1. induction and deduction: induction refers to the principle of summarizing general conclusions from individual facts; Deduction is to draw individual conclusions from general principles and concepts. Induction is a method from individual to general; Deduction is a method from the general to the individual.

Mendeleev summed up the periodic law of chemical elements by induction on the basis of people's understanding of a large number of individual elements. Later, he predicted the chemical properties of some elements that had not been discovered at that time from the periodic law of elements, using deductive method.

2. Analysis method and comprehensive method: analysis is to divide the whole objective object into various parts, aspects, characteristics and factors and understand them. It is a way of thinking that divides the whole into parts and decomposes complex things into simple elements to study separately.

Analysis is a necessary step and means to understand the essence of things. The task of analysis is not only to decompose the whole into its components, but also to grasp the essence through phenomena and the inevitability through contingency.

3. Causal analysis: it is a dialectical thinking method to analyze the causal relationship between phenomena and understand the causes and results of problems. When using this method, we must pay attention to the real internal cause and result, not the specious causal relationship.

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