Over the past two thousand years, Bo people have been growing and becoming the leaders of the ethnic minorities in southwest China. However, according to Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan, Bo people's throat is not easy to tame, so it has always been a heart disease of the central government. After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, the government began to gradually restrict the interests of Bo people in order to strengthen its rule in the southwest. Especially in the early years of Wanli, the central government forcibly abolished the barbarian chieftain system here and replaced it with Han ministers, which eventually turned the tense confrontation into a war against the Ming government.
Standing under the steep cliff, looking up at the remaining coffin piles, countless pile holes, coffin covers and rocks on the cliff, people think of an ancient and mysterious nation known as Bohai Kingdom in history. They handed their own history to Gao Yan, suddenly sank into the long river of history and disappeared into that pile of old newspapers, leaving only this peculiar burial system and many tragic and touching folk stories for people to ponder, comprehend and daydream. What kind of people is this ancient and mysteriously disappearing nation in history? We have captured some of their "shadows" from scattered historical materials, from the cleaning and excavation of some hanging coffins in Matangba, from rock paintings on cliffs and from numerous folklore circulating in southern Syria. The "Bo people" in history are a nation with a long history and are brave and good at fighting. From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the first year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (about 65438 BC+6066 AD +65438 +0573), they lived and multiplied in this magical and ancient land in the southwest of the motherland. They took part in the battle of Makino conquered by Zhou Wuwang and made great achievements. They were named "Hou Bo" and established "Hou Bo Guo" in today's Yibin. This is often described in historical materials after Qin and Han Dynasties. "Gongxian annals" (old annals) said: "Being a slave in the southwest, Qin destroyed the family, Bo lived here, and posthumous title became a country of Bo."
In this long history, bloggers have paid a lot of hardships and heavy prices for their own survival and development and for the freedom and equality of the nation. During the two hundred years since the Ming Dynasty was founded, the Zhu Ming Dynasty launched twelve anti-feudal movements. In the first ten blood-spilled repression, I dared to sacrifice because I was brave and fearless. Although they paid a heavy price, they defeated the Zhu Ming dynasty ten times.
In the first year of Chenghua (A.D. 1465), bloggers in southern Syria raised flags to resist the tyranny of the gentry and the exorbitant taxes imposed by the government. The satrap Wang Hao sent the satrap Ruicheng to lead a crusade. Zhou Hongyi is a squire, so it is suggested to set up a first mate with nine surnames. Ruicheng presented this proposal to Wang Hao, and sent people to the Bo village to announce the appointment of officials and cast seals. Unexpectedly, Wang Hao suddenly rushed to Syria from Chengdu, put on the hat of "having ulterior motives" with the "charges" imposed on Bo people by squire Luo Zhiqiang, and killed more than 270 herdsmen on standby in Syria, causing Bo people to be angry and determined to take revenge. So they pretended to surrender in Company commanders mansion, Guizhou, and they all ordered Shi Ding and others to rush out to meet them. Bo people were ambushed everywhere, and more than 5 thousand officers and men were killed. Wang Hao heard that he hurried to escape overnight. When the officers and men fled with Wang Hao, they lost their way, and countless people fell into the valley. It also made the Guizhou soldiers stationed in Jin 'echi and the Sichuan soldiers stationed in Rongxian (now Xingwen Old County) afraid to go out. On the south bank of the river, the Gelao people went down the river and reached Jiang 'an, Naxi and Hejiang. They are like walking in no man's land, like a broken bamboo, forcing the officers and men to retreat to Jiangbei. Wang Hao dare not stop south. In the third year of Chenghua (A.D. 1468), the Bohai people could not bear to pay exorbitant taxes, and the ten officials were greedy and tyrannical, raising flags to rebel. Zhu Ming Dynasty took Xiangyang Jin as the company commander, eunuch as the supervisor, assistant minister of Ministry of War as the military affairs prefect, and officers and men from three provinces180,000 people. This fierce battle lasted for more than four years. Due to the heroic and tenacious resistance of Bo people, the officers and men only captured the dam, but did not dare to attack the natural barrier in Jiu Si.
In the first year of Wanli (1573), the governor of Sichuan once saved our province, with Liu Xian as the commander in chief, Guo Cheng, Zhang Han and others 12 as the partisans, and mobilized the officers and men of the ten dynasties Han army140,000 to "fly in and suppress" Bo people. In this deadly bloody battle, it also showed the indomitable spirit of being brave and good at fighting and not afraid of death and injury.
Yunnan Boyin —— Replacing nobility with purity
There are many folklores about this battle. Among them, the General Grave describes that Guo Kai, the son of Guo Cheng, the commander in chief, became the Pioneer Palace on the North Road, set fire to the village all the way, captured Duning Inn in Luoxingdu (now Shangluo Town, Gongxian County), stationed troops in Fujiangchang, and threatened to win Lubo in ten days. The officers and men avoided the mountains first. The infantry stationed in the camp cut through the thorns along the crab creek and attacked Fan Lvgou. I didn't expect to get to "Zhou Shi" (one of the hanging coffin attractions), but I was beaten back by the rolling stone of Ha Yaomei. The officers and men beat the head of Hejiayan Imperial City around "wringing water from the trunk", which was badly hit by Ha Yaomei's "leading the enemy deep" and "decapitating his tail and breaking his heart". They were beaten to pieces, and most of them were killed or injured. Guo Kai himself can only "scratch his face" to escape. Open the vanguard of China, holding tens of thousands of soldiers in a towel, defeated by this girl again and again, which is really a complete disgrace. In desperation, Guo Kai vigorously withdrew troops during the day, killed a hollow janjawid at night, and cut corners to capture the head of the imperial city. That night, he led his men into a canyon. This ravine is sandwiched between two mountains, and there is a path in the middle. The mountains are covered with thorns and shrubs. The officers and men walked in the ravine for about half an hour, and the team behind them was still outside the ravine. At this time, I suddenly heard the sound of thunder on the rocks on both sides, and the shouts were loud. First a rolling stone fell, and then thousands of men and women soldiers fell from the sky. It was dark and the ditch was narrow and slippery. The officers and men were in a mess, and people ran into horses, killing more than half of them. My sister is dressed in a plain white dress, armed with a pear blossom gun and riding a monster "lion horse" on her hips, and she is full of energy. Guo Kai was in a hurry, raised his axe and flaunted, slipped away from his sister, and beat the horse to escape. Ha Yaomei followed Diao; Give up and catch up with Wayaotan, and a big river stands in front of you. Guo Kai hesitated a little, but his bowed sister immediately stepped forward and cut off his head with a sword. Ha Yaomei repelled the officers and men who attacked from the north road, recovered Duning Post and Luoxingdu, occupied Bao 'er Mountain and Bao Bing Mountain, cut off the supplies of the officers and men, drove them out of the beautiful maids' mouths, and sent troops to guard the passes, Maobazhai and other fortresses.
Ren Han, an official of imperial academy in the Ming Dynasty, also wrote in the book Pingman Monument: ... Jiu Si City will fall in autumn and July. The city is located in the west of Yelang, and two small city walls stand opposite each other. The rock is steep for forty miles, and the wall of three kings is dead, controlling ten thousand strings. The king is strong, understands the military, and is used to attacking and fighting ... "After repeated wars and defeats, the officers and men racked their brains to come up with a strategy of breaking through:
1. Weaving, listing and rendering are all imposed on bloggers.
2. Use guilty ministers to encourage atonement and make amends.
3. Reward the first place in the army and encourage prisoners on death row to make meritorious deeds;
4. Use risks to penetrate the army.
5. alienate temptation, buy wishes with a lot of money, divide and disintegrate, and make people civil strife.
6. Cut off the route for providing foodstuff, and you are not allowed to be surrounded without official seal.
7. Recruit those who dare to die and reward those who are competitive by the force of conscription;
8. Dredge Tun and Multan, one is a grain trough, and the other is a military waterway passage;
9. Step by step, clear the periphery, advance steadily, narrow the scope, concentrate forces, and invade nine silk in five ways;
10. Take advantage of Bo people's custom, take advantage of it by surprise and attack it by surprise:
1 1. Go after them, get rid of the grass, and leave no complaints.
According to the established plan, regardless of heavy casualties, they attacked Lingxiao City in May of the first year of Wanli, Duduzhai in the evening, Huang Qi in July and August, Shangzhai, Zhu Zhu Village, Jiguanling and Jiu Si City on September 9. In the end, the Bohai people were outnumbered, more than 60 villages were breached by the other side, the owner of 36 villages was captured, more than 4,000 people were beheaded, and the officers and men expanded their territory to more than 400 miles, obtaining 90 bronze drums of Zhuge. Later, in the search, the king captured and killed more than 1000 people, which really achieved the goal of "weeding and uprooting". In order to prevent the escaped bloggers from coming back, they once saved our lives after Pingbo. Write to the imperial court, formulate and implement Ten Things to Deal with the Aftermath of Pingman;
1. The soldier said:
2. No official:
3. Building city walls:
4. Get ready to move;
5. Management area:
6. Short-term injury,
7. Militia:
8. Access;
9. Form a society:
10. Compassion for the poor
Pingman Monument (Figure) The history of Bo people ends here.
As a result, a powerful nation disappeared in history. Where can the surviving Bo people hide? Who dares to admit that his ethnic group belongs to it? In folklore, there is a saying that "A" changes to "He": in this way, there is a "fake Miao"-that is, "the Miao people in the place where the original Bo people lived are not ethnic groups, but actually Bo people." So in the six counties in southern Syria, and even the whole southwest region, there has been no trace of Bo people since then! The demise of a nation is a historical tragedy. As a powerful nation that once dominated the southwest of the motherland, it has gone through more than 2500 years, but suddenly disappeared from this hot land on which they depended for survival and reproduction more than 400 years ago! How much confusion, suspicion and sadness can this not cause? In those bloody days, in the fierce battles against evil again and again, the fearless spirit of bravery, perseverance and death can not but make people admire, admire, shock and feel.
Although "Bo people" are extinct, as a nation that has made great contributions to the development of southwest China in history, the history of China will keep their place forever. With the vigorous development of national culture, with the gradual deepening of reform and opening up, with the continuous deepening of the study of the mystery of hanging coffins, and with the rapid development of Bo cultural tourism, the historical value of "Bo people hanging coffins" has gradually emerged.
Gongxian county is located in the adjacent areas of Sichuan, Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, and it is the most typical place for hanging coffins in ancient times. At present, 4 1 hanging coffins have been found, including 288 hanging coffins. China and even the world have the largest number of hanging coffins. Hanging coffins are commonly known as "hanging stones" That is, putting the coffin on a cliff tens of meters high is the burial system of the Gelao people in ancient southern Sichuan. As early as the Warring States period, Bo people lived in Yibin area, and successively established the country and Bo people's Dao county. Because of its bravery, the rulers of past dynasties did not allow it. They live in wild thorns and have the reputation of "cutting through thorns". In the Ming Dynasty, Bo people were called "Zhangdu clan". In the first year of Zongshen (1573), the governor of Sichuan once led140,000 troops to annihilate. At that time, "the former army set fire to more than a thousand villages in the city, and the flames were all over the sky ... thousands of people went to the cliff valley ... and the monopoly was completely destroyed (Xingwen County Records).
However, according to folklore, the Bo people were not killed, and the local He family was a descendant of the Bo people. It is also said that the ancestor's original name was "A", but it was renamed "He" because he escaped the suppression of the current dynasty. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang A, the leader of Bohai, was killed in Jiu Si, the capital of Bohai. Someone once visited an old man named He in the local area, saying that his ancestor He Daning was originally a family with chiefs Ada and A Er, and later joined the army under a general named He and changed his name to He. In Gongxian, there was once a famous saying that "there is cocoa (Yi people) in the back mountain, and there is a model, so there is no melon". As for why the Gelao people have the custom of hanging coffins for burial, Gong County Records records: "According to legend, there was Luo Yin, and because the Gelao people tasted their ancestors, their teachings hung on the rocks and their descendants were tall. So get lucky for high rocks. " It is also said that Zhuge Liang used this method to consume the power of bloggers.
During the Three Kingdoms period, Zhuge Liang conquered the south, but was blocked when passing by land. When he saw the dry land in the sky, he was reported. The drought is due to the bad feng shui in Bozu's tomb. If the coffin is moved to the cliff, there will be a good harvest next year. Bo people believed it, abandoned the war and left, busy moving the grave. Zhuge Liang took the opportunity to leave. Unexpectedly, the next year, the crops were bumper and people and animals flourished. Thus, hanging coffins were handed down from generation to generation. But in the era of slash-and-burn cultivation, there are different opinions on how to put the hanging coffin on the cliff. It is said that digging a well is the road, and after putting the coffin, the road is destroyed; It is said that the cliff should be buried first, and then the soil should be removed; It is said that a rope was put on the top of the cliff; Some people say that they want to build a carriage frame. What is it? I still can't understand it.
The hanging coffins of the Gelao nationality are mainly concentrated in Matangba and Sumawan in Gongxian County, with about 200 hanging coffins. Placement methods, such as horizontal drilling; There are holes embedded with wooden stakes, and the coffin is placed horizontally on the wooden stakes; There are also several kinds of parallel or stacked. Coffins are like boats, with a big head and a small tail, mostly whole nanmu. There are many rock paintings of the Gelao people around the burial place. The pictures and colors are clearly distinguishable, mostly painted in sand. They all adopt primitive graphic painting techniques, with rough lines, vivid images and diverse themes. Its function, either as a tribal symbol or as a consolation to the dead, reflects the religious belief and spiritual world of the coffin bearer.
What are the eternal mysteries of "Bo Man Hanging Coffin"? To sum up, there are six mysteries, namely, the family, the age, why this burial custom was carried out, whether there are descendants of people who carried out this burial custom, how to put the coffin weighing 1,000 kilograms on a dry cliff, the purpose of painting rock paintings around the hanging coffin and the significance of rock paintings, etc.
First of all, family
There are different opinions and disputes about the clan of hanging coffin burial. From an academic point of view, there are four main types:
(1) Both Bo people and local residents in the annals of southern Sichuan think that hanging coffins in Gongxian County is the burial custom of Bo people and have always called it "hanging coffins for Bo people". Because Gongxian was once a place where "Bo people" lived, it was called "Bo Dao". According to the records of Gongxian County in Qianlong, the coffin rock ruled 90 miles southwest. In the past, the chief of Bo carved stone oak nails on the cliff end and put them on the coffin. The cliff height was 100 meters.
(2) 1974 Servants in Sichuan Museum took down ten hanging coffins in Dengjiayan and Baimadong of Matangba for cleaning and excavation, and found that seven bodies had their maxillary lateral teeth knocked out. According to historical records, servants had the custom of beating teeth, so some people thought they were servants. However, because the other three bodies that were cleared and excavated at that time had no teeth, this statement was also questioned and it was difficult to reach a conclusion.
(3) According to textual research by some people of the same clan, Sichuan has always been an important settlement of Pu people, and Bo people are Pu people, that is, Wei and Jin dynasties and their successors. Because some people here live in, and later they are called Americans, they think that Bob and his family have different names.
(4) There is also a view that hanging coffin burial cannot be a specific nation or its descendants, because hanging coffin burial, as a similar cultural phenomenon, can be independently developed by several different nationalities in similar social development stages and natural geographical environments, or spread among different nationalities due to cultural exchanges.
When all kinds of disputes are inconclusive, people respect local customs and call Gongxian hanging coffins "Bo people hanging coffins" according to established principles.
Second, why do Gelao people hang coffins on high rocks?
Why do Gelao people put coffins on the precipice? There are five theories in academic circles:
(1) Your ancestors said that the sun emblem rock painting is a symbol of the totem worship and hanging coffins of your ancestors.
(2) The highest filial piety means that the people put their ancestors' coffins on the cliff, and the highest one thinks it is the highest filial piety.
(3) The history of conservation says that the bones of ancestors are hung on high mountains, and people and animals cannot infringe upon them.
(4) safari says that safari hunters live in peace with mountains, live along rivers, live in rocks and die in rocks.
(5) The dignitaries made it clear that the Records of Gongxian recorded that the Gelao people were buried by hanging rocks, and this life was noble.
Third, how to set the hanging coffin with high rocks?
How did the Gelao people put coffins weighing hundreds or even thousands of kilograms on the cliffs tens to more than 100 meters above the ground? Many experts, scholars and tourists have made bold speculations, which can be summarized as: hanging rope theory, rising position theory, box binding theory, plank road theory, ladder theory, foundation soil theory, water level theory and so on. And there are three kinds of people who agree.
(1) The hanging rope means that after the burial site is selected, the coffin setter wraps a rattan rope around his waist, lifts it from the top of the cliff, sticks it on the cliff, makes holes from bottom to top, then lifts the empty coffin to the selected position and puts it on the nailed wooden stake, then lifts the body, funerary objects and sand to protect the body from erosion in the same way, puts it into the coffin, and finally covers the coffin to complete the burial.
(2) Climbing refers to someone holding one end of the rattan rope at the top of the mountain and throwing the other end from the cliff. First, they pull it to a pre-selected place by hand to drill a hole, then pull the buried coffin above the hole, then nail the coffin pile on the coffin hole by hand, and then slowly put the coffin on the coffin pile.
(3) Box binding means that bamboo and wood are tied up from the bottom of the cliff layer by layer and erected, and the coffin is lifted up along the box frame by hand and placed at the destination. This approach seems simple, but if the coffin is placed on the scaffold, the amount of work is too large, and the safety cannot be guaranteed if it is placed on the scaffold for a long time. So this guess is also reluctant.
4. Do you have any descendants?
After the first year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty, the widely distributed, self-sufficient and charitable minority Bo people mysteriously disappeared from southern Sichuan because of a large-scale suppression by the government, leaving people with many questions. It is generally believed that a war should not make a nation completely extinct, and Bo people should have descendants. As for the whereabouts of their descendants, there are several local sayings: First, they changed their names and surnames, and were afraid to admit that they were Gelao people, and they were afraid to take the original "A", so they changed the surname of "A" to "He" next to "ィ", and the local "He" surname was the descendants of Gelao people. In the second way, Bo people are scattered in a large area adjacent to Yunguichuan, and Bo people in southern Syria are just one of them. Now there are still Gelao people living in Hengjiang River Basin in Yunnan and Nanpanjiang River Basin in Guizhou. Even after the fall of Jiu Si City, there were still many survivors, but they dared not use the surname "Bo" because of the suppression of the imperial court. Over time, they were gradually assimilated by other nationalities.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) year
About the age of hanging coffin burial of Gelao nationality in Gongxian county, because the coffin has not been chemically tested, it is mainly calculated according to the literature. From the records since Wei and Jin Dynasties, it seems that Bo people settled in Yibin and its south area earlier, beginning in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. The history of their hanging coffins is roughly consistent with the period when they settled in South Syria, that is, in the fourth century BC, it started with the establishment of Bodao County by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty at the latest, and the end period should be the large-scale suppression of Bo people by the court in the first year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1573). Of course, this inferred figure is not scientific and accurate enough, so it is also controversial.
Sixth, the purpose and significance of painting rock paintings
The Gelao rock paintings distributed on the rock wall around the hanging coffins are extremely magical, and there are nearly 400 existing in Matangba, Gongxian County alone. These rock paintings have weathered the wind and rain without fading, with rich themes and contents, vivid shapes and rich changes and dynamics. There are sports, hunting, fighting, animals, weapons, wheels, big Yang emblem and other patterns, as well as unknown monsters and some irregular geometric patterns, which are highly valued by all walks of life. There are also various speculations about the purpose of painting rock paintings around hanging coffins. Most people think that the Gelao people, like the ruling classes such as the Han nationality, attach importance to murals and carvings in tombs, with the purpose of comforting the dead, or raising the prestige of the dead to scare the living, or as a symbol of the clan and tribe to which the dead belong. What is the significance of rock paintings? Some people think that it reflects the production and life scenes of Gelao people and some funerals, such as bronze drum patterns in rock paintings and many figure paintings of dances and games, and it is a true and vivid reflection of the scene of "beating drums and drinking and dancing" in the process of hanging coffins. Others think that it reflects the religious belief and spiritual world of Bo people, with traces of ancestor worship and totem worship. However, for those grotesque and mysterious patterns, what they mean is unknown at present.
The "Gelao painting" in Matangba, Gongxian County is widely distributed, rich in content and colorful in image, which should be said to be the best among 14 provinces and cities with hanging coffins (or rock tombs) in China.
From 65438 to 0935, Ge, an American scholar who worked in Huaxi University, made a special trip to Gong County for investigation. He wrote in the article "White Grave in South Sichuan": "Another surprise to the author is that there are many rock paintings on the rock surface near the white grave", and added several rock paintings. This is the first copy of "Boman Rock Painting" in Matangba, Gongxian County. Ge's reason is that "they don't look like works of art, but they may have been painted by people who put coffins."
Then, in 1946, other scholars who visited Gong County to inspect "Bo people hanging coffins" included Rui Yifu and Shi Jian from the former Academia Sinica. In Shi's two monographs "Study on Hanging Coffin Burial" and "Hanging Coffin Burial in Sichuan", there are some detailed or carved rock paintings in Gongxian hanging coffin burial area, just like Han nationality and other ruling classes. The purpose of painting and sculpture is nothing more than to comfort the dead, or to expand the prestige of the dead and intimidate the living; Or the emblem of the nation or tribe to which the deceased belongs. The former is figure painting, such as rock wall painting, dancing and fishing pictures, which are probably used to comfort the dead, and the fighting pictures of the prancing horse battlefield, probably to boast of the mighty achievements of the dead and make the living respect him more. "In his view," the cliff painting has a more important role, which is to reflect the religious beliefs and spiritual world of the hanging coffins. It is from this religious belief that a whole set of funeral ceremonies gradually formed. The 1 1 rock painting in Mr. Shi's appendix is the second approved product of "Gelao Rock Painting" in Matangba, Gongxian County.
1in the summer of 974, during the first excavation and cleaning of the hanging coffins of the Gelao nationality in Matangba, Gongxian County, the author participated in the investigation of the Gelao nationality's rock paintings and shared the copying work of the whole rock paintings. Together with the archaeologists of the Sichuan Provincial Museum, I climbed the cliff and searched for more than 20 rocks on the east and west sides of Matangba, regardless of difficulties and obstacles. Anyone who cannot see clearly with the naked eye uses a telescope. Because of the age, many pictures have been eroded by wind and rain, so the copying work is very heavy, but we also enjoy it. After some efforts, we call it coffin shop, lion rock, big hole, nine lights, pigsty gate, Mamoshan, Nitrate Cave, Dengjiayan and Sanxian Cave. The harvest will be great. After these rock paintings were sorted out, they quickly attracted the attention of academic circles. Subsequently, the works of Mr. Shen Zhongchang and others from Sichuan Provincial Museum were published one after another. The study of "Bo people's rock paintings" has been deepened.
The "Bo people's rock paintings" in Matangba, Gongxian County are generally painted on the rock walls and picture frames around the hanging coffins, mostly red, a few white, and some colors are still fresh. Painting adopts the method of flat painting. Although the lines are thick, the shapes are vivid, the characters are extremely changeable and dynamic, with a wide range of subjects and rich contents. There are dancing, gymnastics, acrobatics, martial arts, fencing, horseback riding, shuttlecock kicking, ball games, fishing, hunting, exploration, various animals, swords and guns, wheels, the sun and the moon, Tai Chi pictures, various decorative patterns and so on. The composition is simple, the shape is moving, and it is really lifelike at first glance.
1985 1 month, when the "Boman Hanging Coffin" in Matangba was excavated and cleaned for the second time, more than 10 rock paintings that could not be seen on the ground and had not been copied were corrected by cleaning the aerial frame on the spot and the rock eaves near the cliff top of "Jiudeng".
These precious works of art are undoubtedly the masterpieces of ancient Bo people in China. It vividly recorded the life and fighting style of Bo people at that time, and it has a strong local flavor, which can be called the treasure of Chinese national art.