The second volume of the first day of junior high school skillfully uses ballads to remember history.
? Prosperous sui dynasty
( 1)
The Northern Zhou Dynasty was 58 1, and Emperor Wendi's consorts were in office.
The capital that seized power was Chang 'an, and Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty was named Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty.
In 589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and the Northern and Southern Dynasties were unified.
Emperor Wen ruled the country well, and the Sui Dynasty flourished for a while.
Reforming the system shows prosperity, develops production, and emphasizes government-run.
Advocate thrift, oppose extravagance and waste, and set an example to save food and clothing.
The burden on the people has been greatly reduced, and the society and economy are prosperous.
Rich in grain, grass and cloth, the population has increased for more than 20 years.
(2)
When the Sui Dynasty came to Yangdi, it consolidated its rule and opened a Grand Canal.
Recruit millions of migrant workers,
Digging more than 2000 kilometers of canals,
Through the sea, the Yellow River, the Huaihe River, the Yangtze River and money,
The world turned to this canal,
Emperor Yang ruled by tyranny, and the peasants revolted at the end of Sui Dynasty.
? "Zhenguan rule
( 1)
Li Shimin, Emperor Taizong, kept in mind the lessons of the Sui Dynasty.
Pay more attention to production than books, be honest and diligent,
"Making decisions at home" emphasizes advantages, while coachable modestly uses Wei Zhi.
Political clarity makes the country strong, and "the rule of chastity" really thrives.
(2)
There was a Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty, and the harem was in power.
In his later years, he was called the emperor's topic week, only the queen came first.
Carry forward "Zhenguan" with political achievements and lead "Shi Sheng" to open a new century.
? Kaiyuan Shi Sheng
( 1)
Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty appointed Yao Chong as prime minister in the reign of Kaiyuan.
Ten suggestions were made, and Xuanzong followed them.
Pay attention to the management of officials, look at political achievements and make new plans for reform.
In the early years of Xuanzong, the political situation was stable and "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng" was full of vitality.
(2)
Keywords irrigation and water conservancy project, rice seedling yield increase,
With the introduction of new varieties of vegetables, drinking tea has become popular.
Farming was changed to "Qu Yuan Plow" and "Trolley" irrigation tools.
Silk-woven ceramics are famous and the city is prosperous.
(3)
In the later period of Xuanzong, he indulged in pleasure, spoiled the imperial concubine and made a scene in Heaven.
The Anshi Rebellion took a turn for the better and the Tang Dynasty gradually declined.
The Tang Dynasty perished in 907, followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms.
? Establishment of imperial examination system
When the imperial examination was born in Sui Dynasty, Emperor Yang was the first to set up a scholar.
The implementation of "learning to be an excellent official" and fair competition in examinations.
Emperor Taizong Xuanzong Wu Zetian, the key to perfecting the imperial examination,
Emperor Taizong attached great importance to teaching and expanding Chinese studies, and was the first scholar to be called the number one scholar.
Then that day, "Wu Ju" chose samurai, and Xuanzong's poetry and fu were studied.
With the great development of education and literature, the imperial examination improved the employment system.
This system lasted for 1300 years and was abolished at the end of Qing dynasty.
? "Harmony is a family"
( 1)
In the seventh century, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau was reunified.
Songzan Gambu asked Taizong to marry Princess Wencheng.
Tibetan-Chinese marriage spreads stories and promotes economy and culture.
Jin advocated that the Lord should enter Tibet, and that Tibetans and Han people should be "one family."
(2)
The king of Bohai County was in charge of the "two rivers", and six imperial edicts unified the king of Yunnan.
Huairen Khan ruled the Uighur people, and the national friendship lasted for thousands of years.
? Friendly exchanges with foreign countries
( 1)
Sino-Japanese relations have a long history, and Japan sent envoys to Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Jian Zhen traveled eastward to Japan, and its cultural exchange was famous.
(2)
Tang and Silla are neighbors with frequent contacts and good relations.
The imperial examination was used to imitate the Tang system, and China culture was passed down.
(3)
Xuanzang, the eminent monk, was the most outstanding, and went through difficulties and obstacles to Tianzhu.
There are achievements in learning from the Western Heaven, and it was written as "The Records of the Western Regions of Datang".
? Brilliant Sui and Tang culture
( 1)
Li Chun and Zhao Zhouqiao in the Sui Dynasty are the oldest cities in the world.
The Diamond Sutra carved in the Tang Dynasty is the earliest printed matter in the world.
(2)
There are achievements in Tang poetry, and the art of Tang poetry has been passed down from generation to generation.
There are more than 2,000 poets and 50,000 existing poems.
Li Bai, Du Fu and Bai Juyi are outstanding among the "three outstanding poets" in Tang poetry.
(3)
Li Bai's poems have been circulated for thousands of years, with thousands of poems.
"Shu Dao is hard to get to the sky",
Bold and unrestrained, the artistic conception is strange, and later generations are honored as "poetry immortals".
(4)
Du Fu wrote the true feelings in his poems, and his language was concise and measured.
"Three Officials" and "Three Farewells" are the history of poetry, and later people called him "Poet Saint".
(5)
Keywords Bai Juyi, mid-Tang dynasty, satire,
Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu are the easiest to be straightforward.
(6)
"Yan Gu" has a good hand in calligraphy and painting.
Famous artists are proud of the world and have their own charm.
(7)
The Mogao grottoes in Dunhuang, Gansu Province, where murals and sculptures are treasures.
There were many kinds of music and dances in the prosperous times of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and "thousands of kinds of songs and dances can't be counted".
? The era of coexistence of national regimes
( 1)
In 960, Zhao Kuangyin, the general of the Later Zhou Dynasty,
Chen Qiao rebelled and proclaimed himself emperor, and resigned Shi Shouxin with a glass of wine.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, the situation of centralization of power and unification was once again formed.
(2)
The Liao army advanced on Zhoucheng, and Emperor Zhenzong personally helped.
Song's morale was greatly boosted, and both sides agreed to make peace with Zhou Cheng.
In the Northern Song Dynasty, old coins were sent to Liao, forming a "Yuan League".
(3)
Yue Fei, a famous soldier in the Southern Song Dynasty, promoted his military strength in resisting gold.
The battle of Yancheng has been losing ground, and loyalty to the country is shining.
I hate treacherous court official Qin Gui most for framing Zhongliang for 1000 years.
? The economic center of gravity moved south.
( 1)
During the Tang, Five Dynasties and Song Dynasties, the economic center of gravity moved south.
The north moved south for development, bringing technology and labor.
Rice and cotton have developed rapidly, and hilly tea gardens are everywhere.
(2)
Handicraft industry is very prosperous, and the level of silk weaving and cotton textile is very high.
Zhejiang Geyao ice crack, Jingdezhen, a famous porcelain capital,
Guangzhou Quanzhou shipbuilding industry, shipbuilding technology shocked the world.
(3)
Kaifeng and Hangzhou promote business, "buying and selling are endless day and night",
Overseas trade is ahead of the times, and Quanzhou, Guangzhou is famous all over the world.
The circulation of paper money began in Sichuan in the Northern Song Dynasty.
? The social characteristics of the song dynasty.
( 1)
In the Song Dynasty, the weather was myriad, and food, clothing, housing and transportation attracted more attention.
The local customs are very interesting and refreshing.
(2)
In the Song Dynasty, citizens entertained the commercial "wretched" to varying degrees.
There are many kinds of rap and tap dancing, and the market is prosperous.
? The Rise of Mongolia and the Establishment of Yuan Dynasty
( 1)
Genghis Khan was led by Temujin, a nomadic tribe.
1206 is Khan, built in Mongolia.
The record spread to the Danube and was praised by generations of arrogant people.
(2)
Kublai Khan, with high military exploits, 127 1 established the Yuan Dynasty.
The following year, the capital was mostly built, and the Song Dynasty (Southern Song Dynasty) was destroyed in 1276.
The central government established Zhongshu Province, and the provincial administration began in Yuan Dynasty.
It was officially controlled by the Yuan Dynasty, and Ryukyu and Taiwan Province Province were also under its control.
Attach importance to agriculture to harness the Yellow River and open two canals.
Maritime traffic has developed greatly, and most of them are prosperous.
(3)
Wen Tianxiang, an anti-Yuan hero, refused to surrender after the defeat in Guangdong.
The unyielding battle song, "Song Zhengqi" and "Crossing the Ocean"
Since ancient times, no one has died in life, so take the heart of Dan and shine on history.
I would rather die than surrender, be more solemn and stirring, and never forget my heroic spirit.
(4)
Racial integration is new, people live together and get married,
"Hu people have women who interpret Chinese pronunciation, and China women also demodulate Hu Qin."
The great development of economy and culture has promoted social progress.
? Brilliant Song and Yuan culture
( 1)
Bi Sheng, a scientist in the Northern Song Dynasty, invented movable type printing.
"Sina" was made in the Warring States Period, and the compass was made in the Northern Song Dynasty.
Ancient alchemy made gunpowder, and war was used in the late Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties.
Hemp was invented in the early Han Dynasty and improved by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The four great inventions spread to the world and promoted the progress of history.
(2)
"Purple Tongzhi Sword" Sima Guang, Warring States Period? Chronological details of the Five Dynasties.
Su Shi's brave words about Red Cliff are euphemistic and sentimental.
How bold his works are, and how Han Qing's plays promote good and evil.
The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival was selected by Meng Ke's calligrapher.
Calligraphers are Su, Huang, Mi Fei and Cai Xiang.
? Strengthen the monarchical power of the Ming Dynasty
( 1)
1368 Zhu Yuanzhang, Nanjing Yuan perished,
"Civil affairs", "prison" and "military and political affairs" are directly under the central government.
Abolish the Prime Minister and Zhongshu Province, and manage the Chaogang in six parts.
The Imperial Guard is a secret organization in charge of the emperor.
Four books, five classics and eight essays, the absolute monarchy was strengthened in the Ming Dynasty.
(2)
In the Ming Dynasty, there was an emperor, Wen Jian, who ordered the destruction of princes.
Judy raised the banner of "Jingnan" and rose to seize power and proclaimed herself emperor.
142 1 moved the capital, and Nanjing moved the capital to Beijing.
To strengthen the monarchical power, there is an intention to cut down the vassal and "increase the privilege" to engage in dictatorship.
? Sino-foreign exchanges and conflicts
( 1)
In the history of China's navigation, Zheng He made seven voyages to the West.
Economic exchanges and friendly relations between Asia and Africa have a long history.
(2)
Qi Jiguang, a national hero, is a famous soldier in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
Qi Jiajun, a brave warrior, fought nine battles and drew nine draws in Zhejiang.
? Strengthen the centralization of monarchy
( 1)
Nuerhachi Nuerhachi, 16 16 Guozijin,
Arise and attack Liaodong, move the capital to Shenyang and change to Shengjing.
Inheriting Huang taiji, attaching importance to production and reforming internal affairs,
Select talents to "unite with Mongolia" to expand power, with the title of 1636.
1644 cleared customs and the ruling center moved to Beijing.
(2)
In the early Qing Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty system was adopted, and all six pavilions were set up.
But stay in Manchuria to discuss the king, discuss politics and discuss military affairs.
Yongzheng, a powerful monarch, began to set up military departments.
The emperor said that the minister knelt down and took notes.
Nominally, the Council was abolished during the Qianlong period.
The ideological and cultural imprisonment is the most cruel when "Kang Yong did it".
The "literary inquisition" case threatened and hindered development and progress.
? Recover Taiwan Province Province and fight against Russia.
( 1)
"Cowhide invasion" is the Netherlands, and 1624 occupied Taiwan Province Province.
National hero Zheng Chenggong, 166 1 handsome warship
1662 shouTaiwan Province, 1683 pigging.
Today, ""is splitting, and the intrigue should be exposed.
(2)
/kloc-in the 0/7th century, Russia was invaded by expansionist forces.
Castle built for Nebuchadnezzar Chu, burning and looting, eating human flesh.
Kangxi sent two factions to kill the Russian leader.
1689 double talk about judgment and sign the treaty of Nebuchadnezzar Chu,
Sakhalin Island, Heihe River and Ukrainian River all belong to our territory.
? Consolidate a unified multi-ethnic country
( 1)
The Qing dynasty ruled well, and the minister in Tibet was in charge.
In order to quell Hezhuo's rebellion, General Yili was in charge.
Turgut's return to the motherland marks a new chapter in national unity.
(2)
The territory of the Qing Dynasty is really vast, with the Pacific Ocean in the east.
The scenery in the northeast is beautiful, Sakhalin Island in the outer Xing 'an Mountains,
The islands in the southeast of Taiwan Province Province intersect with the South China Sea.
Valley across the green ridge, northwest of Lake Balkhash,
China is the largest country in Asia, bordering the cold northwest Asia in the north.
? Economic Development and "Closed Door" in Ming and Qing Dynasties
( 1)
In the Ming dynasty, jade, sweet, flowers, fragrant flowers, potatoes and other crops were introduced.
Cotton textile, silk weaving, blue-and-white porcelain, big commercial cities,
In the middle of Ming Dynasty, capital sprouted and "machine users" were capitalists.
When the "mechanic" sold his labor force, the employment relationship was established.
(2)
The ethnic policy of the Qing dynasty was a big mistake, and it was "emphasizing the foundation and restraining the end" at home.
"Close the door" and not learn advanced technology,
Long-term isolation has weakened the country for 200 years.
? Ming and Qing culture with distinctive characteristics of the times
( 1)
Beijing was built in the Ming Dynasty with distinctive architectural features.
The design is exquisite and rigorous, and it is divided into three parts: "Palace, Emperor and Capital".
The Forbidden City is the most famous treasure in the world.
(2)
The Great Wall developed greatly in the Ming Dynasty, using stone and blue bricks.
From Yalu River in the east to Jiayuguan in the west,
It winds more than 6 thousand kilometers, which is a great miracle in the history of the world.
(3)
Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica, a great medical work, shocked the world.
Song Ying Xing's Heavenly Creations and Encyclopedia of Arts and Crafts were handed down to later generations.
Xu Guangqi's Encyclopedia of Agricultural Administration is the first one in the history of agriculture.
(4)
At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Luo Guanzhong successfully wrote The Romance of the Three Kingdoms.
The first part has a long history and the story is particularly vivid.
At the same time, there is the Water Margin written by Shi Naian.
Peasant uprising as the theme, a hundred single eight heroes.
Among The Journey to the West in the middle of Ming Dynasty, the long myth was the most magical.
Wu Cheng'en, a famous writer, takes Tang Priest's scriptures as the order.
Cao Xueqin wrote A Dream of Red Mansions, and the classical novel reached its peak.
Jia, Wang, Shi and Xue have always had love tragedies.
Tang Xianzu wrote the famous play Peony Pavilion.
From the19th century to the middle period, Chinese Peking Opera was formed.
Six learning methods of junior middle school history
First, the "serial" method.
It is to summarize and link those seemingly unrelated knowledge points that span time and space into one piece for memory. For example, if all the dynasties in China's ancient history are arranged in order, it is not so easy to remember them simply. If they are combined into a song in the form of jingle, it will be catchy and interesting. It is easy to recite and master, and it will naturally get twice the result with half the effort.
Let's take a look at the links to the following knowledge points: Yao Shun Zhou/Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period/Qin Liu/Eastern Han Three Kingdoms Hegemony/Jin Southern and Northern Dynasties Confrontation/Sui Wendi started to fight against Sui/Li Yuan started to fight against Sui Dynasty/Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms were broken/Song Liao Western Xia Duo War/Jin Yuan was not peaceful/Qing State was established after the Ming Dynasty.
The second is the method of "dividing into converging attacks".
This method, like the strategy and tactics used in the battle, decomposes every major historical event into parts, learns and remembers them separately, and then integrates them.
For example, when reviewing the historical event of "Chen Sheng and Guangwu Uprising", we can remember it in three steps: the first step is to grasp the background of the uprising; The second step is to master the process of the uprising; The third step is to grasp the historical significance of the event. On the basis of grasping separately, according to the internal relations of events, grasping as a whole and remembering comprehensively will not deceive the world.
Third, the "association expansion" method.
In other words, when reviewing and mastering relevant knowledge, we should expand associations from one to another and organically combine similar problems. The benefits of this can often get the effect of killing many birds with one stone.
For example, if we look back at the content of the Treaty of Xin Chou in China's modern history, we can think of the Sino-British treaty of nanking and the Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki. These three treaties are all humiliating and humiliating to the country, and each one has a more serious impact. One is to make China "move towards" a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, and the other is to "deepen" the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society in China; Third, completely turn China into a semi-colonial and semi-closed country. This kind of association expansion is vivid and labor-saving when reviewing and mastering these three treaties, not to mention confusing related issues in the three treaties.
Fourth, the method of "comparison of similarities and differences".
It is to compare two historical problems, find out their similarities and differences, and then review and master them.
For example, if we look back at the two parts of "American bourgeois revolution" and "French bourgeois revolution", on the basis of comparison, you will find that the bourgeois revolutions in these two countries have one thing in common: the reasons are the same, both of which broke out against the background that feudal autocratic rule hindered the development of capitalism. The leading classes are basically the same, and they are all led by the bourgeoisie. The revolutionary motive force is the same, and the people played a driving role in the revolution. The influence is the same. The revolution has promoted the development of capitalism and has a great influence on the revolutions of other countries. The difference is that the leadership is not exactly the same, and new noble in Britain also played a leading role. Different characteristics. The British revolution experienced a tortuous process and established a constitutional monarchy. The French Revolution became the biggest, most thorough and most typical revolution in the era of bourgeois revolution. The meaning is different. The British Revolution kicked off the bourgeois revolution in Europe and America and opened an era of bourgeois revolution. The French Revolution swept away the feudal forces at home and abroad and shook the foundation of the feudal system in other European countries.
Fifth, the structure carding method.
This method is like combing messy hair with a comb, that is, combing seemingly messy knowledge to make it have certain clues. That is to say, grasp the historical knowledge outline of each topic and make a high degree of induction and generalization, so that before systematically learning and mastering this part of the content, it will have a clear outline of the knowledge structure in its mind, giving people a clear feeling, so that it will grasp the root in learning and eliminate the fear and worry about difficulties. Then, as long as we study on the principle of not leaving the primitive religion, all specific problems will be solved.
For example, the knowledge structure of Lesson 20 "The Historical Transition between Russia and Japan" in Book 1 of the Eighth Grade World History can be arranged as follows: Russia abolished serfdom: serfdom prevailed in Russia, capitalism developed slowly, serfs rioted frequently, serfs became legal freemen, and landlords were no longer allowed to buy and sell serfs and interfere in their lives. When serfs were liberated, they could get plots of land, but they had to pay a price for it. It is a top-down bourgeois reform, which is conducive to the development of capitalism. It retained a large number of feudal remnants, but accelerated the development of Russian capitalism and became a major turning point in modern Russian history.
Sixth, centralized classification method.
This method is to classify and summarize related historical knowledge with the same or similar nature according to a certain order and law, and then learn and remember them in different categories.
For example, when studying the reform and reform in the ancient history of China, we can classify all the historical knowledge of the reform and reform in the form of tables according to the historical development order of the dynasties. The contents of this table can include the following aspects: dynasty, time, people, reform or reform content, influence and significance.