I. Overview of early modern historical development (1840- 19 19)

1. The two Opium Wars and the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement (1840-65438+60s) were the stages when China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

From 65438 to 0840, the long-planned British government launched a war of aggression against China on the pretext of "destroying opium in Humen". China people and patriotic generals of the Qing army fought bravely against the British invaders. The corrupt Qing government finally bowed to its knees and was forced to sign the Sino-British treaty of nanking and its annexes, and China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. Since then, the China Revolution has entered the period of bourgeois-democratic revolution. Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, advanced intellectuals, began to learn from the West and put forward the idea of "learning from foreigners".

The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom is a class contradiction accumulated for a long time, which quickly intensified under the stimulation of the failure of the Opium War, leading to a big outbreak of social contradictions, and the two opposing forces of the peasant class and the landlord class launched a life-and-death struggle. However, due to the limitations of the peasant class and the joint suppression of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement failed.

In order to further open the China market and expand the interests in China. 1856, the British and French allied forces launched the second opium war. This was the continuation and expansion of the First Opium War, and the degree of semi-colonization of China was further deepened.

2. The deepening of the national crisis, the emergence of capitalism, the Reform Movement of 1898 and the Boxer Rebellion (65438+1960-the beginning of the 20th century), this is the stage when the semi-colonial and semi-feudal society was fully formed.

In the face of western guns, the landlord class Westernization School, under the guidance of "learning from China and using the West" and under the banner of "self-improvement" and "seeking wealth", introduced advanced western science and technology in the 1960s and 1990s, set off the Westernization Movement and started the modernization process of China. The Westernization Movement did not make China prosperous, but objectively stimulated the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism and resisted the aggression of foreign capitalism to some extent. In 1960s and 1970s, some businessmen, landlords and bureaucrats began to invest in modern industry, which marked the emergence of Chinese national capitalism and the earliest national bourgeoisie in China.

After the Meiji Restoration, Japan tried its best to expand outward in an attempt to occupy Korea, then invaded China and provoked the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895. From 65438 to 0895, the Qing government was forced to sign the Sino-Japanese treaty of shimonoseki. The signing of treaty of shimonoseki greatly deepened the semi-colonization of Japanese society. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, imperialist countries exported a lot of capital to China, opened banks and factories in China, mined mines and built railways, which controlled the economic lifeline of China, hindered the development of China's national industry and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. At the same time, foreign powers seized "leased land" and divided "spheres of influence" in China, which set off a frenzy to carve up China. The capital export of imperialist countries to China objectively provides a commodity market and a labor market for the development of Chinese national capitalism.

Facing the crisis of carve-up, the bourgeois reformists represented by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao and Tan Sitong advocated the development of capitalism, the establishment of constitutional monarchy and the implementation of political reform and reform. 1898 From June to September, Emperor Guangxu successively promulgated a series of reform decrees, known as the Hundred Days Reform. This political reform has played an enlightening role in China society. Due to the limitations of the bourgeoisie, this reform was suppressed by the feudal diehard forces headed by Empress Dowager Cixi. The Reform Movement of 1898 was a bourgeois reform, a patriotic national salvation movement, a power struggle and an ideological emancipation movement.

With the deepening of imperialist aggression, foreign missionaries increasingly oppressed the people of China. In order to pay reparations, the Qing government borrowed a lot of foreign debts and increased taxes, which greatly increased the burden on the people. 1899 The Boxer Rebellion broke out, which was an anti-imperialist patriotic movement launched by the peasant class. In order to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, eight countries including Britain, Russia and Japan invaded Tianjin and Beijing, which was severely hit by the Boxer Rebellion. Due to the limitations of the peasant class, this movement was stifled by the reactionary forces at home and abroad. 190 1 year, foreign powers forced the Qing government to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty". The signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty" made the Qing government completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China completely fell into the abyss of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

3. The democratic revolution, the Revolution of 1911 and the gestation of warlord regimes (from the early 20th century to the May 4th Movement) are the deepening stages of semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. During this period, the two major contradictions tend to converge, which is embodied in the contradiction between the broad masses of the people and the ruling group of the Qing Dynasty and the rule of the northern warlords.

After the signing of the "Xin Chou Treaty", the Qing government successively promoted the "New Deal" and "Preparatory Constitutionalism", which was objectively progressive, but its purpose of maintaining feudal autocracy accelerated the development of the revolutionary situation. The democratic revolutionary movement led by the bourgeois revolutionaries has been widely developed. Sun Yat-sen was a pioneer of the great democratic revolution. 1894 founded xingzhonghui, and 1905 established China league in Tokyo, Japan. Under the guidance of the Three People's Principles, Wuchang Uprising broke out in June19110 and achieved success, which is called "Xinhai Revolution" in history. The Revolution of 1911 was a great bourgeois-democratic revolution against imperialism and feudalism. Overthrow the feudal autocratic monarchy system that lasted for more than two thousand years and established bourgeois democracy. Since then, democracy and ideas have been deeply rooted in people's hearts. However, due to the weakness of China bourgeoisie, its victory was stolen by Yuan Shikai, and the Revolution of 1911 ended in failure.

Yuan Shikai established the Beiyang warlord government in Beijing, practiced autocracy, betrayed national sovereignty in large quantities, restored the monarchy, and set off a counter-current of respecting Confucius and restoring the ancients in thought, which aroused opposition from the people of the whole country and the New Culture Movement. The New Culture Movement held high the banner of democracy and science and liberated people's minds. After Yuan Shikai's death, a warlord regime appeared in China. Duan manipulated the Beijing government, practiced autocratic rule and betrayed national sovereignty. The disaster of the Chinese nation is even deeper.

During World War I, Japan and the United States scrambled for China, which led to Japan dominating China. At the same time, Britain, France, Germany, Russia and other imperialist countries were busy with wars, temporarily relaxing their economic aggression against China, creating favorable conditions for the development of capitalism in China, and the development of Chinese national capitalism appeared a short spring. With the development of capitalism in China, the ranks of the working class in China have grown rapidly, and their consciousness has been constantly improved in the struggle, which is the class foundation for the transformation of the China revolution from the old democratic revolution to the new democratic revolution.

Two. A survey of historical development in late modern times (19 19- 1949)

1. May 4th Movement and National Revolutionary Movement (19 19- 1927)

1965438+may 2009-1the end of 923 is the beginning of the new-democratic revolution. During the May 4th Movement, the proletariat stepped onto the political stage, marking the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution. The May 4th Movement promoted the combination of Marxism and the workers' movement, guided the China Revolution, promoted the establishment of local * * * production groups, and laid the ideological, organizational and cadre foundation for the establishment of the China * * * production party. The establishment of the * * * production party in China has brought a new look to the revolution. The failure of the first climax of the workers' movement promoted the continuous maturity of the China * * * production party and the new development of the revolution.

The period from 1924 to 1 to 1927 was the period of national revolution. The object of revolution is the northern warlords, and the revolutionary force is the revolutionary United front based on cooperation between countries. The climax of the Great Revolution-the Northern Expedition, from south to north, from the Pearl River basin to the Yangtze River quickly, basically overthrew the rule of the northern warlords. Because imperialism helped Chiang Kai-shek become a new colonial tool, the CPC Central Committee headed by Chen Duxiu made a right-leaning mistake, and the Kuomintang Rightists launched a counter-revolutionary coup. The anti-imperialist and anti-feudal task of the Great Revolution was ultimately not completed, and the social nature of China still exists. The Great Revolution failed.

2. Ten-year National Confrontation Period (Agrarian Revolution Period) (1927- 1937)

After the failure of the Great Revolution, Chiang Kai-shek established the Nanjing National Government in the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, exercised autocratic rule, massacred and "encircled" China's producers and progressives, and suppressed the revolution. Economically, some measures that are beneficial to economic development have been taken, and national industries have developed rapidly. During this period, the China * * * Party headed by Mao Zedong began to lead the China Revolution independently, found the correct revolutionary road of encircling the city from the countryside and finally seizing the city, and grew stronger and stronger day by day. Due to Wang Ming's "Left" error, the China * * * Production Party and the Red Army were forced to make a long March at 1934, which lasted for two years and completed the strategic shift.

With the "September 18th Incident" of 193 1, the ethnic contradictions between China and Japan are rising day by day, and the relations between countries have changed, from confrontation to cooperation. The Xi incident marked the initial formation of the anti-Japanese national United front based on ethnic cooperation.

3. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period (state cooperation with Japan) (1937- 1945).

From 65438 to 0937, the Japanese launched the July 7th Incident, and the history of China entered the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. In the early days of the Anti-Japanese War, Japan attempted to make a quick decision and launch a large-scale attack on the frontal battlefield. The national government headed by Chiang Kai-shek organized several major battles on the frontal battlefield and actively fought the war of resistance. However, due to the one-sided anti-Japanese war line, all campaigns ended in China's failure. At the beginning of the Anti-Japanese War, China's * * * production party actively promoted the formal establishment of the anti-Japanese national United front, and China's * * * army went deep behind enemy lines, adhered to the all-round anti-Japanese war line, established base areas and launched guerrilla warfare. After the Anti-Japanese War entered the stalemate stage, the Japanese focused on cracking down on China's * * * production party, and the national government was tempted by politics. The national government headed by Chiang Kai-shek gradually changed into passive anti-Japanese, active anti-Japanese, and strengthened dictatorship. At the same time, in the face of the Kuomintang attack and the Japanese invasion, China's * * * production party took measures to tide over the difficulties in the anti-Japanese base areas, and under the correct leadership of Mao Zedong Thought, it became the mainstay of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Because China's national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression ended in China's victory.

4. During the War of Liberation (1945- 1949)

After the end of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China experienced a transition from a national revolutionary war to a domestic revolutionary war. The most prominent content of this period is the all-round struggle between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party about the future and destiny of China, such as the Chongqing negotiations and the convening of the old CPPCC meeting. With the support of the United States, the Kuomintang continued to practice one-party dictatorship. First, it provoked civil war, and finally it lost the people's hearts and the world. The People's Liberation War ended with the victory of China Producers' Party. 1949 September, China People's Political Consultative Conference was held; On June+10, 5438, New China was founded, the new democratic revolution finally won, and the semi-colonial and semi-feudal history of China ended.