1: the capital city where the emperor lived.

2. Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period

3. Cars on the same track and books in the same language.

4, bitterness, determination, extinction, and truth.

5. Ju Xiaolian

6. (Czech) Stalne; Stalne (Sweden); (British) Si Tong

7, after having obtained the provincial examination, will try, palace examination.

two

1、c

2、d

3. A.

4. A.

5、d

6、d

7. A.

8、d

9、d

10、a

three

D

Goulan tile house is a popular folk art performance place in China during the Song and Yuan Dynasties. It is an important cultural phenomenon in the history of China drama and has a unique position.

four

1，A:

1. From ancient times to the establishment of Xia Dynasty, it is the origin stage of China culture. At this stage, the achievements of China ancestors in material culture, spiritual culture and social organization form are the source of China traditional culture.

2. The Xia, Shang, Western Zhou and Spring and Autumn Periods, marked by the appearance of bronzes, ironware and Niu Geng, the patriarchal clan system and the compilation of the Six Classics, were the formative stages of China culture.

3. During the Warring States, Qin and Han Dynasties, the social material life was more abundant, while in the political field, the emperor system, county system and bureaucratic system at all levels that influenced China for thousands of years were formed; A large number of scientific and technological achievements represented by papermaking, literary works represented by various schools of thought's prose and Han Fu, and historical works represented by Zuo Zhuan, Guoyu, Warring States Policy, Historical Records and Hanshu appeared one after another, and Taoism came into being and Buddhism was introduced. This is the development stage of China culture.

4. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, China's agricultural civilization and nomadic civilization exchanged and merged with each other in ethnic migration and conflict, and the northern clan moved southward, which promoted the development of southern culture. Then, the southern culture returned to the north, realizing the North-South communication. At the same time, metaphysics was born in the dispute between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and the cultural customs of all ethnic groups were passed down from generation to generation in the war, which can be described as the stage of internal conflict and integration of Chinese culture.

During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, people's material living conditions were further improved due to the improvement of productivity. Symbolic achievements such as Tang poetry, architecture, Buddha statues, textiles, science and technology have emerged one after another; Various forms of administrative systems and social customs characterized by "Hu Hua" adapted to local conditions show that this is a prosperous stage of China culture.

6. During the Song, Liao, Xia, Jin and Yuan Dynasties, the northern and southern cities rose and the commodity economy was unprecedentedly active; In the trend of the times of the integration of the three religions, a new Confucianism led by Neo-Confucianism was formed; The emergence of literary forms such as Song Ci and Yuan Qu catered to the tastes of literati and citizens, and historical masterpieces such as Zi Tong Zhi Jian also came out one after another. This period is the third period of the "Four Great Inventions" in the history of China. There are indications that this is the peak stage of the development of ancient civilization in China.

7. In the early Ming and Qing Dynasties, the commodity economy continued to develop, and the maritime "Silk Road" got rid of the shackles and restrictions of feudal rulers and led to the major capitalist countries in the world, and the social and economic life fields continued to expand; Modern enlightenment thought and textual research originated from feudal totalitarian politics and played a great role in anti-feudal propaganda, historical and cultural collation, summary and research; Remarkable scientific and technological achievements have been made. Zhang Hui's novels such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, The Journey to the West, The Water Margin, A Dream of Red Mansions, thousands of local chronicles, and the compilation of super-large classics such as Yongle Dadian and Sikuquanshu are all brilliant achievements in the cultural field and symbols of the sustainable development of Chinese culture. However, with the influx of western capitalist culture, China culture is facing a comparative disadvantage to some extent and is in a turning point.

8. From the Opium War to the Republic of China, with the invasion of capitalist powers, western culture flooded into China. At the same time of the national and ethnic crisis, China culture also encountered severe tests and crises for the first time. As a result, advanced China people began to face up to the reality, took the initiative to learn technology, system and concept culture from western countries, and successively set off the Westernization Movement, the Reform and Reform Movement and the New Culture Movement. Modern science, such as machine manufacturing technology, democracy, system and mathematics, physics, chemistry, astronomy, biology and medicine, which reflect the face of western culture, was introduced into China. China people's mentality of learning from the West and their cultural achievements have also emerged. Under the impact of western civilization, China culture began to step onto the stage of modernization.

2. a:

Jin Wen Jing refers to a classic handed down by Confucian scholars in the early Han Dynasty and recorded in the popular official script at that time. China's ancient classics refer to the classics written in ancient pre-Qin scripts collected from the people or found between the walls of Confucius' former residence in the early Han Dynasty. Attitude towards Confucius: Confucian classics in modern literature believe that all the Six Classics were written by Confucius, and regard Confucius as the "king of element" in the reform of entrust an orphan to another; Pay attention to expounding the "micro-words" of scripture and advocate the use of classics; The biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram, represented by Dong Zhongshu and He Xiuwei, is the most important. China's ancient Confucian classics worshipped the Duke of Zhou and regarded Confucius as the forerunner of "believing in the past as good"; Emphasis on exegetics, weak connection with real political issues; Liu Xin and Jia Kui are the most important. Learning Order of Classics Today, the different learning order of classical classics in China stems from the different positioning of Confucius by the two parties. Jin Wen's Confucian Classics regards Confucius as an educator and thinker, so the order of the Five Classics is poetry, calligraphy, ceremony, Yi, Spring and Autumn. The study of ancient classics in China takes Confucius as a historian and divides the Five Classics into Yi, Shu, Shi, Li and Chunqiu in chronological order. Mr. Qian Mu believes that the dispute over the study of China's ancient classics began with the dispute over interests and should be regarded as a conclusion. The rise and fall of the doctors of the Five Classics established by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty were all Confucian classics, which monopolized the official learning of the Han Dynasty for a long time. Confucian classics in the late Jin Dynasty gradually fell into rigidity and complexity, combined with divination, and became an illusion, which declined in the late Western Han Dynasty. At the same time, the study of China's ancient classics continued to grow. When Wang Mang was in power, he set up a scholar official, and by the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, it gradually overwhelmed China's modern Confucian classics. At the end of the Han Dynasty, Ma Rong and Zheng Xuan, ancient scholars, both adopted the theory of ancient prose, and the dispute between ancient prose and modern prose ended. In the Qing Dynasty, the dispute over the study of ancient Chinese classics resumed, and the Ganjia School and Zhang Taiyan promoted the quantification of the methods of the study of ancient Chinese classics, while the Changzhou School revived the study of ancient Chinese classics, which eventually became the theoretical basis for Kang Youwei to promote the reform and reform.

3. a:

Guan Hanqing's Dou Eyuan and Single Knife Meeting

Bai Pu's Biography of Emperor Gaozu Killing the White Snake, Su Xiaoxiao Moonlit Qiantang Dream and Zhu Yingtai's Death to Marry Liang Shanbo.

Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn in the Han Palace, Ren Fengzi and Tears in Shirts.

Zheng Guangzu's Lost Soul and Chu Xiangmei Deceived Hanlin.

four

A: The conditions for the emergence of the imperial examination system:

1, the situation of national unity provides a possible political environment for its emergence and development. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, China has been in the state of warlord and strongman. The main characteristics of this state are frequent wars, constant transfer of political power, constant change of dynasties, social and economic decline, anxiety of everyone, and constant migration and exile of population. Therefore, this chaotic historical period, no matter from the divided geographical environment, political environment, declining economic conditions, or everyone's social psychology, can not create opportunities and conditions for a system that recruits talents as widely as the imperial examination system. After the Sui Dynasty, although there were dynasty changes and great turmoil, each dynasty had a long and stable ruling period, which provided the necessary political environment for the establishment of the imperial examination system, thus making the selection of officials in the imperial examination an important political system since the Sui Dynasty.

2. The change of the landlord class structure in China feudal society laid the necessary class foundation for its emergence and establishment, and the Sui and Tang Dynasties implemented the land equalization system. The long-term chaos and turmoil in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties greatly weakened the strength of the imperial clan landlords economically and politically, and the status of small and medium-sized landlords gradually rose, and they began to keep pace with the imperial clan landlords politically and gradually occupied an advantage. This advantage is manifested in the official selection system, that is, the official selection system based on recommendation is gradually replaced by the official selection system based on the imperial examination. Because compared with the former, the latter emphasizes a person's ability more than birth and family background.

3. The development and perfection of various systems in China feudal society contributed to the emergence of the imperial examination system. Since the Spring and Autumn Period, the feudal society in China gradually got rid of the influence of primitive society and slave society, and the Sui and Tang Dynasties entered a mature period. Its signs are: the ranks of the ruling class are expanding day by day; Political institutions are constantly expanding and the division of labor is becoming more and more detailed; The tax system is gradually unified; Various necessary political systems were established one after another, forming a complete feudal ruling system. It was in this period that the system of selecting officials in imperial examinations was gradually established to meet the needs of feudal rule for various officials and adapt to the rise of the political status of small and medium-sized landlords.

4. Conditions for material reasons. The material conditions such as writing and printing have been greatly improved, which is conducive to the implementation of the examination; The improvement of road traffic enabled many juren to arrive at the examination room in time.

5. The Sui and Tang Dynasties unified the study of Confucian classics, provided the necessary textbooks for candidates, and stipulated the legal texts of Confucian classics. For example, the scope of the exam is stipulated. For example, the examination scope stipulated in the Ming and Qing Dynasties is eight-part essay.

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As a specific system paradigm, the imperial examination system has exerted a wide and far-reaching influence on the traditional culture of China in the long-term historical operation. This paper makes an objective discussion from the following points:

(A), the imperial examination system on the impact of classical culture

1. The influence of the imperial examination system on the spread and inheritance of classic culture "Classicalization" refers to the acceptance and legalization of some literary forms and works by the mainstream circle of a culture, and their striking works are preserved as part of the historical tradition by this * * *. During the two thousand years from the Han Dynasty to the May 4th New Culture Movement, Confucianism has been the mainstream of culture because it has been "canonized". The canonization of Confucianism benefited greatly from the support of the imperial examination system.

2. Confucianism has always been the main content of imperial examination. In the Tang Dynasty, nine Confucian classics were divided into three categories according to their length and severity, which were used as the contents of different grades of examinations. Although the examination forms in Song, Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties changed, they all inherited the tradition of taking Confucian classics as the main examination content.

3. Confucian classics are constantly evolving and developing with the imperial examination system. In the Tang Dynasty, in order to unify the interpretation of Confucian classics throughout the country, Emperor Taizong ordered Kong and others to compile a standardized reader of the imperial examination, Justice of the Five Classics. In the Song Dynasty, with the rise of the strategic position guided by Confucianism, the spiritual principles in Confucian classics were gradually advocated, thus forming the Neo-Confucianism of the Song Dynasty. Wang Anshi carried out the reform, and the imperial examination was basically unified into Jinshi. The content of the Jinshi examination is mainly his own "Three Classics and New Meanings". The previous biographical notes were abolished and became the only textbook for scholars to "learn classics" and take scholars in the imperial examination. Zhu's "Notes on Four Books" and the study of four books in the Southern Song Dynasty made Confucianism pass the imperial examination.

New achievements in the internalization of educational socialization in minority thoughts.

4. The imperial examination system has created a huge group of literati who consciously undertake the task of inheriting and spreading Confucian classics. By giving lectures and running private schools, the broad class of Confucian scholars moved Confucian classics down to the common people, and the "Four Books" and "Five Classics" became classics handed down from generation to generation. For example, in the late Ming Dynasty, Taizhou School used the methods of "poetry", "formula", "saving the heart" and "seven-day retreat" to publicize Confucianism, which really realized the transformation of Confucianism from "scholar learning" to "people learning".

(2) The influence of imperial examination system on ancient literature.

During the period of 1300, not only most writers came from the imperial examination, but also the imperial examination influenced all aspects of China literature.

The imperial examination system promoted the prosperity of Tang poetry. In the Tang Dynasty, the subjects of imperial examinations were mainly adhering to classics, strategizing and poetry and fu, especially in poetry and fu, and selecting political talents depended on scholars. Since poetry writing has become a stepping stone for literati, it will inevitably urge them to devote themselves to poetry creation, and the social atmosphere of attaching importance to poetry will also form.

The imperial examination system promoted the revival of China's ancient prose.

1044 imperial examination reform, which decided the choice by the strategy of writing ancient prose, had a great influence on the writing style at that time and laid the foundation for the revival of ancient prose. Later, a group of outstanding writers, led by Ouyang Xiu, advocated that the elements of literary works should be light rather than gorgeous, and revised the style of writing with their personal creative achievements, so that the ancient prose won a far-reaching victory.

The imperial examination system promoted the prosperity of Yuanqu.

The maturity of China's plays is later than that of the West. One of the reasons is that the special social form in China has created a great distance between intellectuals and the people. During the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial examination system was the most declining generation in the history of imperial examination, and the fate of intellectuals closely related to the imperial examination system was also the most declining generation in the history of China. A large number of Confucian scholars have no access to official positions, and they are not proficient in agriculture, industry and commerce, so they embarked on the road of literature and art and dedicated their knowledge and creative talents to the public, which greatly promoted the prosperity of Yuan Zaju.

The imperial examination system promoted the development of novels in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

First of all, the imperial examination system expanded the author group of novels. Because the official career of the imperial examination in the early Qing Dynasty was obviously narrower than that in the Ming Dynasty, many official careers were trampled on, and the middle and lower-class literati in trouble sought new ways to dismiss their posts, and writing novels was one of them. Secondly, the imperial examination system enriched the theme of the novel. One is the prevalence of the model of talented people and beautiful women-talented people can only learn the names of high school subjects if they have articles, but whether they can finally reunite depends on the success of the imperial examination. On the one hand, the popularity of this theme expresses the common life expectation of scholars in feudal society, on the other hand, it also gives spiritual comfort to the left-behind scholars. The second is a satirical novel with the theme of criticizing the decay and decline of the imperial examination system. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, most literary masters spent the first half of their lives as officials, witnessing the success of college graduates and the poverty of the down and out. The huge contrast drives them to express their resentment that their personal ambitions are hard to pay through artistic images. The Scholars, Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio and other works all focus on criticizing the stereotyped imperial examination system and outline the erosion scene of feudal officialdom in the last days.

(3) The imperial examination became the basis for determining the social class and political and economic privileges of some people.

Once in high school, the hen will become a phoenix, which has become an important feature of ancient China society. Everything is inferior, and only a high level of learning has become a feature of China's ancient culture. The imperial examination has become a way for literati to display their ambitions and a basis for determining the social class of literati. Once high school students become officials, they can become a member of the ruling class, the social class has been greatly improved, and the economic privileges are essentially different from ordinary people. Therefore, the influence of the imperial examination on the ancient culture of China made the whole society revolve around it. Scholars also have a higher status than ordinary people.

(D) The imperial examination system itself is a cultural heritage.

In any society, social promotion mechanism is the core of its social structure. Therefore, it can be said that during 587- 1905, the social structure of China and the civilization of China were all based on the imperial examination system. Because the imperial examination is the focus of traditional society, it will inevitably play a decisive role in the evolution of traditional culture, so the history of the occurrence, development and decline of the imperial examination is the history of the inheritance and transformation of traditional culture.