Initially, it is said that after Yu Xia came to power in Shun Di, he collected bronze from Kyushu, China, and cast it into a cauldron with nine mouths representing Kyushu. Ding was originally an ancient cooking vessel, large and small, generally made of pottery or copper, and the most common one was three feet and two ears. "Yiwenhui" quoted "Sun Shi Ruiying Map" as saying: "Those who are good at God are also good at writing, knowing good and evil, being light and heavy, and being able to rest; Boil without burning, don't take it yourself, and five flavors are born in it. Yesterday, the Yellow Emperor made a tripod, which looked like Taiyi. Yu governs the water and collects the beautiful copper in the world, thinking that Jiuding is like Kyushu; Wang Xing will go out, and the decline will go. " Later Shang and Zhou Dynasties took Jiuding in the summer as a national treasure, that is, a symbol of the succession of state power, so later generations called the establishment of a new dynasty and a new capital "Dingding".
Chu Zhuangwang asked about Jiuding because Chu, which was located in the south at that time, became increasingly powerful among the vassal states, and as a vassal, Zhou Tianzi couldn't control the situation at the moment and controlled the pack. Chu Zhuangwang won the Central Plains, which obviously means that there is hope to take its place. As a result, Jiuding became a sacred object representing the imperial system in the minds of later emperors. Because of its long history and repeated defeats, the legendary Yu Xia Jiuding later disappeared (at that time, it was said that the king of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty was not in Surabaya), so there are often rumors that Shen Ding appeared as auspicious in the Han and Jin Dynasties; There was a grand occasion of recasting Jiuding in the Tang and Song Dynasties. Long live Wu Zetian in Tang Dynasty (AD 696) in April, Huizong Chongning in Northern Song Dynasty (AD 1 104) in January, the court recast Jiuding. Later, the nomads from the south invaded and took Song Zhu Jiuding away, and his whereabouts were unknown.
As a symbol of monarchical power, there is also an extremely important token, that is, the imperial edict. The so-called seal is a well-known seal. "Before the Qin dynasty, the people were all printed with gold and jade, and the dragon and tiger buttons were just what they wanted. Since the Qin Dynasty, Emperor Tiandi has used seals and jade alone, and ministers dare not use them. " (Ma, Collection of Qin History? According to Ma's textual research, it can be divided into six kinds: national seal, imperial seal and empress seal. Cheng Yu's six seals are jade seals, and the seals are Emperor Seal, Emperor Seal, Emperor Seal, Emperor Seal and Emperor Seal respectively. They are printed on various imperial edicts issued by the emperor, and their functions are similar to the official seals issued by the government today. Guo Chuan Xi, made of beautiful jade in Lantian, 4 inches square, with five dragons entwined. The seal reads "Heaven, Emperor Shou Chang"; On the other hand, it is said that the seal was written by Li Si, the then prime minister, as "I am ordered by heaven to live forever". The official seal is the emperor's private seal, and some people think it is a decree. The official seal (jade seal) was worn by Qin Shihuang, which is not only a symbol of the emperor's status, but also a temporary handprint issued by the emperor. After Qin's death, the official seal was obtained by Liu Bang: "Emperor Gaozu praised it, and later people called it' official seal'. It and the White Snake Sword were both treasured by Yu. When the white snake sword was cut at Huidi, the armory was burned to death. And Huaidi didn't bother. The official seal didn't go to Liu Cong, and later it didn't go to Schleswig. When Skillon died, he accidentally returned to Jiangnan. " ("Fu Zhi in Today")
The seals of emperors, queens and princes in Han Dynasty are called seals. The seals of the liehou, Hou Xiangting, the general's subordinates and the chief are still called seals, and the general's seals are called seals. Emperor's decree, tiger buckle; Jin he Hu Niu; The officials below the Crown Prince, Liehou, Prime Minister and Qiu are gold seal, turtle buckle or silver seal and turtle buckle respectively. The official seal awarded to tribal leaders of ethnic minorities is camel buckle or sheep buckle. Whether official or private, the seal is in Yin, and the word is Xiao Zhuan.
During the reign of Wu Zetian in the Tang Dynasty, the female emperor hated the sound of "seal" similar to "death" and ordered that "seal" be renamed as "treasure". After the reset, he changed the name "Bao" to "Xi" In the sixth year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (AD 7 18), the imperial seal was also called Yu Yubao. From Qin Dynasty to Han Dynasty, Emperor Seal, Emperor Seal, Emperor Letter Seal, Emperor Letter Seal, Emperor Letter Seal, Emperor Letter Seal and Emperor Letter Seal were collectively called Emperor Seven Seal with official seal. After the Tang Dynasty changed the treasure, it was said that the Empress Dowager seal used by Wu Zetian was added, which was called the Eight Treasures of the Emperor. However, Biography of Empresses in the New Tang Dynasty said: "The Empress Dowager added the symbol of' Golden Wheel Emperor' and placed seven treasures in the palace: Golden Wheel Treasure, White Elephant Treasure, Female Treasure, Treasure, Jewelry, Chief Minister Treasure, Chief Minister Treasure and Chen Bao." Ci Yuan interprets it as seven kinds of treasures, but it is not clear which seven kinds of treasures they are and why they should be displayed so grandly at the imperial ceremony. The author thinks that they may be the queen's imperial seals with various uses unique to Wu Zetian period. If the army is mobilized, they will use the "minister of the main army." Wu Zetian proclaimed himself emperor and was in charge of the country, which was an unprecedented rebellion against the patriarchal feudal society. The imperial seal used by the male emperor before is naturally everything that she can't admire. In this way, people have re-created an emperor seal that conforms to her own female identity and mind, and it is very likely that this is the real reason why she turned the seal into treasure.
Because of the war in the Five Dynasties, most of the imperial seals since the Han and Tang Dynasties were lost. The Emperor of the Song Dynasty remade the precious seal:
"Treasure. Qin system, the son of heaven has six seals and a national seal, which has been the truth for generations. Tang dynasty changed to treasure, and its system has eight. The chaos of the five dynasties, or more losses. Zhou began to make two treasures, one is' the treasure of the emperor ordered by heaven' and the other is' the treasure of the emperor'. MAO Zen, pass on these two treasures, as a' great song treasure'. When I arrived in Emperor Taizong, I didn't want to have a' Tianbao'. After that, all the emperor's clothes became treasures. The text reads' The emperor is ready to accept the treasure of destiny'. If you have a title and you have a company that makes jade treasures, you will use the title as the text. " ("Song History? Yu ")
From Song Dynasty to Qing Dynasty, the emperor's seal was called "seal" or "treasure", and "seal" and "treasure" were used together. According to the system of Qin and Han dynasties, empresses and princes of all dynasties also had their own seals. Empresses, queens and concubines in the Qing Dynasty conferred gold books and awarded them to Bao Xi. In the Qing Dynasty, there was the Jiaotai Hall, which was located behind Gan Qing Palace and in front of Kunning Palace (because it is between Gan Qing Palace and Kunning Palace, the name of the hall means harmony between heaven and earth), and the treasures of the Qing emperors were mainly collected in this hall.
Among the things that Emperor China used for government affairs, it is worth mentioning that the ancient "Four Treasures of the Study"-pen, ink, paper and inkstone-was an important tool for the king to give orders in an instant.
China's writing pen should have originated in Xia and Shang Dynasties or even earlier. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the use of pens was quite common. At that time, there were different pen names. Chu called it Yu, Wu called it Liu, Yan called it Fu, and Qin called it Pen. The Qin dynasty unified the name "pen", which is still in use today. However, before the Qin Dynasty, almost all pens were hard pens, and some people verified that bamboo sticks were cut and processed. Later, the brush used is said to have been invented by Meng Tian, the general of Qin at the end of the Warring States Period.
Of course, the pen used by the emperor was definitely a rare and excellent pen at that time. It is said that the pens used by the emperors of the Han Dynasty were made of rhinoceros horn, ivory and stained glass. The nib is made of the hair of foxes and rabbits, and the pencil case is carved with gold and decorated with jade, with a value as high as 100 gold. The so-called "one stroke and one painting, carved with gold and carved with jade, decorated with pearls and jade" is a non-literary rhinoceros, and it must be like a tube of teeth, a pillar of rich foxes and a Han of autumn rabbits "("Literature and Art Gathering? "The essay department? Pen "). In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the famous pen used in the palace was made by Zhuge Gao, a native of Xuanzhou (now Xuancheng, Anhui Province), and was called "Zhuge Pen". Xuanzhou and Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, were the two major pen-making centers in ancient China, and the brushes produced were called Xu Anbi and Hubi respectively. Zhuge family is a pen-making family, and "Zhuge pen" was collected as a treasure at that time.
Today, there are some famous pens in the Palace Museum in Beijing, such as Ming Jiajing's carved rosewood tube pen and innocent Huang Wannian pen. Ming Jiajing carved rosewood tube pen, the length of the pen tube is 25cm, the length of the pen bucket is 2.5cm, the straight tube has no cover, the pen tube is decorated with red and sauce-colored carved lacquer, and it is made of rosewood bucket. The pen tip is sable bamboo shoots. Innocent Huang Wannian pen is a gift to celebrate the emperor's birthday. Pen tube length 18.8cm, made of bamboo. Above the pen tube, Yin Shi filled in the words "Tian Zi Wannian" in gold regular script, and below, he filled in the words "Chen" in blue regular script. The pen holder is made of precious purple hair (rabbit hair produced in Anhui), and the waist is raised like a magnolia in bud, which was called Lanrui style at that time; The root of the pen has a supporting yellow secondary hair.
Judging from the phrase "licking pen and ink" in Zhuangzi, at least in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the use of ink became more and more common. The method of making ink was first described in Qi Yaomin's Book by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty and Song Dynasty's Heavenly Creations, the method of making ink with oil fume and pine smoke was described in detail. The raw materials of ink smoke are tung oil, vegetable oil, soybean oil, lard, pine and so on. The craftsman put tung oil, clear oil or lard into an oil lamp and lit it. Collect the oil fume with an iron cover above the oil lamp, and then brush the oil fume on the surface of the iron cover with goose feathers on the paper. Soot must be collected in time, not too old. The ink made from the first-class lampblack is fine and shiny, and one or two-class lampblack can be scraped per catty of oil. However, in ancient times, people often used pine to make cigarette ink, while the pine used by the court was more particular. In the Southern Song Dynasty, the pine used by the imperial court to make ink was required to be collected from Huangshan Mountain. In Shaoxing, the imperial ink used by the emperor was made by Gong Dai Yanheng. One day, the eunuch in the palace planned to build an ink stove in the imperial garden, using pine trees near the West Lake as ink. Dai Yanheng insisted on disagreeing with this point. His reason is that the pine used for inking should be the unique Yun Song of Huangshan Mountain, because the pine of Huangshan Mountain grows on the precipice, adopts the aura of heaven and earth, and has excellent texture, while the pine of the flat land is weak and the wood is unavailable!
Precious ink, especially imperial court ink, usually contains egg white, fish skin glue, Niu Pijiao, spices and medicinal materials, such as clove, Arnebia euchroma, cortex fraxini, hematoxylin, sandalwood, storax and pearls. For example, the Book of Beginners compiled in the Tang Dynasty quoted Zhong Wei's Book of Ink Making as saying: "In combination with the ink method, one or two genuine pearls and half two musk are finely ground, and then they are all placed in an iron mortar and pounded with a pestle of 30,000. More and more. " Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, used royal ink named "Longxiang", that is, rare borneol and musk were mixed in the ingredients. Zhang Yu, a famous ink maker in the Song Dynasty, also added borneol and musk to the collected fine soot.
Use paper in court. It used to be thought that bamboo slips were used after papermaking in Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty, or silk was used before. Cai Lun was a eunuch in the Eastern Han Dynasty. It is reported that on the basis of summing up the experience of predecessors, he made a paper called "Cai Hou Paper" by using bark, hemp head, rags, old fishing nets and other raw materials with wider sources and lower cost through beating, mashing, frying and baking. From this point of view, Cai Lun is obviously not the inventor of paper, but just the innovator of papermaking technology. Inventors should be "predecessors", that is, people before Cai Lun. When will it be before? Because the texture of paper is difficult to preserve, it is difficult to give a clear conclusion without physical evidence. 1957, in Baqiao, the eastern suburb of the ancient capital Xi, it is said that the ancient paper of the Western Han Dynasty in the 2nd century BC was unearthed. After scientific investigation, it was found that it was mainly made of hemp and a small amount of ramie fiber, which was called "Baqiao Paper" by historians. "Baqiao Paper" should be the earliest paper excavated by archaeology in the world.
With the gradual improvement of papermaking technology, bamboo curtain paper, rattan paper, cotton paper and yellow-dyed paper in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Xuan paper and pestle paper in Sui and Tang Dynasties, honesty paper in the Five Dynasties, bamboo paper, Xuande paper in Ming Dynasty, Tan Jian in Songjiang and pastel paper in Qing Dynasty have all become common objects in the planning of the Forbidden City in various periods. Chengxin Hall was originally the name of the hall where Li Sheng, the founding monarch of the Southern Tang Dynasty, lived. Honesty hall paper was made by Li, an old man in the southern Tang Dynasty. It is thin and smooth and valuable to people. At the same time, there are tribute papers presented to the emperor by foreign countries, such as the border paper presented by South Vietnam during the Han and Jin Dynasties and the Korean paper presented by North Korea. The tribute paper of the Qing court includes North Korea's rich gold paper, golden age paper, mirror paper, Vietnamese moss paper, Japanese snow paper and gift paper, as well as western Phnom Penh paper, mica paper and various papers.
Precious paper and ink, as an important thing to issue imperial edicts, have been highly valued and loved by some people in the royal families of past dynasties. In the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Deng ascended the throne, leaving only paper and ink in the tribute, and all the other treasures were forbidden: "It is the right time to contribute and win valuable things. After that, I acceded to the throne and ordered a ban. /kloc-when I was 0/8 years old, I only provided paper and ink. " ("once"? In the Tang and Song Dynasties, the precious paper used by the emperor was also called phoenix paper or dragon and phoenix stationery because it was printed with dragon and phoenix patterns. Song Taizong and Zhao Guangyi often like to write a few words with them as special rewards for princes and courtiers.
The unique writing culture in ancient China produced a variety of learning stationery. Common ones are: pen holder, also known as pen holder, pen holder and concave disposal pen, which are used for pen holders, mostly in the shape of mountains, figures and animals. A round or square pen container also has a special shape; When not in use, put the pen inside. The pen is made of porcelain, jade, bamboo and wood. Pen washing, mostly bowl-shaped, is used to wash away the ink left after using the pen. An ink bed for temporarily storing ink when ink research is suspended. An ink cartridge for storing Mo Ding. Water injection, also known as water drops, is mostly exquisite small round pots and square pots, which are injected into the inkstone surface for grinding, and some are made into the shapes of animals such as toads and chickens. For example, during the Spring and Autumn Period, there were water drops in the funerary objects of Gong Ling, the monarch of the State of Jin: "The Jinling Cemetery is magnificent, and all the utensils are rotten, except for a jade toad, which is as big as a fist and full of water." (Han? Liu Xin's "Miscellaneous Notes on Xijing") paperweights, also known as book towns, are used to press paper or books to keep paper and writing flat. The inkstone box, also called inkstone box, is used to place inkstones. ...
Inkstone, also known as inkstone, is a tool for studying ink and writing with a dip pen. Its texture is jade, stone, brick, copper and iron, among which inkstone is the most. In the late 1970s, a set of 7,000-year-old inkstones, grinding rods and inkstone covers were unearthed from the Neolithic site in Jiangzhai, Shaanxi. Did Su Yijian in Song Dynasty write "Four Books and Five Classics"? The Book of Inkstone says, "The new jade buckle of the Yellow Emperor in the past was regarded as the ink sea, and the seal script on it was called Di Hong inkstone." Mohai refers to the big inkstone.
In ancient China, there were so-called "four famous inkstones" or "five famous inkstones", namely Duanyan, She Yan, Yan Tao, Zhiyanzhai or Duanyan, She Yan, Yan Tao, Chengni inkstone and Zhiyanzhai. In fact, there are many kinds of inkstones in Gu Yan, including Songhua inkstone, Emerald inkstone and Lacquer inkstone. For example, when the Prince was conferred in the Jin Dynasty, there was a lacquer inkstone in the utensils; Prince Nafei also used lacquer inkstone as one of her dowry. The lacquer sand inkstone hidden in the Forbidden City in the Song Dynasty looks like a kind of mud inkstone, but the inkstone is extremely light and does not sink on the water.
Duanyan was produced in Duan Xi (now Zhaoqing, Guangdong), She Yan, Huizhou (now Shexian, Anhui, Wuyuan, Jiangxi), Yan Tao, Lintao, Gansu, Cheng Ni, Jiangzhou, Shanxi (now Quwo, Shanxi) and Hongsi, Qingzhou, Shandong (now Weifang, Linqu, Shandong). Duan inkstone, often called She Yan, was collected from the cliffs of Duan Xi in the past dynasties and divided into lower cliff, middle cliff and upper cliff. Cliff caves are at the bottom of the mountain and are flooded all the year round, so the inkstone is expensive and moist, so the cliff quality is the best. The color of Duanyan is also related to the quality, with white as the top and purple as the bottom. She inkstone, also known as Weilong inkstone, is carved from the stone of Wei Long, Wuyuan. Yan Tao is fine but not hard, so it is the best choice for making inkstones. "In addition to these two stones, Taohe (Gansu) is the most valuable stone in the north. Green as blue, moist as jade, ink flowing down the cliff bottom; However, the stone is at the bottom of the Lintao River, which is not made by manpower and is of great value. " (Song? Zhao Xizhen, Dong Tian Lu Qingji? Cheng Ni inkstone (near Gu Yan), made of river mud, is produced in Jiangzhou, Shanxi, Zhouguo, Henan and Qingzhou, Shandong. The process is complicated and it burns as hard as stone. HongLing inkstone, with a dozen layers of HongLing in the stone, is of excellent texture, with ink as oil and thick black as paint, and the box will not dry for a long time.
In a word, a good inkstone is not only smooth, delicate and flawless, but also easy to ink without consuming ink and damaging the nib. Therefore, some ancient emperors not only regarded the famous inkstone as a treasure, but also regarded it as a valuable gift. Cao Cao, known as Wei Wudi, gave Han Xiandi a gift before his death, including a silver inkstone and a silver inkstone. Sima Yan, Emperor Wu of Jin Dynasty, once gave people blue iron inkstones made of iron. People in Zhao Gou, Song Huizong like to use Guangdong inkstone. His inkstone is often a first-class jade, which makes people fondle it. Zhao Gou used it to give to close ministers.
2. Household goods
The emperor's bedroom is called the bedroom. The ancients created words, and the meaning of the palace was the same. Later, in order to respect the emperor, it was stipulated that only the residence of the emperor could be called a "palace". In the imperial palaces, most of them are dazzling, colorful and dazzling. And take beds, tents, summer sleeping mats, quilts, pillows and other necessary daily necessities as an example, you can get a glimpse of the luxury and splendor of their daily necessities:
Go to sleep. In ancient times, a bed was an instrument for people to sit or lie down. The bed used by the emperor was called a dragon bed. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, Meng Changjun, a noble of Qi State, gave the King of Chu an ivory bed as a gesture of friendship. Decorating the bed with ivory shows the preciousness of the bed. "Miscellanies of Xijing" said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty had seven treasure beds in Guigong; The Notes of Jin People also said that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty used coral as a bed. In the Book of Beginners written by the Tang Dynasty, the poem "Bed Poetry" written by Liang Hou includes "White Jade Carving in Hengshan Mountain, Coral Branches in Han Temple; It is a common phenomenon that the beds of empresses of ancient emperors are decorated with gold and silver treasures. In Sadula's poem "Embroidered Pillows in Yang Fei" in Yuan Dynasty, there is a sentence "Five-colored fragrant clouds turn with their fingers, and Yang Taizhen sits on the gums". If it is not hearsay, it can be seen that Yang Guifei slept on her gums. As for the later Han Dynasty? "Five Elements" said: "Lingdi loves Hu Fu, Zhang Hu, Hu Chuang, Zuo Hu, Fan Hu, Hu Konghou, Hu Di and Hu Dance. All the nobles in Kyoto are vying for it. " Hu Chuang is probably a kind of portable electric appliance that can be folded, or it may be like our common folding recliner today, but it is definitely much more luxurious.
Account. Ancient emperors lived in halls and buildings. In order to decorate the environment and facilitate their lives, there are both screens and curtains in the room. When Liu Bang led his army into Xianyang, Qin Dou, he saw Qin Gong's "Palace curtain is a treasure of dogs and horses, and thousands of women want to stay" (Historical Records? Stay in Hou Shijia), in which it is mentioned that the curtains of Gong Zhonghua Li are also one of the factors that attract Liu Bang's attention. A Dream of Red Mansions written by Cao Xueqin in Qing Dynasty was written in Qin Keqing's bedroom for the fifth time. "Princess Shou Chang and Princess Zhang lie on the couch, and there are couplets made by Princess Tongchang. "Although this is a novelist's brushwork, Princess Tongchang's Julian account is a real thing in history. Princess Tongchang is Tang Yizong's daughter. At that time, in the princess mansion where she lived after marriage, there was a bead account decorated with jade beads: "In the ninth year of Xian Tong, Princess Tongchang became a monk and lived in Guanghua Lane ... In the hall, she set up a lotus bead account, but it was a cold curtain, ... and the lotus bead account was continued." (Tang? Su E's Du Yang Miscellaneous Compilation)
Seats. The ancients divided mats into sitting type and horizontal type. At the beginning of the Western Han Dynasty, the mats used by emperors were probably bamboo sticks in summer, leather in winter, water plants and cloth in spring and autumn. For example, according to Hanshu, water shield and water shield are aquatic plants, which can be used to weave mats. The original intention of modern people's banquet is bamboo mat. In the Han dynasty, ministers of civil and military affairs were allowed to sit in the court, and a gathering of 100 officials gave a big banquet, which later evolved into a synonym for banquet. However, the chairs used by emperors before the Han Dynasty were also very luxurious. It is said that there was a scale-shaped seat in Yan Zhaowang during the Warring States Period. The so-called scale-shaped seat is a pattern of flying dragons and dancing phoenixes mixed on the seat. When the Western Han Dynasty became the emperor, the emperor and empress used it even more luxuriously: "Zhao's daughter-in-law lives in Zhaoyang Hall ... with a jade bed, white ivory hairpin and green bear mat, which is more than two feet long." People sleep and cover themselves with their hair, but they can't see; Sitting is knee-less. You sit here and smell incense for a hundred days. " Zhao is the queen, and her brother is her sister. Both sisters are Queen Liu Ao. Ah, the original meaning is bamboo mat. White ivory bamboo is a mat made of ivory, which should be used in summer; Green bear summer sleeping mat, Ciyuan said it was made of black bear skin. Why is black bear skin called "green"? In fact, Lu Tong is a kind of grass, which is about a winter mat made of long bear hair and grass. Judging from Yuan Zhen's poem "You mended my clothes from the wicker basket, and I coaxed your gold hairpin to buy wine" in the Tang Dynasty, since this grass can be woven into boxes and baskets, it can be seen that it is very resistant to weaving.
Yes. "Chu ci? There is a saying in Evocation: "Jade beaded quilt is inferior to Guang Qi". The theory of evocation was written by Song Yu, a doctor of Chu, who evokes souls in Jiang Shen. It is said that this was written by Qu Yuan and dedicated to Chu Huaiwang or himself. In any case, there should be such a quilt decorated with jade feathers and pearls in the palace during the Warring States period, which is colorful and dazzling. Legend has it that jade is an affectionate bird. The male bird has red feathers and is called "flying". The female bird has green feathers and is called "Cui". Are they later mandarin ducks? It is said that when Zhao was made queen, her sister gave her a gift, including a mandarin duck, a mandarin duck quilt and a mandarin duck mattress, all of which were embroidered with mandarin duck patterns. When Princess Tongchang got married in the Tang Dynasty, there was a silk embroidered quilt in her dowry. The quilt is embroidered with 3,000 mandarin ducks with exotic flowers and leaves, and decorated with pearls as small as rice grains. The quilt was unfolded into many colors. During the Five Dynasties, Meng Changjun, the Emperor of the Later Shu Dynasty, often used a bed for his honeymoon: "Your master (often) had a brocade quilt, which is now three silks wide, but it was woven in one shuttle. Make two dots on the head. If it is moire, cover it and knock it under the neck, such as the collar. On both sides, Yu Jin hugged his shoulder. This is called jealousy. " (Ming? Tao Zongyi's "Dropping out of Farming")
Pillow. Sentences about pillows can be found in poems in the pre-Qin period, such as "the corner pillow is embarrassing and the brocade is rotten" (The Book of Songs? Tang style? Ge Sheng), it can be seen that the relationship between pillows and quilts has long been inseparable. Corner pillows should be square pillows and corner pillows, but it seems to be interpreted as "corner pillows or pillows decorated with corners" (etymology). Pillows are divided into lying pillows and pillows. For example, Liang Ji, the minister of the Western Han Dynasty, had a jade tiger headrest. Legend has it that Shang Zhouwang and da ji used double pillows, which obviously should be lying pillows; Wan Yan Shouxu, the last emperor of Jin State, once had 1 HongLing pillow. As the name implies, a pillow is a pillow on which people lie. It goes without saying that ancient emperors paid attention to the excellent quality of pillows and the comfort of lying down, and even endowed or hoped that pillows had other functions. According to legend, Gou Jian, King of Yue, wrote Fan Li's kind words on silk and put them under his pillow as a souvenir. In order to live forever, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, visited a pillow that could rejuvenate people. Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty had a 1 immortal pillow contributed by Qiuci Kingdom, which was colorful as agate and moist as jade. According to legend, when you sleep, you rest on it, and you fall asleep on ten continents, three islands and all corners of the country. Its sister, Mrs. Guo, Yang Guifei, has 1 night light pillow. It is said that the room is bright at night without lights and candles. Qian Liu, king of wuyue in the Five Dynasties, had a pillow made of wood with a small bell tied on it. When people sleep, the pillow will tilt, which makes people wake up easily, so it is named police pillow. ...
In the living room of ancient emperors, there are two things that cannot be ignored, that is, mirrors and household incense.
Before the Qing Dynasty, mirrors were mostly polished with copper, which was called bronze mirrors. According to Han Feizi, "the eyes of ancient people were shorter than their own, so they looked at their faces with a mirror", and the mirror was mainly a tool to reflect their faces. But during the Qin and Han dynasties, the mirrors in the palace were also used to scare people into entering the palace. The mirror in the palace is not only to compare their own clothes and appearance, but also to observe the movement around them. In the fourth chapter of Romance of the Three Kingdoms, it was written that there was a big bronze mirror in Dong Zhuo's bedroom at the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty. It was from the reflection in the mirror that he found the abnormal performance of Cao Cao who came to "offer a knife" behind him, thus avoiding a bloody assassination.
The earliest existing bronze mirrors came from the Qijia cultural site more than 4,000 years ago. Since then, many mirrors made in the late Shang Dynasty, the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period have been excavated. From ancient times to Han and Jin dynasties, bronze mirrors were mostly round, but there were also square mirrors. For example, the book Brothers, which was introduced to the Jin Dynasty by beginners, said that there was a wide bronze mirror in front of Renshou Hall in the palace, which was more than five feet high and three feet two inches wide. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, there were 1 kinds of large bronze mirrors in the palace, which were called seven mirrors, and were interpreted as "seven mirrors and one set" by etymology. Judging from the poem "Looking at the Moon" quoted by Xiao Gang in the Southern Dynasties, Xiao Gang described a full moon as a bright seven-mirror. Therefore, if seven mirrors are interpreted as "a mirror platform with seven mirrors", it seems that it is probably meaningless. This mirror should be a large bronze mirror specially made for the royal family. Under the sunlight, it is like a crescent moon in Yin Hui, which makes the poet have a wonderful association with the two.
During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were also rhombic mirrors, lotus mirrors and mirrors with handles. Most of them are decorated with birds and animals, Hua Die, grapes, flowers, Chinese zodiac, people's stories and so on. , and adopted gold plating, gold plating, gold and silver mother-of-pearl and gem inlay technology. Yangzhou in Tang Dynasty was the main producing area of bronze mirrors. At that time, Zhang Ji once wrote a poem, "The bronze statue of Yangzhou is a mirror, but you can't see the shadow in the dark" ("White-headed Singing"). "Geography of New Tang Book" records: "Guangling County, Yangzhou ... tribute of gold, silver, copper and bronze mirrors." It can be seen that the bronze mirrors produced in Yangzhou are of high quality and exquisite workmanship, and have become a tribute to the royal family. Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, liked this bronze mirror very much. His birthday is on the fifth day of the eighth lunar month. On this day, the gift he gave to the ministers who celebrated his birthday was Yangzhou bronze mirror, which was sparkling and enlightening. After the Qing Dynasty, palace mirrors were gradually replaced by glass mirrors.
In addition, when entering today's Forbidden City in Ming and Qing Dynasties, most tourists are deeply impressed by all kinds of incense burners that can be seen everywhere. The large and small incense burners in imperial palaces in past dynasties were mostly made of gold, silver, copper and other metals or ceramics, which were used for furnishings, incense, Buddha worship and worship. It is said that there was no incense burner before the Han dynasty, but Boshan furnace was made in the Han dynasty, and incense burners appeared from then on. Incense is widely used in the palace. In the deep palace, the fragrance that permeates day and night can really purify the air, get rid of filth and avoid epidemics, and make people feel refreshed, as if walking in a fairyland.
Wang Jia of the Jin Dynasty wrote Notes, saying that on the occasion of the second anniversary of Yan Zhaowang's accession to the throne in the Warring States Period, a small country called Guangyanguo presented two highly skilled dancers, which was greatly gratifying. "It is a place where scales are placed, weeds are fragrant and scattered, and the country is fragrant. When you soak in the ground, the soil and stones are fragrant, rotten wood is rotten and lush; Pull the bones to death, and the muscles are raw; Spray crumbs on the ground, four or five inches thick, and let the two of them dance on it. They have no trace for a long time and are light. " The Book of Gleanings is a wonderful novel. I'm afraid it's a bit exaggerated to say that the fragrance is so magical. But ancient palaces did use a lot of exotic flowers and herbs. Let's talk about this fragrant one. The Book of Beginners quoted Guo Ziheng's Biography of the Cave as saying: "Hold it, it is full of palace incense, and women bring it, and it is also fragrant."
In Xia Zhishi, Liu Hong, the emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty, often swam in the naked swimming hall of the palace to escape the heat. After swimming, he will boil the incense offered by the Western Regions in water and then soak his body with it. After taking a shower, pour the remaining water into the drainage ditch, which is still full of fragrance, so someone named this drainage ditch Liuxiang Canal. When Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty was in Li Longji, a kind of borneol (commonly known as borneol) was presented to the toe-crossing countries, and it was called Ruilongnao in the palace. Wearing between clothes, the smell of more than ten steps lasted for a long time. After the Five Dynasties, Kunming presented 15 bottles of rose perfume to the Emperor of the Later Zhou Dynasty. Some people have verified that it is similar to toilet water today, but the fragrance is stronger and more lasting. It is said that the clothes are worn out after being sprinkled on them, but the fragrance is still pleasant. During the Song Dynasty, a fragrant garden ball made of various spices was popular in Beijing: "On weekdays, the imperial clan entered the Forbidden City for seven miles. The women got on their calves, all holding fragrant balls with two small rings beside them and two small fragrant balls in their sleeves. When the car passes, the smoke is like a cloud and the dust is fragrant. " (Song? Lu You's Notes on the Old Learning Hall) During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, precious perfume imported from the west began to be used in the palace. Until the end of Qing dynasty, they were regarded as precious cosmetics by emperors' empresses.