As a permanent institution to spread culture and verify history, the exhibition space and exhibits of the museum need to resonate with the audience. The following is a model essay shared by J.L. on the art form of museum display design. ..
Analysis on the Art Form of Museum Exhibition Design 1 Abstract: Museums have always been the carrier of inheriting and developing culture, the activity of displaying design creativity, and also a part of exhibition, which has both commonness and characteristics in exhibition design. Reasonable exhibition design can better reflect the regional, cultural and national characteristics, meet people's material and spiritual life and improve the quality of life. With the enrichment and innovation of exhibition means and technology, the exhibition design of contemporary museums presents different artistic values. This paper mainly studies the art form of museum display design in detail.
Keywords: museum; Display design; artistic form
Museum exhibition design is a design discipline. With the development of design means and technology, museum exhibition design has more new connotations. Compared with the exhibition design of general places, the exhibition design of museums puts forward higher requirements for design styles, techniques and categories. The exhibition design of the museum involves psychology, communication, architecture, psychology, aesthetics, ergonomics and other disciplines. Therefore, when designing museum exhibitions, it is necessary to make the design more artistic and in line with people's aesthetics.
First, the principle analysis of museum display design
(A) the objectives of museum exhibition design
The main significance of the existence of museums is to popularize knowledge and spread social civilization, and they are public institutions. It has a special artistic expression. It can also be said that the museum is a work of art, and its architectural style, exhibit design and overall planning can bring some visual enjoyment to people.
(B) elements of museum display design
The exhibition design of the museum can mainly cover exhibition space, exhibition equipment and exhibition items. Among them, the exhibition space, that is, the concept space, is a kind of space display without form, which mainly reflects its existence value with the contents of exhibits. At the same time, the exhibition space of the museum is also the main carrier of exhibition activities. In the exhibition space of a museum, its structure, color and lighting are all essential elements. Exhibition equipment includes exhibition walls, exhibition racks, exhibition cabinets and exhibition boards. [1] display equipment has the characteristics of combination, convenience and standardization. Combination means that during the exhibition, the displayed equipment can be combined according to the specific exhibition requirements, and convenience means combining modern assembly technology and advanced design scheme to make the installation and disassembly of equipment more convenient; Standardization means that the specifications of display devices have certain universality; Exhibits are the main contents of museum exhibitions, and also the main objectives and tasks of museum exhibitions.
Secondly, the museum shows the art of space design.
Exhibition space is the main place for museum exhibition activities. The design should not only meet the display and bearing function of exhibits, but also meet the aesthetic requirements of visitors. Therefore, in the design of museum exhibition space, some artistic treatment must be done.
(A) pay attention to the harmony of space
The design of museum exhibition space can not be divided into different parts, but should pay attention to the integrity and systematicness of design. Therefore, the design of space must consider the harmonious factors and integrate the uncoordinated factors in space. However, this integration does not mean that all spaces should have a unified model, but should have both diversity and unity. In museum exhibition design, it is necessary to construct a unified spatial model from the changes of spatial planning, color, material and structure.
(B) display design needs to follow the principle of balance.
The balance of design can make visual composition more harmonious. Balanced design refers to a certain point as the center, and the design components on both sides are equal or similar. At the same time, in the design of equilibrium principle, it is also divided into regular equilibrium and irregular equilibrium. The balanced design of rules can give people a sense of complete equality on both sides visually, and has strong symmetry in volume, shape and color, forming mirror symmetry of rules, which is also an important design principle in the design of museum exhibition space. Irregular balance is mainly based on the principle of lever balance. In the design of both sides, the elements are similar, but there are differences. This design method can not only increase the activity of the exhibition space atmosphere, but also lose the overall sense of balance.
(C) Emphasis on the rhythm and rhythm of display design
The rhythm of exhibition space design mainly refers to the regular repetition of space design or the decomposition of body movements in a specific range or unit. In the concrete design, it is a segmented movement on the basis of repeated spatial composition, so it can make the spatial distribution have certain regularity. Rhythm mainly refers to the combination of similar elements or spatial environment, which makes it have certain laws and changes at the same time. In the space design of museums, rhythm and prosody are the main ways of unit space design, which are repetitive and progressive. Repeated unit space can give people a stable and continuous visual experience, make people watch chaotic exhibits with a peaceful mind, and at the same time play a role in guiding people to visit; The gradual change of unit space can be divided into single space gradual change and compound space gradual change. This gradual change can give people a flexible and complete feeling. The orderly change of space will not affect people's visiting psychology, but also highlight the main body of the exhibition. [2]
Third, the artistic design of museum display content
(A) hardware content design art
1. Exhibition Hall Design Art
During the exhibition, the main storage place of museum exhibits is the exhibition room, so attention should be paid to indoor environment, ventilation, humidity and lighting in the design of the exhibition room, which can not only highlight the exhibition effect of the exhibits, but also play a certain role in protecting the exhibits. Because the exhibits displayed in the museum have great inheritance value, fire prevention measures must be taken in the design of the showroom. In the process of construction, materials are selected in strict accordance with relevant regulations, and the operation specifications are strict. At the same time, in the design of the exhibition room, it is necessary to treat the space artistically, such as the specific tone and texture of the floor, wall and ceiling of the exhibition room, which needs to match the exhibits displayed, set off the background of the exhibits, and let the audience enter the main body of the exhibits during the visit, which plays a strong visual guiding role.
2. The design art of light environment
Light is the basic visual condition for perceiving objects, so the creation, change and optimization of museum space design are inseparable from the light environment. There are mainly two kinds of light sources in museum display design, one is natural light, and the other is artificial light. Natural lighting is mainly the light environment formed by the sun, so the indoor light will change with the rotation of the earth, which makes some exhibition halls facing north choose natural lighting, because the exhibition halls in this direction are less affected by light changes and the light is soft. Artificial light mainly refers to the lighting environment formed by electric lamps, and a certain lighting effect can be achieved by adjusting and setting lamps. At present, the lamps widely used in museums at home and abroad include basic lighting, decorative lighting and slow fire lighting. At the same time, lighting effects can be divided into direct lighting, indirect lighting and accent lighting. First, direct lighting. It is a common lighting method, such as ceiling lamp, track spotlight, chandelier, etc., which can ensure that more than 95% of the light can be fully utilized. Therefore, in the halls, main passages and the tops of large-scale exhibits of museums, direct lighting is generally used, which can ensure that the light distribution is more extensive and will not produce shading angles. However, in the choice of direct light brightness, it needs to be set according to the irradiation area, the irradiation object and the height of the exhibition hall, and the general illuminance is set to 300lx. Because if the light is too weak, the line of sight of the exhibition hall will be unclear and the expected display effect will not be achieved; If the light is too strong, it will easily cause visual fatigue to the audience, and it will also cause certain damage to the exhibition, especially the fading and deterioration of books, periodicals and lacquerware. Secondly, indirect lighting. Indirect lighting means that the light is projected on the wall or ceiling to form a secondary light source, so that the light shines on the ceiling, platform and side of the museum exhibition hall from the inside out. Indirect lighting has good diffusion, no shadow, moderate brightness and soft light quality. [3] Therefore, in the design of the exhibition hall, it is necessary to make reasonable settings according to its own characteristics, and the requirements of color lighting and brightness can be designed according to the location and type of exhibits, so that the exhibition hall can form a distinct light environment. Finally, accent lighting. Accent lighting, also known as local lighting, refers to the use of strong light to project a part of the exhibits, and then form a close-up effect, which can highlight the key points of product display and create a three-dimensional effect. This lighting setting method has strong pertinence and is generally used for more representative exhibits in the exhibition hall. For example, "Dayu Harnessing Water and Yushanzi" by the Palace Museum in Beijing can reflect the coherence between entity and void. But in the application of accent lighting, we must pay attention to the directionality of lighting, so as to create a three-dimensional sense. It needs to be combined from three directions: top light, smooth light and backlight. At the same time, a filter is added in front of the lamp to effectively control glare by filtering ultraviolet rays. In addition, in the design of accent lighting, the distance should be set appropriately according to the pitch and size of the booth, so as to form a visual effect with clear priorities and moderate tightness.
3. Show the art of equipment design
Generally, exhibition equipment is large in size and large in quantity, so the design of exhibition equipment plays a very important role in the overall effect of art. In the design of a museum, it is necessary to carefully study and scrutinize the size and proportion of display cabinets, exhibition walls and booths, as well as modeling lights, so as to make the exhibition equipment conform to the contents and characteristics of exhibits, thus embodying its exhibition function and highlighting the advantages of exhibits.
(B) the art of software content design
1. Show the art of combinatorial design
Exhibition combination design is the core of space exhibition design, and it is also the most laborious and tiring design work. The exhibition combination includes the whole and local exhibition combination parts, and the whole exhibition combination is a combination way designed under the general design style; The local combination design mainly takes specific specimens and cultural relics as the basic information of the exhibition. In the design process, the exhibits are arranged in an orderly and hierarchical manner according to the design framework or outline, so as to establish a certain relationship between the exhibits. [4]
2. The design art of auxiliary exhibits.
Auxiliary exhibits include light boxes, charts, sand tables, photos and other auxiliary materials displayed in the original works, which can supplement the academic research results of the displayed works. At the same time, some auxiliary exhibits are works of art and have certain ornamental value.
(3) Other aspects of design art..
In addition to the design of software and hardware, there are some design contents between software and hardware, such as safety signs and cultural relics. Taking the route layout of the exhibition hall as an example, in the design process, we should first consider the soundness and perfection of facilities such as anti-theft alarm and fire fighting, and at the same time ensure the smooth exit of emergency evacuation. Secondly, we should pay attention to the fit between these facilities and the overall design of the museum to ensure the overall artistic effect of the museum.
Four. conclusion
To sum up, as a permanent institution to spread culture and verify history, the exhibition space and exhibits of the museum need to resonate with the audience. Therefore, in the exhibition design of the museum, the distance between the museum and the audience should be narrowed from the artistic point of view, so that the audience can not only appreciate the elegance of the exhibits, but also find the same artistic language through the design art of the museum. Create an innovative pattern, so that the museum's display style has a deeper cultural connotation, while being close to life, better serving the society and promoting national culture.
References:
[1] Museum Exhibition Design under Yang's Multiple Experiences —— Taking Zhenjiang Museum as an Example [J]. Southeast Culture.2013 (5):117-122.
[2] Xiao Kekun, Lu Wuqiang. On the exhibition design art of museums [J]. Journal of Chifeng University (Natural Science Edition), 2015 (13):163-164.
[3] Thanks. Research on Exhibition Design Art of Contemporary Museums [J]. Popular Literature and Art, 20 15(24):36.
[4] Xu Jing. The application of China traditional elements in the exhibition design of history museum —— On the exhibition design art of Nanjing Six Dynasties Museum [J]. Art and Technology, 20 14(9):59-60+62.
Art form analysis of museum exhibition design Part II: Museum exhibition design is a means of information dissemination. On the premise of determining the overall design concept and formal style, the overall layout of exhibition elements is arranged, and the visual effect experience and information transmission of the museum are realized by allocating space and designing exhibition walls, arranging the order of exhibits in combination, and handling key exhibition projects, so that the audience can receive the historical edification and cultural education of the museum. Therefore, in the process of museum exhibition design, it is necessary to use the principles of communication, art and sociology to achieve the presentation effect.
First, the basic elements of museum display
The basic elements of the exhibition refer to all the exhibits and exhibits presented to the audience in the exhibition hall space of the museum. When the audience enters the museum, they can feel the information spread by the exhibits through vision, touch and hearing, thus achieving the purpose of education. Therefore, according to the form of exhibits and the characteristics of information dissemination, the basic elements of display can be divided into two categories.
The first category refers to the museum's various physical collections, which are the cornerstone of museum display and belong to static display materials. During the exhibition, the original information is directly and objectively reflected to the audience through an independent static exhibition. Physical collection has strong authenticity and credibility, and it is the most important part of museum display. These exhibits include cultural relics, specimens, photographs, replicas, models, sand tables, graphic materials, documents and archives.
The second category refers to all kinds of audio, video and other audio-visual materials that record the development of human civilization and history, and belongs to dynamic materials. Such exhibits can more intuitively present the natural and social living environment, as well as the relationship between historical figures and events. This kind of exhibition is mainly displayed to the audience through digital technology and multimedia equipment. For example, a piece of historical materials located in the rest passage of the Jewish History Museum in new york, USA, is projected on the fragmented wall by video to arouse people's memories.
Second, the exhibition principles and key points of museum display elements
(A) the principles and points of the display of cultural relics collection
First, the display safety of cultural relics collection is the primary issue. Cultural relics should be protected when they are displayed, and intangible cultural relics should be protected.
Second, the scientific principle of cultural relics collection display is to arrange cultural relics collections according to the system, and at the same time pay attention to the logical order and primary and secondary relationship between cultural relics collections to avoid disorderly stacking.
Thirdly, the artistic principle of cultural relics collection display is to pay attention to the aesthetic relationship between cultural relics collection and background space in order to form the artistic display effect.
(B) the principle and key points of image data display
First, study the content and scientific basis of image data, fully tap the historical background of image data, and restore the authenticity of its content.
Second, grasp the relationship between the key display content and the best expression form of image data, and appropriately use physical objects, sand tables, models, high-tech equipment and other carriers to express them, so as not to abuse high technology and ignore the essence of the content.
Third, the carrier and method analysis of museum display
(A) display wall and display box display method
1. Display method of expanded wall
This way of exhibition is to hang physical exhibits by setting fixed or moving walls. It is not only one of the basic equipment for museum display, but also one of the main display elements that constitute the exhibition hall. The size and shape of the exhibition wall depend on the exhibition space and content. Its main function is to place hanging exhibits, separate the internal space of the exhibition hall and guide the audience to visit the route. The main contents and methods of the exhibition are as follows: first, by designing niches on the exhibition wall, exhibits such as cultural relics, specimens and replicas are displayed; Secondly, make pictures, photos, charts and maps into light display boards and hang them on the exhibition wall; Thirdly, the image data is directly embedded into the display wall of the reserved hole through the LED display screen and light box. Four, the title text, text content, decorative lines directly pasted or printed on the display wall; Five, graphic materials, background pictures, shading patterns and other exhibits with rendering atmosphere, through screen printing directly printed on professional materials, and then posted on the exhibition wall. For example, the picture wall design of Liaoyuan Youth Peace Education Base and the silk screen wall design of graphic materials of Singapore National Museum.
2. A display method of display frame
The display mode of the exhibition frame is the same as that of the exhibition wall, and it is also a display of hanging exhibits. Compared with the exhibition wall, the exhibition frame has the advantages of flexible layout, space saving and convenient replacement. The forms and designs of the booth are rich and varied, and it can also be matched with the background to spread information. The exhibition frame can also form screens and partitions in the space, enriching the visual effect of the space.
(2) Display mode of display cabinets and booths
1. Display method of showcase
Showcase is the main carrier for displaying cultural relics and one of the basic equipment for museum display. The display effect should be specially designed according to the characteristics of different exhibits, such as form, material, lighting, temperature and monitoring facilities. The showcase requires simple operation, convenient disassembly and assembly, and good cultural relics protection performance. Display cabinets are usually divided into wall-mounted display cabinets, central independent display cabinets, table cabinets and so on. Wall-mounted display cabinets can be divided into semi-high display cabinets and floor-mounted display cabinets. In addition, the wall display cabinet can also be combined with the display wall to display as a whole. For example, the semi-high display cabinets and independent display cabinets of Shanxi Fenjiu Museum in China, and the floor display cabinets of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in the United States.
2. Booth display method
The booth is a display tool for supporting large objects, artworks, models and sand tables. The form, color and material requirements of the booth echo and unify with the exhibits. The size of the booth depends on the height of people's sight. Generally, larger exhibits use lower booths, while smaller exhibits use higher booths. For example, the large-scale group sculpture art booth of Putian Museum and the animal specimen booth of Alaska Museum in the United States.
(C) the display method of scene design
In order to break through the limitation of information dissemination when physical exhibits are exhibited, more and more museums adopt the method of scene design to restore some important historical events or explain the lives of important people. Scene design originally originated from drama and performing arts, and was later applied to the exhibition of biological evolution history in natural museums. Because the exhibition effect can leave a deep impression on the audience, this exhibition method is gradually applied to historical, military and folk museums. Scene design is a comprehensive display method that integrates the theories of art, architecture and stage design. Scene design includes background painting, main specimen or model making, foreground space design, post-maintenance and many other issues.
According to the different needs of museum theme, the types of scene display can be summarized into three types: natural landscape scene, historical event scene and artistic modeling scene. For example, the scene of character events set in the shared hall of the Marine Corps Museum in Washington, USA, highlights the theme of the whole museum through character sculptures, helicopters and outdoor landscape atmosphere; In order to highlight the important local historical figures, Putian Museum designed the artistic modeling scene of "Bright Stars" figure group sculpture.
According to the scale of the exhibition, the scene design can be divided into window closed exhibition and large open scene.
1. Close the window scene
Put the scene into a closed showcase similar to a window, so that the exhibits can return to the original background environment and make the display more realistic and vivid. This exhibition method is suitable for animal specimens in natural science museums, and a closed exhibition environment can protect natural specimens. In the background design of the window scene, arc background painting can be used to eliminate the turning point of the wall, and the proportion can be reduced or reduced according to the real proportion of the scene. For example, the ecological landscape window scene of the American Museum of History and Natural History and the miniature window scene of the Chicago Museum of Science.
2. Large open scenes
The exhibition mode of large-scale open scenes is to build scenes directly in the exhibition space. Because of their huge size, there is no need for glass or partition to protect them. Some scenes need to be designed with guardrails or fences, while others can involve tourists and become part of the scene. Large-scale open scenes are suitable for displaying some historical events, social customs and etiquette, traditional handicrafts and so on. When creating, it can be restored according to the original appearance at that time, or it can be summarized by extracting representative typical symbolic images. At the same time, the combination of sound, light, electricity and other factors can make tourists feel immersive. For example, the residential building restoration scene of American History Museum in Washington, and the anti-Japanese war restoration scene of Qi Jiguang in Fujian Putian Museum.
(D) Digital display method
With the development of high technology, museum exhibitions have entered the digital age. Using digital media technology, traditional cultural relics, artworks, audio, video and other image materials can be displayed dynamically. This kind of exhibition is an immersive interaction, which allows the audience to understand the exhibits in all directions. Its display forms include plasma (liquid crystal) display screen, touch screen, projection, phantom imaging, e-book, virtual reality and so on. Digital display can be an independent display of digital movies, or a combination of digital images and space scenes [2]. Specific display methods mainly include the following:
1. Theme film screening
Theme movies are widely used in museum exhibitions, and movies are presented directly through players or projection equipment. The theme films show historical allusions, people's deeds, natural phenomena, scientific principles and so on. This is the most intuitive way to show popular science and publicize knowledge.
2. Digital display of exhibits
The exhibits will be digitally innovated and then displayed through some high-tech equipment. Three-dimensional works of art can be displayed virtually through holographic projection, and plane painting can be made into two-dimensional or three-dimensional animation and displayed through projection or display. For example, the digital version of Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival exhibited at Shanghai World Expo 20 10 aroused strong response from the audience and set off a wave of digital creation of Chinese painting.
3. Digital image combined with scene or space display.
Applying digital images to scene design can better create an atmosphere and enhance the fidelity of the scene. Digital images are combined with scene display to explain some scientific phenomena and principles or to show local customs. For example, phantom imaging is a movie that is projected and edited in a designed scene.
(5) Display method of interactive equipment
In order to improve the participation and enthusiasm of the audience, the display design of modern museums emphasizes the display design of human-computer interaction more and more. This exhibition mode is suitable for science museums such as science museum, natural museum and children's museum. The main display modes include the following:
1. Traditional mechanical interaction
According to the principle of motor, the frequently asked questions, mechanical buttons, bearing turnover and other display contents are displayed. When designing, we should pay special attention to the convenience of using interactive equipment and whether it is convenient for later maintenance.
2. Network human-computer interaction
In this way, the exhibition materials and information data are written into the background software, edited by the program and displayed in connection with the corresponding exhibition media, so that visitors can freely and selectively experience and obtain the exhibition information. The design elements of human-computer interaction display mode include UI display interface design, program design, background software design, display media and so on. Common forms of human-computer interaction include interactive question answering, electronic message, interactive ground projection, real-time video synthesis and so on.
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The exhibition modes of museums are ultimately embodied in visual forms, and the essence of museum exhibition is to educate and entertain visitors through these visual forms. The two should complement each other in the design process to achieve a high degree of unity of form and essence. There are various ways to display in museums, and each way has its advantages and disadvantages. When using it, we must follow the principle of display design, choose a suitable display mode for the exhibits, and skillfully use the display mode to create a museum with characteristics. With the arrival of the post-museum era, the exhibition mode of museums is not static, and should be constantly improved with the development of the times.
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