2. Basic questions about philosophy.
The basic problem of philosophy is the relationship between thinking and existence. It includes two aspects: on the one hand, the question of who is the first in thinking and existence, which is the standard to distinguish materialism from idealism; On the other hand, whether thinking and existence are identical is the standard to distinguish knowability from agnosticism.
3. Basic questions about historical view.
The basic problem of historical view is the relationship between social existence and social consciousness. The relationship between social existence and social consciousness is the basic problem of historical view, which is based on:
(1) The category of social existence and social consciousness summarizes all material and spiritual phenomena of human society. The relationship between them is the primary problem that any social history theory can't avoid, and various social history theories always give their own answers to this question consciously or unconsciously.
② Different answers to the question of the relationship between social existence and social consciousness are the fundamental criteria for dividing the two historical views. Anyone who thinks that social existence determines social consciousness belongs to historical materialism; Anyone who thinks that social consciousness determines social existence belongs to historical idealism. In the final analysis, the struggle between the two historical views revolves around different answers to this question.
Differences and oppositions between the two historical views on other issues (such as the origin of class, the role of individuals and the masses in history, etc.). ) is also determined by different answers to the relationship between social existence and social consciousness.
④ The relationship between social existence and social consciousness is also an important problem that people often need to solve in social practice.