The earliest artificial cultivation was found in the Book of Songs in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, with the main purpose of shading the shade and enjoying the cool, and facilitating song and dance entertainment. In the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the rudiment of street greening appeared. In the Qin Dynasty, the person in charge of the forest was called the "Four Houses" and was also responsible for planting trees in palaces and streets.
In the prosperous Western Han Dynasty, the cultivation and development of garden tree species were fully reflected in the expansion of Shanglinyuan in Qin Dynasty. Zhang Qian's mission to the Western Regions initiated the introduction of large-scale plants. A large number of exotic southern trees moved north to Beijing, and the momentum was spectacular. "Sanfu Huang Tu" contains: "Fuli Palace is in Shanglin Garden. In the sixth year of Emperor Ding Yuan (BC 165438+ BC 0 1—— Editor's note), there were exotic flowers and trees, calamus 100, banana 12, bulbs 10 and cinnamon/kloc-. Because little was known about the ecological characteristics of plants at that time, the losses were also very heavy. "One hundred strains of litchi, transplanted from toes to court, none survived. Transplanted for several years, in the next few years, even if a plant is a little lush all year round, it is not artificial, and the emperor cherishes it. When he died one day, dozens of people sat down to punish him, and he no longer died. " Even the real dragon emperor, it is difficult to resist the laws of nature, in addition to killing innocent people to vent their anger, but also had to give up. In the face of facts, the ancients have noticed the problem of cultivation adaptability. "The north and the south are different, and it is even harder when you are older." In fact, ancient people, that is, we modern people, why don't they often make such mistakes and do such stupid things over and over again?
According to the archaeological excavation of Prince Zhang Huai's Tomb in the Tang Dynasty, which was built in 700 A.D., as early as 1200 years ago, the tree suppression cultivation technology was quite mature. The observation and recording of phenology, the application of grafting technology and the skill of garden hedge cultivation are described wonderfully in Qi Yao Min Shu of the Northern Wei Dynasty: "Those who have the shape of a whole bird and dragon sigh when they see it, but they don't know that the day is moving westward and forget that the future is far away, and they have been looking forward to it for a long time."
By the Ming Dynasty, gardens had reached their heyday. There are Xiyuan, Nanyuan and Beiyuan in Beijing, and Tsinghua and Yuan Shao are private gardens. Famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River include Lingering Garden in Suzhou, Humble Administrator's Garden, Yuyuan Garden in Shanghai and Zhanyuan Garden in Nanjing. During this period, great achievements have been made in the types, allocation methods and cultivation principles of garden trees. For example, Ji Cheng argued in the article "On Gardens" that "all works must be based on each other first", which can be "better than ceremony". And put forward the principle of "where forest gardens are built, there is no village, and the land is superior", which contains the natural ecological environment conditions for the selection and application of garden tree species. Another example is "Don't let the trees know when planting trees", "Don't dig too wide when planting trees, for fear of hurting the roots", and after planting "it will still be supported by wood, for fear that the wind will shake the top of the tree. The roots shake, although the wood of the feet is not alive. Roots don't shake, but they can grow. The practical experience such as "if you don't make the branches and leaves flourish, you won't catch the wind" is concise and clear, and the principle is very scientific and really impressive.
The scenic spot setting and systematic management of garden tree species are royal gardens in Qing Dynasty. In chengde mountain resort, there are 10,000 pear trees in the "Pear Flower with Moon" scenic spot; In Yuanmingyuan, there are more than 200 flower officials with professional titles, from "chief" eunuchs, gardeners to gardeners, and there are countless other flower workers. The large scale and meticulous management can be seen.
After the Revolution of 1911, the National Government issued a decree, and Tomb-Sweeping Day was also Arbor Day. After the death of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, Arbor Day was changed to March 12 (the anniversary of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's death) to commemorate the great revolutionary pioneer's concern and support for afforestation. During the period of the Republic of China, due to the infighting among warlords, people lived in poverty, the planting and application of garden tree species developed little, and suffered from war and serious damage.
After the founding of New China, the Party and the government are very concerned about and support the landscaping work. 1956, Mao Zedong called for greening the motherland, and 1958 gave the instruction of "gardening", which set off a nationwide upsurge of greening barren hills and beautifying the motherland and achieved many gratifying results. Unfortunately, ten years after the "Cultural Revolution", garden tree species were naturally classified as enclosure, investment and conservation, fragrant flowers turned into poisonous weeds, and beauty became ugly, which made this big country, known as the "mother of gardens", far away from the development of international landscaping, which was extremely disproportionate to its due position in the construction of modern civilization. Since the Third Plenary Session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, the spring breeze of reform and opening up has spread all over China. With the strong recovery of the national economy and the steady improvement of people's living standards, the cause of landscape greening has once again been widely concerned, and the application of garden tree species has flourished again. The green coverage area has become an important symbol of the construction of modern civilized cities. 1979 The Sixth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress decided that March 12 would be Arbor Day. 198 1 year, Deng Xiaoping personally advocated the voluntary tree planting activities of the whole people, and wrote an inscription "planting trees and greening the motherland" in 1982. In the same year, the Central Greening Committee (National Greening Committee) was established. The Fourth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress adopted a resolution on launching a nationwide voluntary tree planting campaign, and the State Council promulgated the Implementation Measures on Launching a Nationwide Voluntary Tree Planting Campaign. By the end of 1998, China had planted 30 billion trees voluntarily, with more than 6 billion people participating in voluntary tree planting, and only 1996 had 535 million people participating in voluntary tree planting. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Construction, by the end of 1990, the green area of 467 cities in China was 4746 13 hectares. Among them, the garden green space in the built-up area is 2 1760 1 hectare, and the public green space is 57863 hectares. Urban greening nursery 1394 1.5 hectares, accounting for 1% of the urban built-up area. The annual planting amount is about 1 100 million trees. Urban residents occupy 3.9 square meters of public green space per capita, with an average green coverage rate of 19.2% and an average green space rate of 16.9% in built-up areas. 1992 the Ministry of construction has formulated the "measures for the implementation of the current industrial policy for urban landscaping", in which "it is planned that by 2000, the urban greening coverage rate will reach over 35%, the per capita public green space area will reach over 7 square meters, and the green space rate in urban built-up areas will reach 30%, so that all parts of the city will be green, a complete and orderly green space system will be formed, and the natural environment on which the city depends for survival will be well afforested."
In recent twenty years, the selection of garden tree species has become more and more abundant, the cultivation techniques have become more and more advanced, and the application effect has become more and more remarkable. In the past ten years, afforestation in urban and rural areas in China has developed at an average annual rate of more than 5.3 million hectares, and the ecological environment in some areas has improved significantly. Guangdong, Fujian, Hunan, Anhui, Hubei, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Guangxi, Shandong, Hainan, Jilin and Jiangxi have 12 provinces and regions, with an area of10.8 million square kilometers, and barren hills suitable for forest have been basically eliminated. Since 1978, China has successively established "Ten Key Forestry Ecological Projects" with the main objectives of curbing soil erosion, preventing desertification, improving ecological environment and expanding forest resources. By the end of 1997, the accumulated afforestation area was 27.348 million hectares. At present, ecological management has been placed in the first place in western development. According to the World Forest Resources Assessment Report issued by FAO, the forest area of China is 65.438+0.34 billion hectares, ranking fifth in the world, accounting for 3.9% of the total area of the world. The forest coverage rate is 13.92%, and the per capita forest area ranks 1 19 among the 79 countries surveyed. The per capita forest stock is 8.62 cubic meters, which is about 1/8 of the world average.
The concept of rich life and beautiful environment has been understood and pursued by the people all over the country. It is no longer a distant dream to realize the grand goal of "gardening the earth". China Shenzhou will be presented to the world as the new "Mother of Gardens".