[Edit this paragraph] Introduction to the earthquake The earthquake occurred at around 24: 00 on1October 23rd (December 12th, the thirty-fourth year of Ming Jiajing), 1556 65438+. The epicenter was located in hua county, Shaanxi Province, China (34.5 degrees north latitude, 0/09.7 degrees east longitude), with a death toll of 8.0-8.25 (recorded by a person), which is the largest earthquake known in the world at present [edit this paragraph]. 10 1 County's earthquake-stricken area is distributed in Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Shanxi and Henan provinces, covering an area of about 280,000 square kilometers. The earthquake was felt in 227 counties in 5 provinces. The epicentre is Weinan, hua county, Huayin, Tongguan, Chaoyi and Yongji counties in Shaanxi Province, about 2,700 square kilometers east of xi. 97 states in Shaanxi, Shanxi and Henan provinces were damaged. Aftershocks move three or five times a month for half a year, and stop for three years, and then stop in five years. [Edit this paragraph] Ancient books describe China earthquake catalogue "China earthquake catalogue", and historical records summarize the description of this earthquake in this way: "At the turn of Qin Jin, the earth suddenly shook, the sound was like thunder, the Sichuan plain cracked, the suburban market moved, the road changed, the trees fell, and the buildings fell. The five mountains are shaken, and the whole world is shaken. Ancient spirits change, the first one becomes a mound, the next one becomes a gully, or the mound falls into the flat, or the flat protrudes from the mound, the flood becomes a spring, the ground fissure becomes a stream, and the ground fissure is picturesque, and the one with the largest ground fissure keeps pace with the fire. Jing Quan dried up and waste, and new springs spewed, spraying more than ten feet. The mountain moved four or five miles to the river, but the sand surged thousands of miles away. In the north, Huashan valley is full of water and fertile fields, and Weihe River rises for several days. This is especially true in Huaxian, Weinan, Huayin, Chaoyi and Zhou Pu. Counties, towns and cities are trapped, towers collapse, bridges are destroyed, monuments are broken, walls, temples, government offices and houses are destroyed, and you see Xu Qiu, where people are nearly two thousand miles away; There are fires everywhere, and the smoke will not go out for a few days; The people were exposed to cold dew and plundered a lot. Soldiers and civilians died of stress, drowning, hunger, epidemics and burns. Its name is reported at 80,000 to 30,000, and there are countless unknown people. " Qin Keda, an official of the Ming Dynasty who witnessed the earthquake in hua county, wrote in the earthquake records: "The number of people affected by the earthquake is Tongpu 17, Tonghua 16, Weinan 15, Lintong 14, provincial capital 13 and other counties. Then it is far away from the depth of the country. " According to historical records, counties with tens of thousands of deaths start from Jingyang in the west and Anyi in the east; Thousands of people died in Pingliang in the west, Qingyang in the north and Jiangxian in the east. The earthquake was in the middle of winter, and the victims froze to death and starved to death. The plague epidemic the following year and other secondary disasters after the earthquake caused countless deaths. Large-scale surface deformation occurs, such as landslide, ground fissure, subsidence, ground uplift, water spraying, sand blasting, etc. Historical documents record that earthquake cracks are "big, fire and water come out, and strange." Some people fell into the cave and came back. " There are also those attached to the water tunnel and the ground, and an extra foot will be dug in the future. "The huge losses caused by the earthquake in Huaxian County are also related to the fact that the epicenter is located in the valley basin and alluvial plain, with thick loose sediments, high groundwater level, weak foundation and easy collapse of loess caves. And the earthquake happened at midnight, and people were not prepared at all; In addition, two years before the earthquake, there was a drought in Guanzhong area, and there was a shortage of food in the past year. After the earthquake, the ability to resist disasters was completely lost. The record of the earthquake in Ming History is: "In the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing, earthquakes occurred in Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan at the same time, and the sound was like thunder. This is especially true in Weinan, Huazhou, Chaoyi, Sanyuan and Zhou Pu. Or there are cracks and springs, there are fish in the water, or houses with walls fall into the ground, or the ground suddenly becomes a mound, or earthquakes occur several times a day, or earthquakes continue day after day. Rivers, Wei, Hua Yue and Zhong Nanshan have been clear for several days. Strangely enough, officials, soldiers and civilians crushed 830,000. "County Records (Ming Dynasty) Li Kejiu's Huazhou Records also recorded the general situation of ground fissures and casualties during the earthquake. Shunzhi's Annals of Weinan County records: "The 12th night earthquake in Jiajing, Mao Yi, was thunderous and shaky. At one time, the walls of public and private houses were destroyed. Thousands of people died. There are dozens of ground fissures, and the water is surging ... "(Ming Dynasty)" Song Chuang Yu Meng "records:" Jiajing Mao Yidong shocked Weinan, Huazhou and other places, leaving Shaanxi, passing through Weinan County, and the middle street was trapped in the north and south. "Volume 7 of Wanli Huayang County Records records that" the people were shocked and collapsed, and all the houses in the county fell down. Chen Xiyuan, a magistrate of a county, and others suffered misfortune. People and animals were crushed to death, the ground cracked, the water soared and many people fell into caves. From the end of the earthquake to the end of the earthquake, such a tragedy has never happened since ancient times. "Continued Records of Huayang County" recorded that "the ground cracked several feet, flooded several feet, and the temple fell for it, and it was rebuilt in March of six years". (Ming) Zhao Shichun's "Zhao Wen Ji" Volume 8 once recorded that "the mountain is broken, Tongguan Road is bifurcated, and the river flows backwards. On the third day of Qing dynasty, water rushed from the sinus, and the wheat was defeated, and the house was covered with stoves. "Wanli's Baishui County Records records:" Taking rocks from mountains and flooding rivers, the variation is great, which has never happened in ancient times. " (Ming) Zong Chen's Collection of Zong Xiangzi records: "The earth shook for thousands of miles, the strange peaks sank one after another, and the Yellow River went straight to the top of the peak, and suddenly people were scattered in the room. Often in the upper reaches of the house, red carp, thousands of households and half ghosts, the high palace of Guangsha is destroyed, and the father is not crying during the day. "Wanli Tongguan County Records records:" There was a great famine in the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing, and the earthquake on the night of December 12 caused the Tongqi River to rise, resulting in hundreds of public and private houses. "Records of Jiajing Yaozhou" records: "On the evening of December 12, the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing, there was a great earthquake in Guanzhong, the river rose and the earthquake water flooded. There were more than three people in Yaozhou, more than 500 officials and more than 30,000 people in Fuping. There are tens of thousands of bad public and private houses. At the beginning, General Mountain was higher than Baojian Mountain, as high as the last two mountains. Elsewhere, the valley changed and many people died. "[Edit this paragraph] The consequences of the earthquake caused such heavy casualties, and the important factor was a series of surface damage caused by the earthquake. Among them, the earthquake damage caused by loess landslide and loess collapse is particularly prominent. Landslides once blocked the Yellow River, causing the lake in the dammed lake to rise and the river to flow backwards. Most local residents live in caves in loess tableland, which caused heavy casualties. Ground fissures, sand liquefaction and the destruction of groundwater system further expanded the disaster. The buildings in this area have poor seismic performance. The earthquake happened at midnight, so people could not prevent it, and most of them were crushed to death at home. After the earthquake, secondary disasters such as floods, fires and diseases were serious, and Shaanxi was often dry at that time, and the people were hungry and cold, and they did not have the ability to save themselves and recover. These are the causes of disasters that cannot be ignored. The earthquake damage is extremely serious. Houses, government agencies, temples and academies are in ruins; Stronger buildings, towers, pagodas and palaces all collapsed. The earthquake caused Maqiao fault in Huayin county in the west, and the ground fissure in Dayuan village in the north of the city was several feet, and the water gushed several feet. The purple microscope in the south of Dali County and Taibaichi in the southwest of Chaoyi County dried up after the earthquake. The great customs clearance on the south bank of the Yellow River and the Zhou Pu levee all collapsed. The stone spring in Fenggu Mountain in hua county has turned into a dry spring. According to the records of prefectures and counties, the earthquake caused a large number of deaths, and there were about 830 thousand people who only reported their names. According to historical records, counties with tens of thousands of deaths start from Jingyang in the west and Anyi in the east; Thousands of people died in Pingliang in the west, Qingyang in the north and Jiangxian in the east. The earthquake was in the middle of winter, and the victims froze to death and starved to death. The plague epidemic the following year and other secondary disasters after the earthquake caused countless deaths. Large-scale surface deformation occurs, such as landslide, ground fissure, subsidence, ground uplift, water spraying, sand blasting, etc. Historical documents record that "those who get up and lie down panic, and the walls and houses collapse silently." Suddenly, the southwest sky cracked, flashed and suddenly merged, while the ground cracked and the water put out the fire, which was very strange. Some people come back after falling into the water hole, others get together again after falling into the water hole, and dig more than ten feet another day. The original mound rotates and the ground is completely changed. After counting tens of thousands of injured people. "Topography and Surface Deformation in hua county, Shaanxi Province In the above-mentioned extreme earthquake area, large-scale surface deformation, landslides, cracks, subsidence, ground uplift and other phenomena can be seen everywhere. In hua county, "the original hill rotates, and the height of the ground is constant", and the ground fissure is "big, and the fire is extinguished by water, which is also strange. Some people fall into caves and come back. Some fell under the water hole, some were compounded on the ground, and some dug more than ten feet one day. "In Weinan County,' the north and south of Zhongjie are trapped by one or two Zhang Xu', and the former site of' from the county to the west of the city' is still clearly identifiable. Wuzhishan in Dongfu County fell into the ground and was destroyed. The Zhangcen landslide, 9 kilometers southeast of the county seat, is 1 km long and 1 km wide, and the place where the landslide passes is the "original road bump". Zhangjialing landslide in the east of the county seat is 2 100 meters long from north to south, 0/000 meters wide from east to west, and its volume is about10000 cubic meters. Guojiagou landslide is1.300m long from north to south and 550m wide from east to west, with a volume of more than 3 million cubic meters. The Maqiao stone bridge in the west of Huayin County cracked, and the Daqian Village in the north of the city cracked several feet and the water surged several feet. The purple microscopic of Fu in Dali County and Taibaichi in the southwest of Chaoyi County are both lakes and swamps with considerable areas, and the lakes dried up after the earthquake. On the south bank of the Yellow River, the anniversary pass and the Zhou Pu River embankment were "hammering cypress piles, paving stones and piercing iron ingots", which were very strong and "collapsed" after the earthquake. There is an earthquake fault zone between Yongji and Lintong, which is nearly 100 km long from east to west. The northern part of the fault zone drops in a large area and the southern part rises in a large area. The vertical fault distance is more than 5m, with a drop of 5 5- 10/0m in hua county, 4m in Chishui Town, 2.5-4m in Weinan and 2-3m in Huayin. [Edit this paragraph] Earthquake-inspired experts believe that apart from the factors such as the late night of the earthquake and the dense population in the earthquake area, the earthquake relief system at that time was not perfect and the people's awareness of disaster prevention and mitigation was weak, which should be taken as a warning. [Edit this paragraph] Frequent belt Shaanxi Province is one of the areas where earthquakes are active. Since historical records, there have been more than 400 felt earthquakes and more than 60 destructive earthquakes. At present, Shaanxi has established an earthquake precursor observation system consisting of reference table, provincial regional network, local stations and mobile monitoring. The level of earthquake quick report and prediction has been continuously improved. Xi 'anke has monitored earthquakes above 1, and earthquakes above magnitude 2 can be monitored in most areas of the province, and an earthquake disaster emergency rescue team has been established. [Edit this paragraph] Casualties indicate that the earthquake triggered famine and plague again, causing unprecedented casualties. The earthquake caused a large number of deaths at that time, and there were about 830 thousand people who only reported their names. The earthquake was in the middle of winter, and the victims froze to death and starved to death. The plague epidemic the following year and other secondary disasters after the earthquake caused countless deaths. This is a major earthquake with the largest number of deaths in the world. According to the analysis of relevant experts, there are many other disaster-causing factors: 1. The epicenter area is densely populated and the seismic performance of buildings is poor; 2. The earthquake happened at midnight, and there was no obvious earthquake precursor before the earthquake, so people were completely unprepared; 3. Serious secondary disasters such as floods, fires and diseases; 4. Social security is chaotic, rumors are everywhere, and victims are constantly afraid; At that time, Shaanxi was often dry, people were hungry and cold, homeless and lived a hungry and cold life. In addition, people have the idea of resignation, lacking the knowledge of earthquake prevention and disaster reduction and the ability to deal with sudden earthquakes; 6. The epicentre is located in the valley basin and alluvial plain, with thick loose sediments, high groundwater level, foundation destruction and loess caves prone to collapse. [Edit this paragraph] The types of earthquakes that occurred in hua county, Shaanxi. This earthquake is a typical intraplate earthquake with a long repetition period. Geologically, Weihe basin is characterized by the northern foot fault of Qinling Mountains in the south, Fengxiang-Chengcheng fault in the north and Weihe fault basin in the middle. The vertical movement of the crust here is very strong, and there is a geological background of a major earthquake. [Edit this paragraph] The earthquake inscription on the earthquake relic Pujiu Temple Tower reads, "Emperor Jiajing entered the winter, and the ground dimension changed, and the Pujiu Temple Tower was also falling. Jia Zichun was ordered to rebuild by Zhang Taishou of Tongliang. Looking at the sun in the spring and March of the forty-third year of Daming Jiajing, Zhou Pu knows that he was a former scholar and Zhang Tongliang Jiayinxiu. " "Jiajing Mao Yidong earthquake, push off. ..... The resort used to be a gravel yard, and the floating picture is now shining with pearls. " In the 13th year of the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1585), the inscription on the Tiezhong earthquake in Baofeng Temple, Lintong, Shaanxi Province read: "Jiajing and Qin Long earthquakes were twice, and people and animals were smeared with charcoal." In Wuxiang County, the earthquake of Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty caused memorial tablets on both sides. Yang Wen: Wei Jiajing was thirty-five years old. In February, at noon on the 29th of Geng, the emperor sent Zou Shouyu, the left assistant minister of the Ministry of Household Affairs, to pay homage to the dragon god, saying, "Do as God tells you, and serve one side of the town.". Our Shanxi Pujie, Ze, Linfen, Linjin, Yicheng, Wenxi, Xiangling, Lingshi, Anyi, Ronghe-Xiahe counties and Hedong transportation departments have all suffered from earthquakes, with thunderous noise, knocking down houses and crushing countless people and animals. However, disaster is abnormal, so we use it deeply. Minister Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary worships incense and silks, and goes to Yi Sacrifice. Bless the gods and protect the sky, and spin the machine to eliminate disasters. Give birth to the people, and the landlord will always rely on it. For your reference. On the reverse side of the tablet, it is engraved: On the 9th of the 20th of Gengyin in the thirty-fifth year of Wei Jiajing, Zou Shouyu, the left assistant minister of the household department, sincerely led the king to visit, and ordered Wang Yu to burn incense and offer silk to the dragon god, saying, "The son of heaven knows the holy way, and when heaven and earth are in the midst, he cares about God and is anxious at night." This is the difference between earthquakes, which is extraordinary. The sacred heart is full of sorrow, fearing that God will be uneasy at home, not taking the rest as evil, and rushing to tell God. The change of sex, the mother (not) is also evil, what is wrong? God's mother (or not) was shocked, but she knew that God appeared in this land. Those who regard Yu as a good service to God sincerely pray for God's help and learn from him. Harmony of Yin and Yang, prosperity of sexual rain, Fan Deng's five grains, taking Kang Yi as me will enhance the power of God. The mother of God (no) or the pity of gold, who is foolish and shameless, dares to use words to benefit God. Fortunately, I believe in the rest, which makes me enjoy myself, compile people, use me to be simple, or ask God to blame me. God never shines here. Learn from it. Xi Little Wild Goose Pagoda is located in Xi 'an. The top of the Little Wild Goose Pagoda with a height of 15 was destroyed by the earthquake, leaving 13 floor.