Changing face is amazing.

Everyone has a love of beauty, and the ancients are no exception. When people are dissatisfied with their appearance or want to be more perfect, plastic surgery, as a medical means, gradually emerges in people's life practice. Looking through the historical materials, we can find that there were records about plastic surgery in China before the Han Dynasty. Moreover, whether at home or abroad, the plastic surgery of the human body began with body decoration such as earrings, nose rings, tattoos and artificial patterns. The ancients also used fresh egg whites as masks. According to historical records, there was piercing before the Han Dynasty in China, that is, the folk custom of piercing ears and wearing earrings for aesthetic purposes prevailed. But the original style is not like modern earrings, but waist-drum-shaped, and the wearing method is different from later generations. Insert directly from the earlobe hole horizontally, and expose both ends outside the ear to show beauty. Later, it gradually developed into various styles of modern rings. As early as the third century A.D., plastic surgery in the Jin Dynasty had made great progress. Gehong, a famous doctor in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote "Elbow Backup Emergency Prescription", which is the first clinical first-aid manual and monograph of TCM therapeutics in China. The book has 8 volumes and 70 articles, formerly known as "Save the Dead after Elbow" or "Elbow after Elbow" for short. In this book "Elbow Emergency Prescription", the method of treating facial scar with fresh egg white as mask is recorded. After that, there are records of various recipes and methods such as boiling pig's trotters into colloid to make masks. In the Tang Dynasty, there were artificial dimples, also called dimples or dimples (yè, small round dimples on both sides of the mouth), which can appear in many parts of the face, with the cheeks being the most, followed by the corners of the mouth. In the poems of ancient poets in China, dimples are often regarded as a symbol of the beauty of women. The dimple on the cheek is regarded as an ornament of beauty by oriental women and a symbol of feminine charm by westerners. Nowadays, with the development of plastic surgery industry, artificial dimples have reached the level of confusing the real with the fake. However, did you know that there were artificial dimples in the Tang Dynasty? In Tang poetry, there is a good "face to face"; Xu Ling's "Preface to the New Ode to Yutai" also praised "rouge leaves two cymbals in the north". The so-called "face-beating" means adding two small rouge to the corners of the mouth with some cosmetics, which means "make-up on both cheeks", just like "dimples". However, there are similar explanations for "bad" in Chinese medicine books, and there are many records of "treating bad" in medical books such as Puji Fang and Wei Jianyi Fang. Of course, whatever the explanation of the word "technetium", it shows that it has been adopted as a plastic surgery technology, at least in the Tang Dynasty. During the Southern Song Dynasty, the artificial eye was quite sophisticated, and the cosmetic grinding began very early in China, and the earliest historical records were found in the Northern Song Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was a medical book called Shengji Tongzhi, which was compiled by Taiyuan, with a total of 200 volumes and 66 families. Each family was divided into several diseases and syndromes, and the etiology and pathology were expounded. It is a medical encyclopedia in the Northern Song Dynasty, with many searches. The case of treating facial scar with jade mill was recorded in Shengji Tongzhi, which became the forerunner of modern mill and was also described in later medical works, while the earliest report abroad was only in 1905. Artificial eye (artificial eye), as a very important eye plastic surgery, appeared in the Southern Song Dynasty in China and left its records. For example, in the Yuan Dynasty, Tao wrote "The Record of Dropping out of Farming in the South Village", and in the Southern Song Dynasty, "Zhang Cun, Hangzhou, a teenager suffered from a blind man, and suddenly met a skilled craftsman, so he used his magnetic eyes, and no one could distinguish it from its falsehood." "A skillful craftsman" pretends to be blind, so that "no one can tell the difference between true and false". It can be seen that the artificial eye surgery in the Southern Song Dynasty is quite clever, and it can completely confuse the fake with the real. The writing process of "South Village Drop Out of Farming" is very interesting. Writer Tao is diligent in reading and writing, and always carries pen and ink with him even when he works in the field. When you fallow and rest under a tree, you will record all kinds of historical materials, documents, social rumors and reading experiences, and store the manuscript in the urn. He wrote 10 years before and after, and accumulated 10 cinerary casket manuscripts. After that, with the help of students, it was transcribed into a book with a total of 30 volumes, named "Nancun Dropouts". Others say that Tao uses leaves as paper to record information. The Record of Dropping out of Farming in Nancun is a book written on leaves. The repair of cleft lip has attracted Ryukyu doctors, and it is recorded in Biography of Wei Yong in the Book of Jin that "a rabbit is short of a poem" (congenital cleft lip). Later, Yin Zhong, the secretariat of Jingzhou, had a doctor who specialized in repairing rabbit lips. After each operation, tell patients that they can only eat porridge for the time being, and pay attention to talking less; There was also an expert in repairing rabbit lips in the Tang Dynasty, named Fang Gan. Because the cleft lip repair is particularly good, everyone calls him Mr. Cleft Lip Repair. Plastic surgery has made great progress in Ming and Qing Dynasties. There are records about cleft lip repair in medical books such as "Guidelines for Choosing Doctors in Ming Dynasty" and "Complete Works of Choosing Doctors in Qing Dynasty". Gu Shicheng recorded in The Complete Collection of Selected Doctors in Qing Dynasty: "To repair the missing lip, first apply anesthetic to the missing lip and pierce the skin on the missing lip with a sharp knife, that is, use an embroidery needle to thread the silk thread, bind the two skin edges, and then apply blood-regulating drugs. Don't cry or laugh for three or five days, for fear of catching a cold. If you only eat porridge every day, the silk thread will be removed, that is, your lips will become one. " From this rabbit lip repair, we can see the level of cosmetic plastic surgery technology in China at that time. In the twenty-seventh year of Kangxi, Ryukyu sent Dr. Wei Shizhe to Fuzhou, China, to learn cleft lip repair from Huang Fa, a famous doctor in Fuzhou, and to do plastic surgery for the royal family after returning home. In addition, "Laozi" has a cloud: "Heaven cannibalism enters the nose with five flavors, and earth cannibalism enters with five flavors." The nose is a protruding olfactory organ in the middle of the face, and it is also a breathing pore. Beauty is very important to a person's overall image. The bridge of the nose with a big defect naturally needs to be repaired. Surprisingly, nose bridge repair appeared in China in Yuan Dynasty, which shows that the ancients attached importance to facial beauty. Foot binding is a harmful plastic surgery. In addition to the beneficial practices of ancient plastic surgery such as artificial eye surgery and cleft lip repair, there are also some dross in ancient plastic surgery in China. Similar to the habit of women in ancient Western Europe to "gird their waists" with silk handkerchief, and in the late18th century, British women imitated Queen Elizabeth I and many women died of poisoning, and plastic surgery such as "foot-binding" also appeared among ancient aristocratic women in China. According to historical records, Li Houzhu in the Southern Tang Dynasty "embarrassed the mother of the palace, bound her feet with silks, bent her feet in a crescent shape, danced lotus with plain socks, and whirled like a lingyun". So ladies-in-waiting followed suit and soon spread to the people, which became a fashion in the Song Dynasty. This kind of plastic surgery has brought heavy harm to ancient women's body and mind, and it is a bad habit that harms the body. Reasons for the slow development of ancient plastic surgery The long history of Chinese medicine development in China shows that Chinese medicine surgery, including plastic surgery, started very early. As early as the Three Kingdoms period, Chinese medicine, represented by Hua Tuo, pioneered surgical therapy, but it failed to develop as it should for a long time. There are three main reasons: First, it was imprisoned by feudal ideas, especially by ethics. In the ancient Confucian ethical work "The Book of Filial Piety", it was preached that "filial piety begins with the skin of the body, and parents dare not harm it". Since the Han dynasty, this concept has been deeply rooted in people's hearts, so plastic surgery is regarded as unfilial and immoral, and even the feudal ruling institutions have ordered the prohibition of medical measures such as laparotomy and autopsy, which is regarded as a scourge, hindering the development of surgical treatment of traditional Chinese medicine and making it gradually decline in the long historical years. Second, because the ancient rulers of China always had only the idea of the world, but no sense of the world. In other words, China didn't see a world at that time and didn't know that China was only a part of it. This led to the long-term feudal closure of China's ancient society and culture, which made medicine unable to learn advanced science and technology from other countries and stagnated. Third, because the ancient rulers of China did not pay enough attention to the development of medicine. Due to the long-term farming culture and underdeveloped economy, the ruling class is unable to fund the development and innovation of Chinese medicine, which makes Chinese medicine surgery, including plastic surgery, lose its due development opportunities, start early and develop slowly.