The discussion on self-consciousness in continental rationalism and British empiricism philosophy clearly puts human problems in the right position.
Philosophy is the first. It has conducted in-depth, systematic and fruitful research on human problems from various fields.
Thus, it formed its unique transcendental self-consciousness theory and initiated the study of human beings in German classical philosophy.
Philosophical tradition. Strictly speaking, in the history of western philosophy, the discussion about self-consciousness is only in Kant.
Here, it really becomes a theory or doctrine. Kant's transcendental self-consciousness theory is like a pearl.
Brilliant, not only embodies the essence of the sages' thoughts, but also enlightens future generations with the road of ideological development.
This is of epoch-making significance in the history of western philosophy.
First of all, I answered Hume's question about the universal inevitability of knowledge from a certain angle. Stay in the desert, thoroughly.
Starting from the empirical standpoint at the bottom, we insist that "everything is unknowable except perception" and move forward with a "microscope of thought"
Verify whether knowledge has universal inevitability. He believes that experience can only expand knowledge but not guarantee its universality.
However, empirical induction has no logical inevitability, and causal inference is doubtful, which is known to traditional natural sciences.
Knowledge and even knowledge of mathematics and geometry are questionable. Hume's skepticism shook the traditional structure of scientific knowledge.
The foundation also awakened Kant from his "dogmatic dream". Kant's transcendental self-consciousness theory passed.
Transcendental self-awareness shows theoretical rationality in cognitive activities, and is embodied and refined through transcendental self-awareness.
The cognitive ability to transform into perceptual, intellectual and rational experience can be divided into three stages at the same time.
Don't produce pure intuitive form, intellectual category and rational concept, and make them transcendental and empirical respectively.
To sum up, "legislation for nature" not only solves the problem of how to expand knowledge, but also solves the problem of knowledge.
What is universal necessity. Therefore, Kant's transcendental self-consciousness theory is retrospective to some extent.
Answered Hume's inquiry about knowledge, and solved the "Hume problem" that has long puzzled the philosophical circle, thus laying the foundation for science.
Lay a solid philosophical foundation.
Secondly, Kant's transcendental self-consciousness theory shows the ultimate concern of his philosophical thought, which refers to the first time.
Understand the eternal ideal of human pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty. Transcendentality expressed by Kant's transcendental self-consciousness theory
Self is a complete self with the organic unity of truth, goodness and beauty. Transcendental self-awareness has different characteristics in different fields.
The role of identity: in the cognitive field of man and nature, transcendental self-consciousness sets an unknowable thing in itself.
On the one hand, this thing-in-itself includes the material part, which stimulates the subject of experience and eventually constitutes the material in knowledge.
Factors become the final explanation of the source of perceptual materials; On the other hand, things themselves contain transcendental self.
My consciousness itself, a spiritual part, as a form produces various innate factors in knowledge. Transcendence principle
The body uses these innate formal elements to synthesize material factors and legislate for nature, and this legislation
The nature that human beings want to know (what Kant calls the phenomenal world) is the East that they have put in.
West, so we can get an understanding of "truth", which is the pursuit of "truth". At the same time, transcendental self-awareness has become
It is the ultimate explanation of the existence of the subject of experience. The combination of the two shows that the whole universe (including experience
The ultimate explanation of subject and the concern of ultimate existence. In the field of moral practice, transcendental self-awareness is good.
As the form of transcendental subject, the will of good formulates transcendental moral rules and guides the experienced subject to follow transcendental morality.
The law constantly carries out moral behavior in order to achieve absolute goodness, that is, "supreme goodness" and realize "goodness and appearance"
Pay attention to the ultimate value of human beings. In the field of aesthetic activities, transcendental self-awareness reflects judgment.
A transcendental ability to reflect on the relationship between man and nature, on the premise of completely relying on transcendental moral laws,
The freedom of moral man's behavior conforms to the objective purpose of nature, and then the opposition between man and nature is completely eliminated.
Lost. On the one hand, man transcends nature, on the other hand, he transcends the form of experience itself, which is the highest.
At the same time, kindness and the most thorough freedom have produced a real sense of beauty and the pursuit of beauty. Therefore, Kant's
Transcendental self-consciousness takes aesthetic self as a bridge to connect cognitive self and practical self, thus forming.
A complete and unified self-consciousness of truth, goodness and beauty. In the history of western philosophy before Kant, although
Every philosopher's thoughts have been expressed in different ways, from different angles and to different degrees.
However, the ultimate concern for man and nature, only when Kant came here, clearly pointed out what is,
And how to realize the eternal ideal of human pursuit of truth, goodness and beauty, which fully demonstrated his thoughts for the first time.
Ultimate care.
Finally, Kant's transcendental self-consciousness theory, as the core of his philosophy, advocates human rationality and suddenness.
It embodies people's subjective initiative and improves people's dominant position. Henry, President of the International Hegelian Federation
Professor Xi once pointed out that "the core of Kant's philosophy is his understanding according to the state and form of self-consciousness."
Various forms of argument. "Kant's philosophical thought system gives the world a refreshing feeling. The key lies in
Therefore, in his critical philosophy, he established the revolutionary keynote that "the object must conform to knowledge".
And this tone is through his transcendental self-awareness as its premise and basis "innate comprehensive judgment, such as
You don't say! "This theme can be shown. It can be said that there is no transcendental self in Kant's philosophy.
Without consciousness, there is no innate comprehensive judgment: without innate comprehensive judgment, there is no brand-new epistemology. At the same time,
Without transcendental self-awareness, its ethics and aesthetics, which are also full of Copernican revolutionary significance, will not.
Existence. Kant regards transcendental self-consciousness as the solid cornerstone of his ideological system construction. He is building ideas.
In the process of constructing the system, the universal rationality of human beings is put forward in the form of transcendental self-consciousness, which highlights the surface.
It shows people's subjective initiative in the fields of cognition, moral practice and aesthetics, thus promoting it.
The dominant position of human beings in the universe relative to nature. People in Kant's thought are no longer controlled by nature,
A person who is dominated by God and passive everywhere, but transcends nature, ego and everything.
People who are bound, eventually liberated, completely free and pursue truth, goodness and beauty are all made by themselves.
His own master's people. Because of this, Kant's philosophical thought with transcendental self-consciousness as the core is considered to be
The French political revolution, embodied in the field of German thought, became the forerunner of the enlightenment of German social thought at that time.
Tour guide.
Although Kant's transcendental self-consciousness theory has such great significance, it still has its history.
We need to correctly understand the limitations.
First, transcendental self-consciousness cannot be equated with subject. Kant pointed out that transcendental self-consciousness is a kind of simplicity.
His formal subject and logical setting, he called the universal rationality of human beings with transcendental self-consciousness, and even referred to the whole.
A person refers to the experience subject with experience self-consciousness, that is, the individual. In all its ideological systems, it is
Transcendental self-consciousness is engaged in cognitive activities, and it is transcendental self-consciousness that formulates transcendental moral laws and implements counter-measures.
Thinking and judging. That is to say, in Kant's view, transcendental self-will is essentially the same as subject. but I ... ...
Scientists believe, and Kant has clearly pointed out that transcendental self-consciousness is essentially a pure thinking activity.
This kind of thinking activity belongs to the subject. The relationship between transcendental self-consciousness and subject is the attribute of subject or
The relationship between ability and subject is the relationship between expression and being expressed. Although the activities of transcendental self-awareness are
It reflects the role and position of the subject to a great extent, but strictly speaking, transcendental self-awareness is not the same as
Subject, after all, there is a difference between the two.
Secondly, Kant's transcendental self-consciousness theory reverses the subjective and objective positions in the process of cognition. Kant's
Thought, especially epistemology, is based on transcendental self-awareness. He believes that,
The pure form of perceptual intuition, intellectual category and rational idea are all born from transcendental self-consciousness.
Logically exists before knowledge and experience. Transcendental self-awareness can only be achieved through transcendental synthesis and empirical synthesis.
This established what he called the essence of phenomena. Everything in nature is branded with human subjectivity,
This is quite similar to what Marx called "humanized nature". But in essence, the outside world naturally exists objectively.
Independent of anyone's subjective will. Nature has its inherent regularity, and human beings can only do it correctly.
Only by understanding this objective condition can we carry out scientific, reasonable and dynamic transformation and utilization, thus
Only in primitive nature can people be branded subjectively. It is in this sense that Marx put forward "humanization"
The concept of "nature". Kant tried to make the "object conform to knowledge" and the objective conform to the subjective, although for exploration,
The subjective factor in the process of cognition is a brand-new attempt, but fundamentally speaking, it is the inversion of the subject.
Objective positioning is putting the cart before the horse.
Thirdly, Kant's transcendental self-consciousness exaggerates people's subjective initiative, but it does not really solve the material and spiritual problems.
The opposition of consciousness is a basic philosophical problem. Kant's nature, its material factor, namely perceptual heteropoly, comes from the thing itself.
Presented in a certain way, this is a valuable materialist component in his epistemology. But after natural formation,
In this process, he exaggerated the subjective initiative of people reflected by transcendental self-consciousness. Transcendental self-consciousness
The form of innate knowledge is generated to adjust perceptual heterogeneity, thus legislating for the whole nature. Kant is in the Lord
Putting the cart before the horse in the objective relationship makes nature establish a subjective phenomenon world to a great extent.
The contemporary German philosopher Wolfgang pointed out that Kant's "this so-called' real world'-that is, me.
This is the only world that we are familiar with, the world that we can talk about meaningfully, and the world that is empirically real-in essence.
Generally speaking, it is the composition of our own (time and space) intuitive ability and understanding. "In this regard,
In Critique of Pure Reason, Kant openly called his own kind of epistemological thought "formal idealism".
"Doctrine" or "transcendental idealism", with a view to Descartes and Becker's "empirical idealism".
Type of "material idealism" or "mysterious fantasy idealism". Kant said: "Because
Because my idealism does not involve the existence of things ... because I have never been interested in it in my mind.
There is no doubt, but it is only the perceptual appearance of things. "。 We think Kant's defense is
Pale and powerless, because the objective reality of natural laws is the barrier that human beings always face, and human beings can only recognize it.
Knowledge and utilization cannot be absolutely changed, and it is impossible for human beings to legislate for nature in essence. Kant's exaggeration
Subjective initiative, legislating for nature in cognitive activities and for people themselves in moral practice, only pays attention to
People ignore the existence of objective nature, which makes his theory always turn around in subjective circles, making
He tried to solve the unity of subjectivity and objectivity, but only on the real unity of matter and consciousness.
Side ball. Kant did not completely solve the basic problem of philosophy, the man represented by his ideological system.
Pursuing the eternal ideal of truth, goodness and beauty is like Gai Lou on the beach, and it does not have a solid foundation.
Fourthly, Kant's transcendental self-consciousness theory discusses people's abstract cognitive ability, which is shown as follows
The subject is an abstract person. In order to overcome rationalist dogmatism and empiricist suspicion, Kant
Theory ",put forward to critically examine people's cognitive ability in advance before knowing the world, and determine what it has achieved.
Perimeter and boundary. However, he divorced from practical activities and tested it from specific cognitive objects and cognitive processes.
Investigating cognitive ability is an abstract and one-sided investigation. In this regard, Hegel once criticized:
It's like "think you know before you gain knowledge, or don't get off the boat before you learn to swim."
Swimming in the water. "Kant asked to examine cognitive ability before seeking knowledge, which is really good, but he didn't realize that he thought.
Dimension form is a course. Therefore, we must combine the activity of thinking form with the activity of thinking form in the process of cognition.
Criticism of the form of thinking, together. As Lenin said, "In order to learn to swim, you must practice."
Fall into the water. "We believe that cognitive ability is embodied in specific cognitive activities and specific understanding.
Activities take place in the process of human labor practice. From genetic epistemology's point of view, "knowledge is made up of
The interaction between subject and object occurs in the middle between subject and object, so at the same time
It contains a subject and an object. "This interaction between subject and object is labor practice and actual production.
Get to know each other. In practice, human's understanding of objects has risen from perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, forming various generalizations.
Reading, such as time and space. These concepts gradually solidified in the human brain and became the unique cognitive structure of human beings.
It is with these cognitive structures that human beings re-recognize and then guide further practice. this is a
The process of continuous reciprocating progress, but Kant isolated one of the fragments as a whole of cognition.
Process. This is because he regards pure space-time form and intellectual category as transcendental self-consciousness, but he can't.
Explain how it came into being, so that it is suspected of "innate conceptualism". Because Kant examined
An abstract cognitive ability, therefore, the subject embodied by this abstract cognitive ability is abstract.
People, not specific people in practical activities.