After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, the history of China once again entered the era of unification. In the vast areas of the north, the result of the warlord melee was the emergence of three powerful dynasties, namely, Hou Liang, the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty. At the same time, nine smaller separatist regimes emerged in southern China, namely Wu, Nantang, wuyue, Chu, Houshu, Nanhan, Nanping and Fujian. There are northern Han forces in the Hedong area in the north. History says: "Five Dynasties and Ten Countries". In the late Tang Dynasty, Shi Jingtang presented sixteen states to Qidan, which posed a great threat to the border defense in the northern part of the Central Plains.

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the rulers, big and small, had fierce competition and wars, which had a great impact on social economy and culture. But when I was in Zhou Shizong, I took many reform measures and launched the Northern Expedition, which laid the foundation for the unification of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Shikoku

Wu Nantang Wu Yuechu Northern Han Dynasty

Nanhan Fujian Nanping (Jingnan)

Wu (902 ~ 937) was one of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. Built by Yang Xingmi.

In 892, the first year of Jingfu, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Yang Xingmi was appointed as China's envoy to Huainan. Two years later (902), he was appointed King of Wu. The capital Guangling (Yangzhou) is called Jiangdu House. Yang Xingmi paid attention to recruiting refugees and rewarding farmers and mulberry, which restored the social economy in Jianghuai area.

When Wu was at its strongest, there were parts of Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei provinces. In the second year of Tang Tianyou (905), Yang Xingmi died, and his son, Yang W, succeeded to the throne and fell out of power. Wu Tianzuo was destroyed by the Southern Tang Dynasty in 937. Wu lived for 4 years and 36 years.

Southern Tang

One of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. Built by Li Bian. Jinling (now Nanjing, Jiangsu) was called jiangning house in ancient times. At its peak, the territory was 35 states, which was about a part of Jiangxi Province and Anhui, Jiangsu, Fujian, Hubei and other provinces. It lasted about thirty-nine years.

After Woods Yang Long succeeded to the throne, General Xu Wen was in charge. Liang four years (9 18), Xu Wen's adopted son Xu Zhibao took over Zhengquan Yang. He recruited talents, carried out some reforms, won the hearts of the people and replaced Yang step by step. In the third year of Wu Tianzuo (937), Xu Zhi abolished Wu Pu, claiming to be the emperor, with the title of Daqi and Yuan. The following year, the country name was changed to Li Bian, the country name was Tang, and the history was called Nan Tang (Bian, former owner of Nan Tang).

After Li Bian acceded to the throne, he continued to protect the environment and people, and did not underestimate the enemy. Under relatively stable conditions, social production has developed. Merchants exchanged tea and silk with the Central Plains for sheep and horses, and then traded with Qidan by sea. Compared with the countries that were enfeoffed at the same time, the Southern Tang Dynasty was strong. Because of imperial examinations and schools, culture is more prosperous than other countries. In the seventh year of Yuan Dynasty (943), Li Bian died, and his son Li Jing (first named Jing Tong) succeeded to the throne, renamed Li Yi (9 16 ~ 96 1), with three titles: Baoda, Zhongxing and Jiaotai. In the third year of Baoda (945), Nantang took advantage of the civil strife in Fujian to send troops to destroy Fujian and capture the king alive. At that time, wuyue sent troops to fight for land with Nantang, and the outcome of the war was: Nantang Jian (now Fujian Jian 'ou), Ting (now Fujian Changting) and Zhang (now Fujian); Wuyue got Fuzhou (now Fujian); The old general of Fujian stayed in Quanzhou, and was appointed as the special envoy of the Qingyuan Army in the Southern Tang Dynasty, acknowledging his separatist regime. In the ninth year of Baoda, the Southern Tang Dynasty took advantage of the civil strife in Chu to send troops to destroy Chu, and Ma Xichong surrendered. But soon, the old land of Chu was occupied by Zhou Xingfeng, and the Southern Tang Dynasty failed to consolidate the land of Chu. Bronze mirror of "one-child room" in the eleventh year of Baoda in Southern Tang Dynasty (953)

From the 13th year of Baoda to the first year of Jiaotai (955-958), the later Zhou attacked Nantang continuously, and fourteen states north of Li Xianjiang and south of Huaihe River became its subjects. Last year, it moved its capital to Hongzhou, which was called Nanchang (now Jiangxi) House. Since then, its national strength has been sluggish.

In the second year of Song Dynasty (96 1), Li died, and his son Li Yu (formerly known as 937 ~ 978) succeeded to the throne and returned to Jinling. Li Yushan is good at writing words, painting and calligraphy, and knows the rhythm, but he is politically fatuous. In the eighth year of Kaibao (1, 976), on November 27th, Song Jun captured Jinling, Li Yu was captured and Nantang died.

Wu yueguo

Wu Yueguo (907 -978) was one of the ten countries in the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries Period, which was founded by Qian Liu. The capital is Hangzhou. When it is strong, there are thirteen States, probably the whole province of Zhejiang, the southeast of Jiangsu and the northeast of Fujian. Wuyue has five monarchs.

Monarchs of Wu Yue State in past dynasties.

King Mauwusu? Qian Miao, (in beautiful language, ruled from 852 to 932 and from 907 to 932)

King Sejong Wenmu? Qian (887 -94 1 year) was in the position of 932 -94 1 year.

Loyal to the king? Qian Zuo (Zi Jun reigned 94 1 -947)

Jin Zhongshan? Qian Qi (929 word dragon road? -97 1 in 947)

King Zhong Yi? Qian Chu (948 -978 AD, 929-988 AD)

The establishment and demise of Wu Yue State.

Wu Yueguo was one of the ten countries in the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries Period. Its founder Qian Liu is from Hangzhou. He was a hooligan when he was young, and once worked as a thief selling salt. After that, he should be recruited as a soldier and gradually rose from general to state soldier. In the process of destroying Liu, Xue Lang and other forces, he occupied the land in Zhejiang. Two years later (902), Tang Zhaozong was crowned King of Yue. In 904, it was renamed the King of Wu. And Zhu Wen built a beam, named King Yue of Wu. Wuyue is a small city. At its peak, it only governed thirteen states: Hangzhou, Vietnam, Shanghai, Jiangsu, Xiu Xiu, Wu, Mu, Qu, Taiwan, Wen, Chu, Ming and Fu. In addition, there are Zhenhai, Zhendong, Zhongwu, Xuande, Vu Thang, Zhangwu and other holiday towns. Due to the narrow serenade and insufficient strength, wuyue has always taken loyalty to the Central Plains Dynasty as its main military strategy. Before the demise of the Tang Dynasty, Qian Liu was loyal to the Tang Dynasty; After Zhu Wen usurped the Tang Dynasty, he was loyal to it, so he was also awarded the title of King wuyue and Marshal of Military Forces. After the beam was destroyed in the later Tang Dynasty, Qian Liu made a submission to the later Tang Dynasty. He not only won the title of King wuyue and Marshal of the Military Forces in the World, but also got a jade book and a gold seal as a token of his favor. Wuyue effectively defended against the invasion of Wu Yueguo by neighboring separatist forces. When Qian Liu faced China and North Korea, he regarded himself as a small court. Its government departments are not only called the imperial court and its subordinate officials, but also stand on their own titles, with three titles, namely Tianbao, Baoda and Bao Zheng. It was not until his son Qian succeeded to the throne that the title of China and North Korea was changed. At the same time, he also interacted with Silla, Bohai Sea and other countries on his own, and wrote books and titles for them, just like an emperor of China and North Korea. Even so, Qian Liuqin is diligent in politics and understands the sufferings of the people, such as building seawalls and other water conservancy projects, which won the hearts of the people. 1932, Qian Liu died at the age of 81. He is the son of Yuan, and he is still as diligent as his father. In 94 1 year, Yuan Kui died, and Zi Hongzuo and Hong Kui successively succeeded to the throne. In 947, wuyue deposed Hu as his master and succeeded his brother. 1978, Song Qianchu was born and wuyue died. From 893 AD, Qian Liu was appointed as our ambassador to Zhenhai, which lasted for 86 years.

Chu, one of the ten countries in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, is the only dynasty in Hunan history that was established with Hunan as the center. Historically known as Machu, it is also known as Nanchu, Machu State and Machu regime, with Changsha as its capital. Ma Su, the founder of Chu State, was born in Yanling, Xuzhou (now Yanling, Henan). In its heyday, Chu ruled over 24 states, namely Tan, Heng, Yong, Dao, Chen, Shao, Yue, Lang, Li, Chen, Lian, Zhao, Yi, Quan, Gui, Wu, He, Meng, Fu, Yan, Liu, Xiang and Rong, and Wu 'an and Wuping. From Ma Yin's appointment as China's ambassador in 896 AD to the demise of Chu in 95 1 AD, Chu lived together for 56 years, which had an important influence on Hunan's history. Through the war, the separatist forces in Hunan were eliminated and Hunan was unified. During the Ma Yin regime, by adopting the policy of "serving heaven and comforting men", the army was protected internally, the vassal was strengthened externally, and a relatively stable environment was given to the people. Economically, measures such as building water conservancy, rewarding agriculture and mulberry, developing tea industry, promoting textiles and trading with the Central Plains have made the social economy develop rapidly.

history

In 896, the Tang Dynasty appointed Ma Yin as our ambassador of Wu 'an Army, which laid the foundation for his foothold in Hunan.

In 907, Hou Liang immediately became the king of Chu.

In 927, in the second year of the late Tang Dynasty, Ma Yin was officially conferred the title of King of Chu, and the State of Chu was formally established. Ma Yin imitated the imperial court system, changed Tanzhou to Changsha as the capital, built palaces in Changsha, and established a veritable independent kingdom, becoming one of the feudal separatist countries in the Five Dynasties 10.

Ma Yin died in 930 and Ma Yin's second son, Ma Xisheng, succeeded him.

Ma Xisheng died in 932, and Ma Yin's son Ma Xifan succeeded him.

Ma Xifan died in 947 and Ma Xiguang succeeded to the throne.

In 950, Ma Xigu attacked Changsha, and Ma Xiguang was defeated and killed. So Masisi became the king of Chu.

In 19951year, 1 1 month, the Southern Tang Dynasty took advantage of the civil strife in Ma and Chu, and sent a general to lead the army into Chu, occupied Changsha, and Chu died. Before taking a firm foothold in Nantang, Ada, an old general of Ma Yin, rose up and defeated Nantang Army and continued to occupy Hunan. From 947 to 95 1 year, the war for the throne was called the battle of the slot.

In 952, Wang Kui killed Ada and took control of Hunan.

In 955, Pan Shusi killed Wang Kui again; Zhou Xingfeng, the military attache of Tanzhou, once again occupied Langzhou and killed Pan Shusi. The whole territory of Hunan was controlled by Zhou Xingfeng.

In 962, he died, his son Zhou Baoquan succeeded to the throne, and general Zhang Wenbiao rebelled. After fierce fighting, Zhou Baoquan killed Zhang Wenbiao. At this time, Zhao Kuangyin has launched a mutiny in Chen Qiao, the Empress, and took the opportunity to invade Tanzhou.

In 963, Hunan was completely incorporated into the territory of the Song Dynasty.

The Mercantile Policy of Chu State

According to historical records, Ma Yin "has a vast territory, which is to cultivate scholars and help the people". Because of its political policy of protecting the environment and helping the people, it also pursues the policy of attaching importance to agriculture and mulberry, developing tea, advocating textiles and attaching importance to commercial trade. Ma Chu took advantage of Hunan's geographical advantage of being located in the center of southern political power, vigorously developed commercial trade with the Central Plains and surrounding areas, exempted tariffs, encouraged import and export trade, and attracted businessmen from all over the world. "Wu Chuwangmu Shi Jia of the Ten Kingdoms in the Spring and Autumn Period" contains: "At that time, there was no levy in the city, and business travelers from all directions heard about it."

Tea tax was the main tax source of Chu at that time, so the government levied "per million" every year. In order to promote the production and trade of tea, Machu Picchu regime adopted a loose policy of "making people make their own tea" and "listening to people sell tea to the north", allowing people to make their own tea "to facilitate business travel". At the same time, the Machu regime set up commercial warehouses all over the country, and organized merchants ("eight-bed owners" of tea shops) to buy tea and sell it to merchants in the Central Plains in exchange for war horses and silk goods.

Due to the mercantilist policy of the Machu regime, Tanzhou at that time had become the largest tea market in the south, and the level of urbanization had developed greatly. At that time, handicrafts and mining and metallurgy were also relatively developed. At that time, it was adopted that "people who lost their taxes used silk instead of money" and "people show their wealth". The cotton textile industry in Changsha also began in the Ma Chu period, when the State of Chu planted cotton, so there was Hu Sansheng's "kapok", and there are many in the south today. It was planted in the middle of spring and grew vigorously at the turn of summer and autumn. In autumn, the skin is cracked and the middle is like cotton. The natives take it, spin it, weave it with cloth, which is thin and thick, warm and suitable for winter. "In mining and metallurgy, cinnabar mining in Chushitan area is very common. It is said that the eastern part of the state collapsed, and "cinnabar gushed out and piled up like a mountain", which was mainly used as a pigment. Ma Xifan, the king of Chu, painted the wall with cinnabar, "using hundreds of thousands of Jin".

Coin casting

In order to develop business, Ma Yin adopted Gao Yu's suggestion to cast lead and iron coins for circulation in China. Because lead and iron coins are huge and inconvenient to carry, most business travelers go abroad for trade, and often buy a large number of products locally in Chu and sell them to various places, making the products made in Chu rich through "One World Department Store". At that time, Chu tea was the main trade product with the surrounding areas.

List of monarchs

The King of Chu State in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period (907 -95 1, with the title of the later Tang Dynasty)

Continuous posthumous title name rule time

Wu Wensu Wang Ma Wuyun

Wuzhuang Wangmama Wu Zhi

Jason Wu Zhuang Wang Ma Yuanfeng Wang, no scenery.

1 Ma Yin, King Wu Mu, April 897 ~ September 930165438+1October.

2 Hengyang Wang Ma Xisheng165438+October 930 ~ July 932

Ma Xifan, King Zhao Wen,1August 932 to1May 947.

4 Abolish King Ma Xiguang1May 947 to1February 950 [1]

5. Xi 'e, the husband and wife, is from February 65438 to September 95 1 year 950.

No.6 Ma Xichong 95 1 September ~1October

Remarks: Ma Su, the founder of Chu State, actually started the local separatist regime in 897.

Note [1]: Ma Xiguang was captured by a horse on December 12, the third year of Ganyou in the later Han Dynasty (950), and he ascended the throne in Chu two days later (95 1 year 65438+1October 22).

Wu Ping, the envoy after the demise of Chu.

Time of appointment

Ada 95 1-953.

Wang Kui 953-956

Zhou Xingfeng, 956-962.

Zhou Baoquan 962-963

Beihan

One of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. Call it the Eastern Han Dynasty. Built by Liu Chong. The capital Jinyang (now Taiyuan South, Shanxi) is called Taiyuan House. At its peak, the territory was twelve states (one post in ten states), which is about in the middle and north of Shanxi Province today. It lasted for 29 years.

Liu Chong (895 ~ 954)' s predecessor was a member of Shatuo Department. He is the younger brother of Liu Zhiyuan after Emperor Gaozu. When Yin Di was in the later Han Dynasty, Liu Chongguan was appointed as Hedong Yin and Taiyuan Yin. Yin Di is young, and the ministers are autocratic. Seeing that the post-Han regime was not consolidated, Liu Chong made military and financial preparations. In the third year of Ganjia (950), in November, the Tang Dynasty, Guo started an army in Yedu (now the northeast of Hebei Province). 1 1 month 2 1 day (95 1 year/month 1 day), Yin Di was defeated and killed. Guo Wei welcomes Liu Chongzi. In the first month of the first year (95 1), Guo Wei proclaimed himself the emperor, changed the title of Zhou, which was known as Houzhou in history, and killed Liu□. Liu Chong proclaimed himself as the emperor according to the twelve states in Hedong, and changed his title to □, still using the title of Houhan Gan (it was not until Liu Chong's second son succeeded to the throne for three years that he began to work for □ ten years, in the first year of Tianhui, in 957), and his title was Han, which was called Northern Han or Eastern Han in history. Northern Han is the only country in the north among the ten countries.

Northern Han was barren and weak in national strength. Liu Chong took Liao as a supplement and made Liao Emperor his uncle. The Northern Han Dynasty twice joined forces with Liao soldiers to attack the Later Zhou Dynasty, but was first defeated by Jinzhou (now Linfen, Shanxi). Seven years later, he was defeated by Gao Ping (now Shaanxi), and then Zhou Shizong and Chai Rong advanced to Taiyuan for more than a month. After Zhou Bing retreated, Liu Chong died. His son Cheng Jun (later renamed, 926 ~ 968) succeeded to the throne and made Liao emperor. Since then, the Later Zhou Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty frequently attacked the Northern Han Dynasty. The Northern Han Dynasty was in a state of stagnation, and only through the reinforcement of Liao soldiers could it survive.

There were 27.9 1 10,000 households in the land of 12 States in Hedong in Tang Dynasty. After the establishment of the Northern Han Dynasty, wars were frequent and military service was heavy, so the rulers forced men over the age of 17 to become soldiers. In addition, exorbitant taxes and levies led to the loss of tribute and Liao, and the people were forced to flee to escape the war and exorbitant taxes and levies. When the Northern Han Dynasty perished, the registered population was only 35,200, which was one eighth of that in the prosperous Tang Dynasty.

In the fourth year of Taiping and rejuvenating the country (in 979, the sixth year of Guangyun in Northern Han Dynasty), Zhao □ led the army into Northern Han Dynasty. First defeat the Liao reinforcements, and then storm Taiyuan. Liu Jiyuan (? ~ 992) Forced to surrender, the Northern Han Dynasty perished.

South Korea

One of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. It was once called the Great Yue State. Built by Liu Yin and Ada brothers. Panyu, the capital of Guangzhou (now Guangzhou, Guangdong), is called Xing Wang Fu; In its heyday, there were 60 states, which were part of Guangdong, Guangxi and Yunnan. Five masters, a total of 67 years.

Liu Yin (874 ~ 9 1 1) was originally from Shangcai (now Henan) and Yunpengcheng (now Xuzhou, Jiangsu), and then moved to Quanzhou. His father, Liu Qian, was the secretariat of Fengzhou (now southeast of Wuzhou, Guangxi) in the late Tang Dynasty, with tens of thousands of troops and hundreds of warships. In the first year of Ganning (894), Liu Qian died. Soon after, Liu Yin succeeded to the throne and sealed the state secretariat. In 905, the Tang Dynasty appointed Liu Yin as our ambassador to the Qing Navy (Lingnan East Road). In the first year of Kaiping in Hou Liang (907), Zhu Wen named Liu Yin king of Dapeng County; In three years, it was renamed Nanping Wang; Four years later, he was also named king of the South China Sea.

At the end of the Tang Dynasty, scholars from Lingnan gathered, some to escape the war, some were descendants of famous officials exiled to Lingnan, and some were local officials who were not allowed to return to the north because of the war. Liu Yin accepted these three kinds of scholars as assistants. He sent his younger brother Ada (889 ~ 942) to lead troops to pacify the east-west separatist forces in Lingnan and control Lingnan. The west competed with Chu for land and captured Rong and Tan (now western and southern Guangxi and parts of Guangdong). In the first year of drying (9 1 1), Liu Yin died. He inherited Li's mantle, changed his name to Yi, Gong and Zhen Ming for three years (9 17), proclaimed himself emperor in Panyu, with the title of Da Yue, and changed to Han in the following year, which was called Nanhan in history. Liu Yan has three titles: Gan Heng, White Dragon and Judas. In 15 (942), Ada died at the age of 54. His son Liu Zan (formerly known as Hongdu, 920 ~ 943) succeeded to the throne, and his country name was Guangtian. The following year, Zan's younger brother Liu Sheng (formerly known as Hongxi, 920 ~ 958) killed Zan and Zili II. In the sixth year of Ganhe (948), Liu Sheng took advantage of the civil strife in Chu to send troops to attack Chu. By nine years ago, he had occupied more than ten states of Chu. In 16 years (958), Liu Sheng died at the age of 39. His son Liu (formerly known as Ji Xing, 942 ~ 980) succeeded to the throne with the year number Dabao.

When Ada was in power, he relied on scholars to manage the government, and he made all scholars serve the country. He also passed the imperial examination and hired more than ten officials from Jinshi and Mingjing every year, thus avoiding the trouble of Wu Zhi being an official. However, Ada and his successors were dissolute and cruel kings who collected jewels and wealth and built great buildings. When Ada built the Zhaoyang Hall, it was decorated with gold as the top and silver as the bottom, and a lot of pearls, crystals and amber were also used. The rulers of the Southern Han Dynasty abused torture in order to collect and punish the people's resistance, and the people were miserable. In July of the year of Guang Tianyuan (942), shortly after the death of Ada, Zhang Yuxian, a native of Boluo (now Guangdong), rose up in Zhou Xun (now southwest of Longchuan, Guangdong), calling himself the "Eight Kings of Zhongtian" with the title of Yongle. The Rebel Army defeated the Southern Han loyalist for many times. In the Southern Tang Dynasty, it went north from Lingnan to Ganzhou (now Ganzhou, Jiangxi), with Baiyun Cave as its base and more than 100,000 people. The following year, because of the disparity between the enemy and the enemy, the traitor betrayed him and was suppressed by the army of Nantang.

After Liu ascended the throne, eunuchs monopolized power and became more corrupt. In the fourth year of Song Kaibao (that is, in the 14th year of Dabao in the Southern Han Dynasty, 97 1), Song Bing captured Guangzhou, Liu fell, and the Southern Han Dynasty died.

Qianshu

One of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. Built by Wang Jian. Chengdu (now Sichuan). In its heyday, the territory was about most of Sichuan, southeastern Gansu, southwestern Shaanxi and western Hubei. Calendar two masters, a total of 35 years.

Wang Jian was originally a general of Tang Zhongwu Army, and later joined the imperial army. In the second year of Guangqi (886), he was appointed as the secretariat of Bizhou (now Tongjiang, Sichuan). In the second year of Dashun (89 1), Chengdu was captured. In the fourth year of Ganning (897), it occupied Dongchuanzi (now Santai, Sichuan) and Chongqing (now Chongqing, Sichuan), so it owned the whole territory of Sichuan. Two years later (902), Shannan West Road (now Hanzhong, Shaanxi) was taken. In three years, Wang Jianwei was conferred the title of King of Shu in the Tang Dynasty. In the first year of Kaiping, Hou Liang (in 907, Shu was still called Tianfuqi), Wang Jian proclaimed himself emperor, and his country name was Shu, which was known in history. In the fifth year of Yongping in the former Shu Dynasty (9 15), Wang Jian took Qin (now Qin 'an North, Gansu Province), Feng (now Fengxian East, Shaanxi Province), Cheng (now Chengxian County, Gansu Province) and Xie (now Kangxian County, Gansu Province) and extended his territory to the Big Three Pass. In the first year of Tianhan (9 17), Wang Jian changed his name to Han. The following year it was renamed Shu (see Wang Jian, the ancestor of the former Shu).

During the rebellion at the end of the Tang Dynasty, many clansmen and literati went to Sichuan. Wang Jianduo was appointed, and some were appointed as prime ministers. But the real power is often in the hands of eunuchs and Wang Jian's adopted son, and the contradictions within the ruling group are sharp, sometimes killing each other. In the third year of Yongping, Prince Yuan Ying was killed in a struggle. In broad daylight (9 18), Wang Jian died and his son Wang Yan (899 ~ 926) succeeded him.

After the establishment of pre-Shu, there were few large-scale wars, and social production basically went on normally, but taxes were already heavy under Wang Jian's rule. Wang Yan was arrogant and extravagant, and built a palace to patrol the county, which consumed a lot of financial resources and increased the burden on the people. Empress dowager and toffee sold officials and titles, courtiers also paid bribes, and politics was very decadent. In the third year of Tongguang (925), Li Cun sent troops to attack Shu in the later Tang Dynasty, Wang Yan fell, and the former Shu died. Later, Wang Yan was sent to Luoyang and was killed halfway.

Houshu

One of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. Built by Meng Zhixiang. Chengdu (now Sichuan). In its heyday, the territory was about most of Sichuan, southeastern Gansu, southwestern Shaanxi and western Hubei. This calendar lasted for 40 years.

In the third year of Tongguang (925), before Shu destroyed the Tang Dynasty, Meng Zhixiang (874 ~ 934) was appointed as our ambassador to Xichuan. In the first month of the following year, Meng Zhixiang went to Chengdu to rectify the bureaucracy, reduce exorbitant taxes and gradually stabilize the site. In the third year of Changxing (932), Zhixiang killed Dong Zhang, the envoy of Dongchuan, and gained the land of Dongchuan. In four years, he was named King of Shu. In the first year of Yingshun in the later Tang Dynasty (934), Emperor Min became emperor after knowing Xiang, with the title of Mingde and the history of Shu. In the same year, Meng Zhixiang died, and his son Meng Chang (9 19 ~ 965) succeeded to the throne, still using the year number of Mingde. Mingde five years (938), gaiyuan.

When the Khitan destroyed the gold, Qin (now Qin 'an North, Gansu), Cheng (now Cheng County, Gansu) and Jie (now Wudu East, Gansu) belonged to Houshu. After Shu captured Fengzhou (now east of Fengxian County, Shaanxi Province), Xinjiang scholars joined Shu. In the eighteenth year of Zheng Guang (in 955, the second year of Xiande in the later Zhou Dynasty), Qin, Jie, Cheng and Feng were captured by the latter Zhou Dynasty. In the third year of Gande in the Northern Song Dynasty (965), he sent troops to attack Shu, Meng Changjun fell, and then Shu died. In the same year, Meng Chang died.

Shu is very rich. During the reign of Meng Zhixiang and Meng Chang, there were few domestic wars and social and economic development. Houshu and South Tang Dou were economically and culturally developed areas in the Five Dynasties. Wu and Zhao Chongzuo, the prime ministers of the post-Shu Dynasty, compiled 500 Tang and Wu pronouns into Huajian Collection, which had a great influence on later generations. Wu also went out to run a school library with a private fortune of one million yuan, and asked someone to engrave the Nine Classics, taking Shuzhong as the teacher and "reviving the literature in Shuzhong". At that time, we often served as imperial guards and lived in Chengdu. After Meng Changsi was established, civil servants were appointed as judges in these areas. This measure set a precedent for weakening the buffer region in the Song Dynasty.

Jingnan country

Jingnan, also known as Nanping and bei chu, is one of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. Built by Gao Jixing.

In 907, the first year of Kaiping, Hou Liang, Gao Jixing was appointed as our ambassador to Jingnan. At that time, the state of 10 under the jurisdiction of Jingnan was occupied by neighboring roads, and only Jiangling was a city. After Gao Jixing arrived, he gathered in exile, and the people gradually resumed their work, and hired some civil and military officials as assistants to secretly prepare for a separatist regime. In the second year of Tongguang in the later Tang Dynasty, in 924 AD, he was named King Nanping in the later Tang Dynasty, which was called Jingnan or Nanping in history. After the destruction of the former Shu in the later Tang Dynasty, Gao Jixing was given Guizhou and Zhou Xia. He wants to capture the states of osmium, Zhong and Wan. But he gave up without losing to the enemy.

Although the land is narrow and the soldiers are weak, Jingnan is a north-south transportation hub. At that time, Southern Han, Fujian and Chu all surrendered to the backward Liang and paid tribute to Jingnan every year. So Gao Jixing hired an emissary to rob his property. After the Southern Han Dynasty, Fujian Province and Chu State proclaimed themselves emperors, the Gao family visited all the countries that proclaimed themselves emperors in the north and south to get rewards and maintain business contacts, so they were regarded as "high idlers" by all countries. In 929 AD, Gao Jixing died, and later Tang Mingzong made him King of Chu, so Nanping was also called bei chu. It is reported that there is a capital of Jingzhou (now Jiangling, Hubei Province) in Jiangling and Gongan, Hubei Province. His son Gao Conghui succeeded to the throne, then Gao Baorong and Gao, and finally the fifth Gao Jichong, who surrendered in 963.

It took 57 years from the appointment of Gao Jixing as our envoy in 907 to the death of Jingnan in 963.

Minimum state

Fujian is one of the five dynasties and ten countries. Made by Wang Jian.

In the second year of Jingfu (893), Wang Chao and Wang Brothers captured Fuzhou and gradually seized the whole territory of Fujian. Wang Chao was appointed as an observer in Fujian by the Tang government, and was soon promoted to be the special envoy of the mighty army. In December of the 4th year of Ganning (65438+October of 898), Wang Chao died, and his brother was made the King of Langya. In the third year of emperor Kaiping (909), Wang was named King of Fujian. Wang claimed to be the hero of the Central Plains, made extensive contacts with neighboring countries, advocated frugality, reduced taxes, and took the protection of the environment and people as the founding policy. He also established schools and rewarded trade. During his administration, Fujian's economy and culture developed rapidly. In the fourth year of Changxing at the end of the Tang Dynasty (933), his son Wang proclaimed himself emperor and established Changle (now Fuzhou, Fujian), with the title of Fujian and Fujian. In 943 AD, he became emperor in Jianzhou (Jian 'ou, Fujian), with the titles Yin and Tiande. In the third year of Tiande (945), Wang restored his country to Fujian. Soon, Fujian was destroyed by the Southern Tang Dynasty. Fujian has a total history of 6 years and 37 years.