Beijing opera
Also known as "Pihuang", it is composed of two basic tunes, Xipi and Huanger, and also sings some local tunes (such as Liu Zi tune, Chuiqiang tune) and Kunqu tune. 1840 was formed in Beijing and prevailed in 1930s and 40s. It is sometimes called "National Opera". It is still a big drama with national influence. It is the representative of China modern opera, with comprehensive business, mature performance and magnificent momentum. There are about 1000 traditional operas in Beijing Opera, and about 300 or 400 are often performed. Among them, besides Anhui Opera, Han Opera, Kunqu Opera and Shaanxi Opera, quite a few of them were created by Peking Opera artists and folk writers. Beijing opera is good at expressing political and military struggles with historical themes, and most of the stories are taken from historical romances and novel scripts. 2010 165438+1October16 Peking Opera was listed in the "Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity".
Representative figures: "Three Outstanding Old Students": Cheng Changgeng, Yu Sansheng and Zhang Erkui.
Tan Xinpei, Wang Qiufen and Sun Juxian: "Old Students, New Three Masters"
"Four Famous Dan": Mei Lanfang, Gou Huisheng, Cheng and Shang Xiaoyun.
Representative works: Dragon and Phoenix Becoming Lucky, Heroes' Meeting, Ten Old Men Living in Peace, Drunken Guifei, Shiro Visiting Mother, Farewell My Concubine and many others.
1883-19 18, Peking Opera entered a mature stage, represented by Tan Xinpei, Wang Guifen and Sun Juxian. Among them, Tan Xinpei inherited the strengths of Cheng Changgeng, Yu Sansheng, Zhang Erkui and other great artists, and through creation and development, pushed the art of Peking Opera to a new and mature realm. In his artistic practice, Tan learned from others, borrowed from Kunqu Opera, Bangzi, Drum, Beijing Opera, Tsing Yi, Hualien, etc., and merged into singing, forming a "Tan School" with a unique singing artistic style, forming a situation of "learning Tan without a cavity". After the 1920s, Yan, Yan, Ma and others all developed into different artistic schools on the basis of Tan School. 19 1 1 year, more than 50 famous artists who were born, born, beautiful and ugly went to the palace to perform for Cixi. In the mature stage of Peking Opera, in addition to "Old Master Q's three outstanding figures", Xu Tang Yin and Jia Honglin were born. Wu Sheng: Jusheng Yu, Yang Longshou; Good lines: He Jiashan, Huang Runfu, Jin Xiushan, Qiu Guixian, Liu Yongchun and so on. Xiao Sheng: Wang, De Junru, Lu Huayun; Dan Xing:, Tian Guifeng,, Zhu; Winners: Wang Changlin, Zhang Hei, Luo Baisui, Xiao Changhua and Guo Chunshan. The rise of Dan religion in this period formed a trend that Dan religion and holy religion kept pace. The above-mentioned famous artists have innovated and developed in inheritance, and their singing skills have become increasingly mature, pushing Beijing opera to a new height.
Since 19 17, a large number of outstanding Peking Opera actors have emerged, showing the vigorous development of various schools. The representatives of this period are Yang Xiaolou, Mei Lanfang and Yu Shuyan. Beijing opera has reached its heyday. 1927 Beijing Shuntian Cunbao held a Beijing Opera actress selection. The results of readers' voting: Mei Lanfang won the "Four Famous Corners" for her role in The Legend of Tai Zhen, Shang Xiaoyun won the "Four Famous Corners" for her role in Modern Jia Nv, Cheng won the "Four Famous Corners" for her role in Hong Fu Nv, and Xun Huisheng won the "Four Famous Corners" for her role in Dan Qing Introduction. After Jusheng Yu and Yang Yuelou, the martial artist Yang Xiaolou developed the performance art of Beijing opera martial artists to a new height, and was known as "the master of traditional Chinese opera" and "the master of martial artists". Together with, Yan and Ma, they were called the "four big students" in the 1920s. In the late 1930s, Yu, Yan and Gao withdrew from the stage one after another, and they were called "four big students" together with Ma, Tan, Xi Xiaobo and Yang.
After the 1930s, in addition to the Yang School, the Mei School of Lanfang, the Shang School of Xiaoyun, the Cheng School and the Xun School of Huisheng, other schools appeared in Dan School, such as School, Dezhu School and Zhang School. Yu School (,Gao School (,Qing Kui), Yan School (,Ma School (), Yang School () and Xintan School () in Old Life Tour; Jin School (Shaoshan), Hou School (), Hao School () and Qiu School () formed after 1950s; Jiangpai (Miao Township) and Yepai (Shenglan) in Xiaoshengchu; Gong Pai (Yunfu) and Li Pai (Duokui) of Lao Danxing; Ye Pai (Zhang Sheng) in Ugly Behavior, etc. At the same time, there are many Peking Opera performing artists, such as Wang Fengqing, Shi, Wang,,,, Li, etc. Yan, Xu Biyun, Zhu, Xue Yanqin, Xin, Zhang Zhuoyun, Jin Shaomei, Bi, Qin Xuefang,, Tong Lingzhi, Liang Xiaoluan, Wu Suqiu, Zhao Yanxia, Du Jinfang, etc. KAI, Rufulan and Cheng Jixian in the niche; Guo Chunshan, Ci Ruiquan, Ma Fulu and Zhang Chunhua. There are many schools of Peking Opera art, and talented people come forth in large numbers.
Beijing opera is thought-provoking and mellow. Through the long-term stage practice of countless artists, the stage art of Peking Opera has formed a set of standardized and standardized programs, which restrict and complement each other in literature, performance, music, singing, gongs and drums, makeup and facial makeup. Its means of creating stage image art are very rich and its usage is very strict. If you can't master these programs, you can't complete the creation of Peking Opera stage art. Just as Peking Opera entered the court at the beginning of its formation, its development and growth are different from local operas. It is required to show a wider range of life, create more types of characters, be more comprehensive and complete in skills, and have higher aesthetic requirements for its stage image. At the same time, the local flavor of the people is correspondingly weakened, and the simple and rude style characteristics are relatively weak. Therefore, its performing arts tend to combine reality with reality, which goes beyond the limitation of stage space and time to the maximum extent and reaches the artistic realm of "expressing the spirit with form and having both form and spirit".
Ju Ping
At the end of the Qing Dynasty, it was formed on the basis of the ditty "Opposite Lotus Falls" in Luanxian County, Hebei Province. It was first popular in rural areas of Hebei province, and then entered Tangshan, and was called "Tangshan Xiazi". It was popular in Northeast China around the 1920s, and a number of actresses appeared. After 1930s, under the influence of Peking Opera and Hebei Bangzi, Pingju became more and more mature, and schools such as "Bai", "Xi Cailian" and "Ai Lianjun" appeared. After 1950, Liu Qiaoer, Flowers as Media, Yang Sanjie's Complaints, Qin Xianglian and other plays had a great influence throughout the country, with new, famous and famous actors appearing. Pingju is still very popular in Hebei and Beijing. Pingju is a kind of Han opera in China and one of the five major operas in China. It was once rated as the second largest drama in China, second only to Beijing Opera. Pingju has a great influence on the creation and performance of modern drama. Among them, Xiaobai's The Nine-tailed Fox and the Little Son-in-law in the Early Liberation, the new Liu Qiaoer, Sister Xianglin, Xiaohei's marriage, the hatred of Art Sea, and the little son-in-law in Northeast China have all been widely welcomed. On May 20th, 2006, Pingju was approved by the State Council to be included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list. Pingju is divided into East Road and West Road, with East Road as the main one.
Henan opera; Yu Opera；Henan Opera
Also known as "Henan Bangzi". Shaanxi Bangzi, which was introduced to Henan in the late Ming Dynasty, was developed by combining Henan dialect and folk tunes, and is now popular in Henan, Hebei, Shanxi, Shandong and other provinces. At first, there were four schools, namely Eastern Henan, Western Henan, Xiangfu and Sha Hetiao. At present, eastern Henan and western Henan are the main areas. Chang Xiangyu, Chen Suzhen, Cui Lantian, Ma Jinfeng, Yan Lipin and other famous actresses appeared in succession. The repertoires include Mu in Command, Matchmaker, Hua Da Chao, Hua Zhuan Gun and modern drama Chaoyanggou. Henan Opera, one of the five major operas in China, originated in Henan Province, China, ranking first among all the operas in China. Henan Opera is famous for its sonorous singing, moderate intonation, clear articulation, mellow charm, flesh and blood, and good at expressing the inner feelings of characters. It is popular because of its high artistry. Its music accompaniment is played with jujube bangzi, so it is also called Henan Bangzi. Henan Opera is developed through continuous reform and innovation on the basis of inheriting Henan Bangzi. In addition to Henan Province, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Gansu, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Taiwan Province and other provinces all have professional Henan Opera Troupes, and Henan Opera plays a three-legged role in the stage of Taiwan Province Province. Henan Opera was listed in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage list in 2006.
Five schools of Henan Opera
Students of Xiangfu tunes should use two parts, and students should use one part, two parts and so on. Dan uses a small voice, ugly uses a two-voice voice, and the net use is a heart lump. The style is fresh and elegant. The base area is in Kaifeng and its surrounding areas. Representatives: Chen Suzhen, Yan Lipin, Sang Zhenjun, Song Guiling, Wang Xiulan, Wang Xiulan, Wang Jingxian, etc. Gao Xingwang, Niu, etc. Wang Sujun, Feng Zhanshun, etc. And Tang Xicheng and Cao Zidao.
Western Henan Tune (Xifu Tune) has a deep voice, clear articulation, clear articulation, and every word is audible. Mostly used in the loud part, the voice falls behind; Suitable for pessimism and indignation, the music is deep and tragic. Representative figures: Shan Changxiang, Cui Lantian, Mao, etc. , born Jia, Wang Ershun, Wang Suichao, etc.
Yudong tune is impassioned, rough and heroic. Female voice has a lot of coloratura, which is bright and beautiful. They are combined with big and small voices, and their own voices are mixed together. Male voices are rough and heroic, and most of them are used alternately. Representatives: Tang Yucheng, Yang Qichao, Liu Xinmin, Liu Zhonghe, etc. , including China,, etc. And Li Sizhong, etc. Wusong He Fei's blog
Sha Hetiao is lively, witty and passionate. It is not only suitable for expressing happy and comfortable mood, but also suitable for expressing generous and heroic atmosphere. Spread in Huaibei and Shahe River basins, Anhui people call it Bangzi Opera and Huaibei Bangzi. Representative figures: Gu Xixuan, Cao, Liu, An Jinfeng, etc.
High-pitched tune (Shandong Bangzi) is similar to eastern Henan tune, with mixed voice and alternating two voices, which is popular in Heze and Puyang. The representative figures are Liu and others.
Starting from 1927, genre style blew for the first time in Beijing Opera, with the performer's name as the genre symbol, indicating that personal performance style has become a model of traditional opera. Critics, performers, playwrights and opera fans all began to comment on the artistic style of performers according to factions, and "genre" became an idiom. As far as its influence is concerned, there are other schools of Henan Opera, such as Pai Cheng, Shanghai School, Changzhou School, Cui School, Jinfeng School and Yan School, which are also often mentioned.
Shaoxing opera
Popular local operas in Zhejiang. Originated in "Duban" in Shengxian County, Zhejiang Province, it entered Shanghai around 19 16 and performed in the name of "Shaoxing Literary Opera". First it was dominated by actors, then it became dominated by actresses. During its development, it absorbed the achievements of Kunqu opera, traditional Chinese opera and Shao opera. It has experienced the historical evolution from men's Yue Opera to women's Yue Opera. After 1938, use the name "Yue Opera". Yue operas include Xianglinsao, butterfly lovers, A Dream of Red Mansions, Five Birthday Women, The West Chamber and so on. Yue Opera is good at expressing emotion, focusing on singing, with beautiful voice, real and moving performance, beautiful and elegant, and full of Jiangnan spirit; Most of them are dramas with the theme of "gifted scholars and beautiful women", and there are many artistic schools. During the period of 1942, the actors of Yue Opera, led by Yuan Xuefen, reformed their performance and singing, absorbed the advantages of Kunqu Opera, and formed a gentle and delicate performance style. There are many artistic schools, such as Yuan (Xuefen) School, Yin () School, Fan (Ruijuan) School, Fu (Quanxiang) School and Xu (Yulan) School.
Yue Opera is mainly popular in Shanghai, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Fujian and other areas south of the Yangtze River, as well as some areas in the north. In its heyday, except for Tibet, Guangdong, Guangxi and a few other provinces and regions, there were professional theatrical troupes all over the country. According to preliminary statistics, there were more than 280 troupes, and there were thousands of amateur and folk troupes. On May 20th, 2006, with the approval of the State Council, Yue Opera was included in the first batch of national intangible cultural heritage. 1953 The Yue Opera film Liang Zhu, which was released at the end of this year, is the first colorful opera art film in New China. It was all the rage at that time and set a box office record in Hong Kong. Known as "Romeo and Juliet in the East", the world-famous violin concerto "Butterfly Lovers" also originated from the singing of Yue Opera.
Huangmei Opera
Formerly known as Huangmei Opera or Tea-picking Opera, it is also known as the five major operas in China along with Beijing Opera, Yue Opera, Pingju Opera and Henan Opera. China's traditional drama originated in Anhui and is popular in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei. Its predecessor was the tea-picking tune in Huangmei area. After the middle of Qing Dynasty, a folk opera called "Huangmei tune" was formed, which was sung in Anqing dialect. In 1950s, under the reform of Yan Fengying and others, Anhui Opera became more and more mature and developed into an Anhui local opera. Famous plays include The Fairy Couple, The Cowherd and the Weaver Girl, The Woman Xu, The Couple Watching Lights, Beating Pig Grass, Spinning Cotton Yarn, etc. Yan Fengying, Wang Shaofang, Zhang Hui, Huang Xinde, Wu Qiong and Malan are famous actors in Huangmei Opera.
The aria of Huangmei Opera belongs to plate variation, which has three major cavity systems: coloratura, coloratura and main melody. Coloratura mainly plays a small play, with healthy and simple tunes, beautiful and cheerful, and a strong flavor of life and folk songs. Multicolored tunes are cheerful and have been widely used in colorful operas. Huangmei Opera is a traditional theme in the original drama, which is divided into Pinghua, Huogong, two lines and three lines. Among them, Pinghua is the most important aria in the original work, and its tunes are solemn, graceful and generous. Mei Opera is famous for its strong lyricism, rich charm, simple and fresh singing, delicate and touching, lively and lyrical, rich expressive force and easy to understand, and is deeply loved by people everywhere. In terms of music accompaniment, in the early Huangmei Opera, three people played percussion instruments such as drums, cymbals, small gongs and big gongs at the same time and participated in the entertainment, which was called "three strikes and seven sings". After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Huangmei Opera formally established an accompaniment system with Gao Hu as the main instrument.