The origin of chess
Chess is an ancient game in the world. According to the existing historical records, the development history of chess has been nearly 2000 years. There are many different opinions about its origin, such as its origin in ancient India, China, Arab countries and so on.
According to historical legends, chess originated in ancient India, and the earliest records found in the literature so far were written in Persian during the Sassanian Dynasty. William of England? Jones published "Indian Chess" in Asian Studies 1790, arguing that chess originated in India. Most western scholars agree with him.
About the 2nd to 4th century AD, there was a species in the Indian subcontinent called? Chatulanga? Chaturaji's chess game, which contains four kinds of chess pieces, namely, cars, horses, elephants and soldiers, symbolizes the military system of ancient India. In the Indian narrative epic Mahabharata that was circulated at that time, there were? The soldiers of the fourth army have been arranged? This poem. ? Fourth army? It means that the army is divided into four arms: car, elephant, horse and soldier. This kind? Chess? It was done by rolling dice at that time. The purpose of the game is not to kill the king of the opponent, but to eat all the pieces of the opponent.
Since 1970s, the situation has changed. Dr Joseph Needham, a British scholar, pointed out in China's History of Science and Culture that chess is the creation of China people. He analyzed in detail the relationship between the ancient game Liubo in China and astronomy, iconology and mathematics. Only in China, the prevalence of Yin-Yang theory promoted the embryonic form of chess, invented divination with astronomical nature, and then developed into a game with military significance. ? 1972 Yugoslav historian Bijifu's monograph "Symbol of the Chess Universe" concludes that chess first appeared in China in 569 AD, and then gradually spread.
At least 5,000 years ago, 8×8 line paintings (painted pottery paintings unearthed from Yuanyangchi site in Yongchang, Gansu) appeared in China. It can be concluded that it existed before 10 century BC? Liu Bo? This kind of ancient chess. In the 5th century BC, Liubo Reform? Cancel the show? . Confucius said that? No players? In this sentence, the game refers to Liu Bo and Go. According to historical records, it was invented by Emperor Wu of the Northern Zhou Dynasty in the 6th century (late Southern and Northern Dynasties)? Like a play? (569) What was discovered underground in the Tang Dynasty? Bai Bao chess? Basically the same: 8? Eight sets (64 squares), cubes and chess pieces are placed on the grid, which is the pattern of modern chess.
During the Gupta dynasty (320 ~ 550), ancient India appeared? Chatulanga? , formed the Middle East? Chastelain? . Chatulanga and Chastelain translated into Chinese? Four-color chess? (or? Chess? )。 ? Chastelain? Later evolved into? Persian chess? Introduced to Europe, 15 was finalized as modern chess.
In the Encyclopedia Britannica 1984 edition, the origin of chess is also said to be India or China, and the origin of India is emphatically introduced. There is such a sentence in the book:? Although some of the earliest forms of chess were discovered in ancient China. ?
Chess was invented by Arabs. Because the chess that people are familiar with today was developed in Persia. In chess? The word chariot comes from Persian.
On the whole, there are two points about the origin of chess: 1. Chess originated in Asia and was later introduced to Europe. The original rule is to roll the dice to decide who will play chess. In addition, experts and scholars seem to have reached a consensus on several points of origin logic: First, chess is an artifact. It's essentially a model. Second, chess is the materialization of human thought and consciousness. It is essentially a simulation. Third, modern chess is the result of the continuous evolution of ancient chess. Fourth, the influence of evolution comes from all aspects (including the influence of all kinds of chess). Fifth, the way of evolution is gradual change and mutation. Sixth, evolution and continuity coexist. Seventh, the study of the origin should start with the three elements of chess structure: chessboard, chess pieces and chess rules. Eighth, chessboard, chess pieces and chess rules play different roles in the origin, evolution and stereotypes of chess. Ninth, chessboards, chess pieces and chess rules must not appear at the same time. Tenth, no? The original inventor? .
The spread of chess
In Sanskrit? Chatulanga? Naming? Chess? It was introduced into Persia from India in the 6th century. Due to phonetic errors, the ancient Persians put? Chatulanga? Misread as? Chatterranger？ (Chatter Langer). Chatterranger？ Renamed by Arabs? Chastelain? (Chastelain), the future? Chastelain? Widely spread in Central Asia and Arab countries. Around the 10 century, many famous chess players appeared in Arab countries. In the world famous work "Arabian Nights", the caliph Horuna was mentioned. One of Rashid's court poets is a famous chess player. In August19, several chess player competitions were held in Baghdad.
After 10 century, chess spread from Arabs to all parts of Europe, first to Italy, then to Spain and France. 165438+At the end of the 20th century, it spread all over Europe. In the literature at that time, chess was listed as knight education? Seven arts? One. ? Seven arts? Riding, swimming, archery, fencing, hunting, poetry and chess. The French heroic epic Song of Roland also talks about this point. /kloc-in the 6th century, chess finally became a modern style and chess system. The earliest existing chess manual was published in 1497.
The development of chess
Many changes have taken place in the play of chess. Earlier, although Wang walked the same way as modern times, he was said to be edible. The privilege of king car translocation began in the first half of16th century and was invented by Europeans. Many wonderful changes have taken place in the queen's power. In the past, the queen was not the strongest chess piece, so she could only walk sideways 1 grid, much like a chess taxi. Empresses of both sides can only walk diagonally on squares of different colors, so they can't meet. The queen now has such a powerful power, probably after the middle of15th century. In the past, soldiers could only advance 1 grid, and so did 1 time. It was not until the beginning of16th century that the strength of soldiers was improved to the present. When a soldier reaches the eighth square, he can only be promoted to be the queen of the past, not to be any other chess piece. Only the way horses and chariots walk has not changed. As for the chessboard, there were no black and white squares before13rd century.
Bronze chess pieces of Northern Song Dynasty unearthed in Kaifeng, Henan Province. Scholar? The pattern is a woman in uniform, of the same sex as the queen in chess.
/kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, chess began to become an official competition. 1924 was listed as an official Olympic event and was established in the same year? World Chess Federation (FIFA)? . Major world competitions hosted by the Chess Federation or entrusted by its member associations include: Olympic Chess Team Competition, World Chess Team Championship, Men's and Women's Individual World Championship, College Students' World Championship, Junior World Championship and Chinese Chess Team Competition. As for all kinds of cups, invitational tournaments, masters, grandmasters and so on. , it is countless.
1956, China listed chess as a formal sport.