From 1, 1735 to 1788, Berlin built a wall. 1735, a city gate was erected at the present Brandenburg gate. The road outside the city gate leads to the Brandenburg Gate on the Havell River in the west of Berlin, hence the name "Brandenburg Gate". Brandenburg on the Havell River is now a small city in Brandenburg, but it was once the birthplace of the Kingdom of Brandenburg and Prussia. The Brandenburg Gate built in 1735 is just a simple stone gate supported by two huge stone pillars. Its designer is Philip Gerlach. 2. In the expansion project of the Berlin Wall from 1788 to 1802 in the early 20th century, King Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅱ of Prussia ordered the reconstruction of the Brandenburg Gate at 1788 to commemorate the seven-year war from 1756 to 1763. This made Frederick II of Prussia, who led Prussia to win this war, not only win the titles of "frederick the great" and "Military Genius", but also leave a stable Prussia. At that time, Karl Goethe-Haar Johannes, a famous German architect, was ordered to undertake the design and construction work. Based on the ancient Greek colonnade gate in Athens, he designed the Arc de Triomphe, which was completed in 179 1. The reconstructed gate is 20m high, 65.6m wide and 1 1 m deep. There are five passages in the gate, and the middle passage is the widest. The passage in the door is separated by huge sandstone strips, and the two ends of the strips are decorated with six Doric columns with a height of 14m and a bottom diameter of1.70m ...1793. In order to make this door more magnificent, the famous German sculptor gottfried Shadov, At the top of this gate, a group of bronze decorative statues were designed: four galloping horses pulled a two-wheeled chariot, on which stood a goddess with wings on her back, with a cane in one hand and a reins in the other. The scepter was a Prussian flying eagle with wings, and the scepter was decorated with laurel wreaths. This statue of the goddess of victory was mistaken for the goddess of peace, but Erine never appeared as a winged figure. In the historical archives, the designer of Brandenburg Gate, Langens, and the statue author, Shadov, also confirmed that the statue was a goddess of victory rather than a goddess of peace in the draft of1March 3, 789. 1806, Napoleon led the French army to defeat the Prussian army. 10 year1On October 23rd, the French army entered Berlin through the Brandenburg Gate. Later, Napoleon ordered the goddess and the chariot on the top of the door to be dismantled and brought back to Paris as trophies. 18 14 After the European Allied Forces defeated Napoleon at Waterloo, Prussia took it back and put it on the top of this city gate again. Berliners call this restored statue "the returning carriage" (German: Retourkutsche). At the same time of restoration, the oak wreath on the statue was added with an iron cross symbolizing power. The Prussian Iron Cross was designed by schenkel at the suggestion of Friedrich Wilhelm Ⅲ in 18 13, and now it is the symbol of the German Bundeswehr. Until William II, the last German emperor, abdicated in 19 18, only members of the royal family and guests invited by the king were allowed to enter and leave through the doorway in the middle of the Brandenburg Gate. 65438+In the 1960s, Berlin began to tear down the city walls, when almost all the gates in Berlin were torn down. Brandenburg Gate is the only remaining Berlin Gate. 3. World War II193365438+1October 30th, Hitler was appointed as German Chancellor, and the German Nazi stormtroopers marched through the Brandenburg Gate to celebrate Hitler's coming to power and beginning Nazi rule. 1945, during the last battle of Berlin in Germany during World War II, when Soviet soldiers held up the red flag at the Brandenburg Gate, German soldiers bombarded it with artillery, and the statue was seriously damaged. The only remaining horse's head is now preserved in the exhibition hall of Berlin Museum, and the statue on Brandenburg Gate is now recast. 4. After Germany was defeated in World War II during the Cold War, it was divided into East Germany and West Germany, and Berlin was also divided into East Berlin and West Berlin. 1956 On September 2 1 day, the Berlin Autonomous Government decided to rebuild the Brandenburg Gate. Although East Berlin and West Berlin were still hostile to each other at that time, they cooperated well in the reconstruction project of Brandenburg Gate. Cultural relics restoration experts in East and West Berlin recast a set of Hummer and goddess statues based on plaster models and archives photos robbed in World War II. 1957 65438+February 14 After the reconstruction was completed, the East Berlin City Council decided to remove the Iron Cross and the Eagle from the statue because they represented Prussian militarism. The Berlin wall began to be built. Brandenburg Gate is right in the center of the isolation zone, and it can't be crossed from the west or the east. Only the East German border guards can board the Brandenburg Gate. The Berlin Wall drew an arc behind the Brandenburg Gate, extending to the left and right, dividing the whole Berlin in two. As a symbol of German unification, Brandenburg Gate became a military restricted area and a symbol of German division. In the early 1980s, weizsacker, then the mayor of West Berlin, said: "As long as the Brandenburg Gate is closed, the problem of German reunification will not be solved" (German: Solange das Brandenburg tor Geschlossenist, IST Die Deutsch Frageoffen). Weizsacker served as German Federal President from 65438 to 0984, and was re-elected five years later. During his second term, the Brandenburg Gate finally reopened. 1987 June 12, during his visit to Berlin, US President Ronald Reagan said in front of the Brandenburg Gate, "Mr. Gorbachev, open this door! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! " English: Mr Gorbachev, open this door! Mr Gorbachev, tear down this wall! )。 19891February 3 1 day, the Brandenburg gate was reopened on the eve of German reunification. 1992, after thorough maintenance, bronze chariots and horses and the Statue of Goddess were relocated on the Brandenburg Gate. 5. German reunification 1989 is the 28th year after the completion of the Berlin Wall, and1October 9, the Berlin Wall collapsed. On February 22, 65438, under the framework of the peaceful transformation of East Germany, with the cheers of more than 100,000 people, helmut kohl, then Prime Minister of West Germany, walked through the Brandenburg Gate, and hans modrow, the last Prime Minister of East Germany, greeted Cole at the other end of the door, marking the reopening of the Brandenburg Gate. Then the isolation zone was completely dismantled, and the German people danced and celebrated on the Berlin Wall in front of the Brandenburg Gate. After the Brandenburg Gate was reopened, 199 1 completed the renovation, and Iron Cross and Eagle Eagle returned to the Statue of Victory. Due to the long-term lack of maintenance and environmental damage, the sandstone structure of Brandenburg Gate was repaired for 22 months, and it reappeared on 20021October 3, the anniversary of German reunification 12. Reconstruction of Brandenburg Gate World War II caused extensive damage to Berlin, and the buildings around Brandenburg Gate were blown up. Berlin was divided after the war. East Berlin and West Berlin have been rebuilt according to different urban construction plans because they belong to different government management. Brandenburg Gate is located at the junction of East and West Berlin, so the new architectural styles on both sides are very different. After the completion of the Berlin Wall, the Brandenburg Gate belonged to downtown Berlin, but it was isolated in the isolation zone of the Berlin Wall, and the squares on both sides became a wasteland. After the Berlin Wall was demolished, the Brandenburg Gate jumped from a symbol of Berlin's division to a symbol of urban unity because of its special symbolic significance, thus becoming the center and focus of urban construction. During the restoration of world-famous architects, the reconstructed buildings around the square comply with strict urban construction regulations: the shape, size and style of new buildings must be consistent with the previous square style, and modern buildings should be integrated with traditional architectural styles [13]. Lieberman Building (German: House Liebermann) and Sommer Building (German: House Sommer) near the left and right sides of Brandenburg Gate have been rebuilt. The new building inherits the style of the original building, but it is slightly higher than the original building to shorten the distance from Brandenburg Gate, thus further highlighting the structure of Brandenburg Gate and Paris Square. Southeast of Brandenburg Gate is the most luxurious hotel in Berlin-Hotel Adlon (German: Hotel Adlon). After reconstruction, it is partly historical and partly modern. The French Embassy, the British Embassy, the American Embassy and the Art Institute have also moved back to the original site in Paris Square, all of which were rebuilt according to the drawings before World War II. Building a large-scale urban green belt, represented by Berlin Zoo, on the west side of Brandenburg Gate is an excellent plan made by Linnaeus, director of Prussia Royal Gardens, for the urban greening of Berlin. Together with the gorgeous Bodhi Tree Street on the right side of Brandenburg Gate, it constitutes the "East-West Axis" of Berlin, which passes under Brandenburg Gate and connects the government area in the east of Berlin with the business and garden area in the west. In the 1990s, the Berlin municipal government discussed whether cars should be allowed to pass through the Brandenburg Gate. Opponents believe that automobile exhaust will destroy the Brandenburg Gate with sandstone structure, and automobile traffic will destroy the peace and order of Paris Square in front of Brandenburg Gate. Motor vehicles are not allowed to pass through the Brandenburg Gate today. Around Brandenburg Gate, there are urban rail transit and subway passing through the underground. Symbolism In German history, Brandenburg Gate symbolizes the rise of Prussia and the first unification and prosperity of the German Empire. After the defeat of Germany in World War II, it was divided into East Germany and West Germany, and Berlin was also divided into East Berlin and West Berlin, which were under the jurisdiction of East Germany and West Germany. Brandenburg Gate is located on the dividing line between East Berlin and West Berlin, and it is also the dividing line between Warsaw Pact countries and North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries during the Cold War, so it once became a symbol of German division, European division and the Cold War. 1990 After the reunification of Germany, the Brandenburg Gate became a symbol of the reunification of Germany and Europe.