Confucius: Founder of China Confucian School.
1, Confucius: It has a far-reaching influence on later generations. Although he was "a man of words but not deeds", he was already called "the sage of heaven", "the muduo of heaven" and "the sage of the ages" when he was alive, and he was one of the most learned scholars in the society at that time. Later generations revered him as "the most holy" (the sage among saints) and "the teacher of all ages", and thought that he wrote poems, books, rituals, music, four books, the preface to the Book of Changes (called the Ten Wings of the Book of Changes, or Yi Zhuan) and the Spring and Autumn Annals. The Analects of Confucius is one of the classic works of Confucian school, which was compiled by Confucius' disciples and their descendants. It mainly records the words and deeds of Confucius and his disciples, and embodies Confucius' political opinions, ethical thoughts, moral concepts and educational principles. The Analects of Confucius, University, The Doctrine of the Mean and Mencius are also called the Four Books. There are twenty popular Analects of Confucius. The language of The Analects is concise and profound, and many of its remarks are still regarded as wisdom by the world. Moreover, in ancient times, Confucius was the first person that children worshipped when they entered school.
Emerson, an American poet and philosopher, thinks Confucius is the glory of all nations in the world. British historian and philosopher Dr. Tomby said that only Confucianism and Mahayana Buddhism in China can save the human society in the 2 1 century.
He has many disciples, such as Zigong, Luz and Yan Hui. Mencius, revered by later generations as "the sage of Asia", was a disciple of his grandson Kong Ji (Zisi). The most famous is Guan Ju.
Book 12 of Chinese for primary schools published by People's Education Publishing House has been included in Confucius' Journey to the West (two children debate the day), and book 1 of Chinese for middle schools has been included in Twelve Analects of Confucius. Now, the 12 language book of Jiangsu Education Publishing House Primary School has included Confucius Youchun. Now the 12 primary school Chinese book published by Jiangsu Education Publishing House has included Confucius' famous words in Exercise 7. Now the Changchun edition of 10 language book has included four Analects of Confucius.
2, Lao tze:
Ci Hai (89th edition) recorded on page 139 1: "Laozi was a thinker in the Spring and Autumn Period and the founder of Taoism. Lao Dan, surnamed Li Minger, was born in Qurenli, Guxian County, Li Xiang (now Taiqing Palace Town, Luyidong, Henan Province). As a historian in charge of books in the Zhou Dynasty, Confucius once asked him for a gift and retired. Write Lao Zi.
Before leaving Hangu Pass, Lao Zi wrote a book of 5,000 words, also known as Tao Te Ching or Tao Te Ching. Tao Te Ching, The Book of Changes and The Analects of Confucius are considered to be the three most influential masterpieces in China. Tao Te Ching is divided into two volumes, 8 1 chapter. The first 37 chapters are the first, and the last 38 chapters are the second. The ideological structure of the book is: Tao is the "body" of virtue, and virtue is the "use" of Tao. The full text is about five thousand words.
Tao Te Ching was later named. At first, this book was called Laozi, but it didn't have the name of Tao Te Ching. Its completion date was controversial in the past, but it is still uncertain. However, according to the date of "Laozi" on Guodian bamboo slips unearthed in 1993, it was written at least in the middle and early Warring States period. For the collation of Laozi on Chu bamboo slips, see Sixin Ding's Collation of Laozi on Guodian Chu bamboo slips.
Laozi used Tao to explain the evolution of all things in the universe, thinking that "Tao gives birth to one, two, two, three and three things" and "Tao" is "the fate of a husband is natural", so "man should be in the earth, the earth should be in the sky, the sky should be in the Tao, and the Tao should be natural". In addition to the simple materialistic viewpoint, Laozi also contains a lot of simple dialectical viewpoints, such as that everything has two sides, and the "movement against Tao" can be transformed from opposition. In addition, there are a lot of people-oriented thoughts in the book: "Heaven has more than enough to make up for it, humanity is insufficient, and loss is not enough to serve it"; "People's hunger is as much as food tax"; "People die lightly, but they live on it"; "people are not afraid of death, why should they be afraid of death?" His theory had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's philosophy.