People in the areas ruled by Shu and Han dynasties miss Zhuge Liang very much. The reflection of the three kingdoms is called "those who benefit from Liang, those who are told by counselors, still have words in their ears." Although Gan Tang sang Zhao Gong and Zheng Ren's songs were produced, they can't be compared. " Even after Zhuge Liang's death, "Shu people remember light and love talents." Every court has good governance. Although it was not initiated by foresight, people spread the news and said, what did Ge Hou do? It can be seen that Zhuge Liang is deeply loved by the people because of his outstanding ability to govern the country and noble morality. Until the Tang Dynasty (Zhuge Liang died more than 500 years ago), people in Sichuan still had the habit of offering sacrifices to Zhuge Liang spontaneously.
At that time, people spoke highly of Zhuge Liang, even the enemy Cao Wei. Zhuge Liang was widely respected and loved by officials and people in the Shu and Han dynasties. Qiao Zhou disapproved of the Northern Expedition, but Zhuge Liang went to pay his respects after his death. Ji Hanfu praised him for being "loyal to Wu, making suggestions on the river, climbing Wu and giving me truth." He was left behind by Ah Heng, who improved his martial arts prose, taught Chen Dejiao, changed his ways in charge, and was wise and foolish, and got carried away. In Youzhou, the four generations of Yi Sui came to the enemy court many times to show off their strength and study big countries, which they hated. "After Zhuge Liang's death, the court did not set up a temple, but the people spontaneously worshipped Zhuge Liang every year. On the enemy side, Jia Xu appraised Zhuge Liang's way of governing the country, Fu Gan appraised Zhuge Liang as "well-informed and proficient in change", and Sima Yi appraised his marching arrangement as "a genius in the world". When Zhong Hui entered Hanzhong in the battle of Wei's destruction of Shu, soldiers were still not allowed to collect firewood near Zhuge Liang's tomb, but went to worship. Soochow people also spoke highly of Zhuge Liang. Zhang Yan made a detailed comparison between Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi in his dictation, saying: "Zhuge Liang and Sima Yi are highly valued at international conferences. They are either committed to the Lord, proud of it, or in the name of Iraq and Romania ... In order to look at recent events through past lives, we can draw their advantages and disadvantages and elaborate on them. Starting from the land of Bashu and following the land of a country, Kongming became a big square country, covering one-ninth of the country's military and civilians. However, he paid tribute to Dawu and defended the enemy in the north, so that the agricultural war was in order and the criminal law was neat. Tens of thousands of soldiers occupied Qishan, and there were Yinmahe and Luo Zhizhi. Zhong Da is ten times the size of the world, and it is a fortified city. It has no intention of being an enemy, so it is just to protect itself and let him know that he has come and gone. If this man never dies, he will follow his ambition and think about it for several years. If he has a plan every day, he will be indifferent and harmonious. If China doesn't put his saddle on, the outcome will be decided. Yesterday, when Zi ruled Zheng, the ministers did not dare to add soldiers. Shu Xiang was so close. The Sima of Fang is not as good as it! "
The vast majority of rulers and civil servants and military commanders in the post-era spoke highly of Zhuge Liang, especially his outstanding political and military talents and noble character. There were many poems praising Zhuge Liang in Tang and Song Dynasties. Du Fu's "Death without conquest, heroes mourn for their clothes", "The Three Kingdoms, torn apart, have been bound by their greatness, and the Eight Faces Fortress stands in its name", Li Shangyin's "Monkey Birds are still on guard against your orders, and the storm is urgent to protect your fortress", and Lu You's "Be a teacher by example, who will be flat in a thousand years" are all famous sayings throughout the ages. Zhuge Liang is very popular at all levels of society. In the second year of Yongping (9 12), Zhuge Liang, the ancestor of the former Shu Dynasty, became King An.
There are also a few people who criticize his Northern Expedition and think that it is against God's will that the Northern Expedition did not achieve significant results. For example, Sima Guang commented that "Zhuge Liang is conceited, goes against the sky and brings his own defeat".
Extended reading:
Zhuge Liang's achievements and achievements;
Zhuge Liang is an outstanding politician and inventor in the history of China. Since the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it has been called by Zhun Yuan as a combination of loyalty, justice, wisdom and courage for a long time, and it represents the embodiment of wisdom in the cultural circles of China. In China and Japan, both of which belong to the cultural circle of Chinese characters, Zhuge Liang is almost synonymous with ingenuity (Zhuzhong Chongqing in the Warring States Period in Japan was called "Kongming today"). Because Zhuge Liang has outstanding talent and noble moral character at the same time, future generations speak highly of Zhuge Liang. "Do your best until you die" has become the motto of countless people with lofty ideals.
Zhuge Liang's loyalty and righteousness are highly respected by later generations. After Liu Bei entrusted orphans, Zhuge Liang devoted himself to his late master Liu Chan, doing everything himself, worrying about his country and forgetting his home, and setting an example until he died in battle. In the separatist regime, Zhuge Liang was in charge of state affairs for more than ten years, and he did not collect money or seek personal gain, and did not take the revival of the Han Dynasty as his own responsibility. Li Yan, another trusted official, wrote to Zhuge Liang, hoping to give him nine tin, but Zhuge Liang refused, saying that it would not be meritorious if he could not recover the Central Plains for the Han Dynasty. Zhuge Liang once pointed out in the above table that he had no extra property, only 800 mulberry trees and 15 hectares of land, and all his clothes were seized by the court. Although his sons are self-sufficient, he has no extra property. Sure enough, Zhuge Liang was like this until his death. Even before he died, he was told that when he was buried, he only needed to dig a hole and put the coffin in, so he could put on ordinary clothes without other funerary objects. Thirty years after Zhuge Liang's death, his eldest son Zhuge Zhan and his eldest grandson Zhuge Shang died in the battle to defend Shu Han.
Zhuge Liang has made outstanding achievements in politics. In addition to putting forward the long-term strategic diplomatic plan of Liu Bei's regime in Longzhong Dui, Liu Bei was often provided with food and clothing in the early days. When he began to take charge of the military and political power of Shu and Han, he took law as the foundation. Later, he admonished his ministers in the DPRK on the Eight Duties, Seven Commandments, Six Fears and Five Fears, but he was also simple in folk customs, with clear rewards and punishments, which highlighted the role of the legal system, which was extremely rare in ancient China. He encouraged other courtiers to put forward suggestions in a brainstorming manner. He dares to take responsibility and admit his mistakes. The first Northern Expedition failed because I misused my closest friend Ma Su. Later, he blamed himself, demoted and punished Ma Su. The father of Chen Shou, the author of the Three Kingdoms, was shaved because of Ma Su's defeat, but his evaluation of Zhuge Liang was that "the loyal will be rewarded and the offenders will be punished." Zhuge Liang attached great importance to infrastructure construction, and Pei Songzhi quoted that "the government offices, secondary buildings, bridges and roads should be well managed", which was one of the reasons for maintaining economic development after a long-term war with Wei. His contemporaries, even later generations, spoke highly of Zhuge Liang's ability to govern the country. Chen Shou is known as "a talent who knows politics, manages politics and manages Xiao." "So far, the people of Liang and Yi have consulted people of insight, and the words are still in my ears. Although Gan Tang sang Zhao Gong and Zheng Ren's songs were produced, they can't be compared. " Zhun Yuan commented that "Meiji Shu, the region, the solid warehouse, the equipment, the accumulation of Rao, the court is flashy and flashy, and the avenue is not intoxicating." When Zhuge Liang was alive, although the national strength of Shu and Han was weak, he was in the upper hand on the frontal battlefield, and the domestic economy still developed greatly under the load of war, which can reflect Zhuge Liang's outstanding ability to govern the country.
Although Zhuge Liang failed to recover the Central Plains, he also made outstanding military achievements. As far as strategy is concerned, after Hanzhong War, Longzhong's strategic decision to become Han Shu Group was almost successful. During the Longzhong War, Liu was a guest general of Liu Biao, and other strategic analysis (such as the strategy of lying on the couch) at the same time did not treat Liu Bei as a vassal. After the confrontation in Longzhong, Liu Bei began to attack the city and pull out the village, and finally established Shu Han. As far as record is concerned, although Shu Han failed to win Longxi, he won Yin Ping's second county in Wudu, defeated Cao Wei's army repeatedly in the frontal battlefield, and shot and killed Zhang He, the general of Wei Cheqi. The military discipline of the Shu and Han armies is strict, and Chen Shou recorded that "the people cover it up and the army is selfless". Shu Han's Northern Expedition consumed a great deal of Wei's national strength. In the Book of Jin, "Every Zhuge Liang enters the pass, the border soldiers can't control the enemy, and the Chinese army can't wait for the opportunity." It is said that "every large army has to raise more than half of its troops, and it will cost a lot of money." It was in the war with Shu Han that Sima Yi gradually gained real power, which eventually led to the change of Gao Pingling. Contemporary Yan commented: "This man never dies, but always cherishes his ambition. After years of thinking and counting the days, he will be cold and harmonious. China will not put his saddle on, and the outcome has been decided." It is believed that if Zhuge Liang had not died of illness, he would have finally achieved the goal of the Northern Expedition. As far as military theory is concerned, Zhuge Liang improved the Eight Arrays method, deduced the art of war and made certain contributions to military theory. After Zhuge Liang's death, Sima Yi observed the camp of Shu Han and praised him as a genius in the world. After the destruction of Shu, he immediately asked his servants to learn his "method of relying on the enemy and the system of marking schools", and Li Jing, the general of the Tang Dynasty, still appreciates him. There are many records about the Eight Arrays in the Book of Jin and the History of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, which fully illustrate the influence of the Eight Arrays on future generals.
Zhuge Liang also showed dexterity in technological inventions, such as improving crossbows and making wooden cattle and horses. Chen Shou praised him for being "clever and resourceful, making profits and losses, and the horse floating in the water, all of which are unexpected."
Zhuge Liang also has a good performance in the field of literature and art, which is a masterpiece through the ages. He was praised by Wen Xin Diao Long as "the late master of Kong Ming's words, and his ambition was smooth sailing." Lu you also has a saying that "a teacher shows his real name, and who is better than in a thousand years." In the sentence, Su Shi rated it as "concise, straightforward, neither arrogant nor impetuous". Zhuge Liang is also good at calligraphy and painting. Song Huizong once said: "Since the Han, Jin and Song Dynasties, there have been many cursive names, and today's inheritors are Zhuge Liang in Shu. The cursive script "Yuan Luxury Post" in the Forbidden City today. " Sentence. Nowadays, the distant posts handed down from generation to generation are all handed down by Wang Xizhi from Zhuge Liang's original posts. Tao Hongjing's "Sword Records of the Southern Dynasties" records: "In the first year of Shu Zhangwu, there were eight ugly iron swords, each three feet six inches long, mining gold and Niu Shan, ... this is the place where Kong Ming wrote." Li Yu's "Gu Ding Lu" records: "Zhuge Liang killed Xinmeile Co., Ltd. and decided to build a tripod and bury it in Hanchuan. Its text says: Ding Dingjun. He also made eight arrays of ding, which sank in Yong 'an water, all of which were big seals. " "In the second year of Zhangwu, a tripod was cast in Hanchuan, named Hank's tripod, placed in Cave C, and a tripod was cast in Wudanshan, Chengdu, named Zen tripod; Another tripod was cast in Jianshan Pass, named Jianshan tripod. There is also Xiaoyan, which is the trace of Wuhou. " "Three years, Zhang Wucheng two ding, a king with lu, wen yue,' wealth should be governors. ; First, use Liang Wang, and the article says:' Universiade should be king. There are also ancient official scripts, three feet high, which are all traces of Wuhou. "Zhou Yue's Ancient and Modern Law Bookstore in the Northern Song Dynasty also recorded:" The ancient masters of Shu tasted three Ding, and all of them scored eight points in the seal of Wuhou, which was wonderful. "In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan wrote:" Zhuge Wuhou and his son are good at painting. " Zhang Yanyuan also said in his book "On Painting": "Today is divided into three ancient times to determine the nobility and inferiority. Zhao Qi, Liu Yi, Cai Yong, Zhang Heng, Cao Pi, Yang Xiu, Huan Fan, Xu Miao, Cao Buxing and Zhuge Liang took the Han and Wei Dynasties as ancient times. "Huayang Guozhi" records: "In South China, the custom is to levy witches and ghosts, to curse the alliance, to throw stones at the grass, and officials often want to curse the alliance. Zhuge Liang made a map for foreigners. First, he drew the Great Wall House of heaven, earth, sun, moon and monarch, and then he drew the dragon, which gave birth to foreigners, cows, horses and camels. After the painting company officer, riding a horse, patrolling the T-shirt. He also painted the image of morning glory, carrying wine money, in order to give it to Yi, which is very heavy. "