iron is deed, Little Red Book is deed, gold is house, and stone is house. The word written in Liang Yin is "silver coupon"; The Sui Dynasty used gold to write characters, also known as "golden vouchers" and "golden books". Therefore, later generations called the iron coupon "Golden Book Iron Coupon", because it can be passed down from generation to generation, so it is also called "World Coupon".
Iron coupons may not have the effect of avoiding death, but they are usually only awarded to government officials and local governments. : "Little Red Book and Iron Ticket spread to infinity."