Development background

Japan is a country composed of several big islands and several small islands. In ancient times, one of the characteristics of this island country was that internal contradictions had to be solved by itself, and it was difficult for external forces to interfere. At that time, the ocean was still the biggest obstacle for people to communicate with the outside world, so its own reform was extremely necessary. After the 3rd century A.D., a huge political power, Yamato State, appeared in Honshu, Japan. Yamato was originally confined to the Yamato area in the central part of Honshu Island. In the continuous expansion, Yamato gradually occupied the surrounding areas, and its territory became larger and larger. In the 5th century, this country has unified most parts of Japan, and today's Japan has developed on this basis. The supreme ruler of Yamato is the Emperor. In the process of expansion, Yamato constantly occupied the surrounding land and the people on it, and distributed them to the royal family and big noble. Yamato divided the land into two parts: warehouses and granges. The former belongs to the royal family and the latter belongs to the nobility. At the same time, the working people are also divided into two parts, a small part is slaves, mainly used for housework, and the other part is people, mainly used for productive labor. The Ministry of Civil Affairs is a special phenomenon in the process of Japan's national formation. In the process of Yamato's foreign conquest, some obedient tribes and conquered tribes were collectively settled down, retaining the original tribal organizations and continuing to live in the original land, many of which still retained the original blood relationship; In addition, there are some departments that specialize in professional production, and their workers are also called Ministry people. According to the classification, those engaged in agricultural production are called Tanabe and Mibu, and those engaged in handicrafts or other industries are collectively called Ministry of Industry. In the quality department, it is divided into sewing department and Kanuchibe according to different industries. People engaged in special labor in big noble Farm are all named after their owners. People have their own families and means of production, and can have a small amount of family property. The owner is not allowed to kill or buy or sell people at will, but he can give them as gifts like slaves. So there is no difference between priests and slaves. At that time, people and slaves accounted for more than half of Japan's population. There are a large number of civilians between the nobility and the people, and their status changes because of the change of property, and they are in danger of becoming people at any time. After Yamato basically unified the whole country, it lost its geographical environment of continuing to expand outward and began internal competition. Some of the larger nobles tried their best to control the central government alone and gain greater benefits from it. Before the 6th century, powerful government departments controlled state affairs. Later, the emerging Su family became strong, defeated the ministers, gained control of the central government, and supported the emperor who was in his favor. The Su family is arrogant, and the small and medium-sized nobles below are also crazy about annexing land and brutally exploiting the people. Many civilians have also been deprived of land, land and wealth are constantly concentrated, and social contradictions are unprecedented. In this case, slaves, ministers and civilians rose up and evaded taxes. In the 6th century, the whole society was in a state of chaos. The ruling class has to consider how to find a better ruling method to replace the outdated ministerial system. So there was a reform in Japan to absorb other countries. Reform starts from the top. Suwo rice (? -570) is a representative figure of reform. He was the minister of two emperors and was in charge of finance in the imperial court. He himself has a lot of contacts with people from other countries who come to Japan, and he has a good relationship with mainland immigrants. As early as the 5th century A.D., Japan had close contacts with Liu Song in China's Southern Dynasties and Baekje in North Korea, and the culture and technology of the Asian continent were continuously sucked into Japan. In 555, Suwomi set up warehouses in five counties in northern Hebei, but many people escaped. Later, he tried the method of compiling accounts, and the effect was very good. The people rarely ran away. This practice was rewarded by the emperor. Using the method of establishing hukou, the people who were enslaved by the Ministry in the past were changed from households to small producers. These small producers pay taxes directly to the state every year, and actually become free national farmers. However, the idea of reform was opposed by the die-hards in the imperial court. Wu Bu Yuwei is big noble, who is in charge of the military. He tries his best to maintain the old ruling style. The incident that triggered the direct conflict between the two sides was the issue of Buddhist belief. In 522, King Baekje presented Japanese Buddha statues and Buddhist scriptures. In the imperial court, Emperor Qin Ming asked the ministers if they could worship Buddha. Inazo advocated worshipping Buddhism and unifying national thoughts with Buddhism, but Yu Wei firmly opposed it. He believes that Buddhism will bring disaster to Japan, so it is better to worship the god of the original clan. Half a century later, two opposing forces met again. In 587, with the death of Ming Chengzu, Suwomazi, the son of Inami, and Wu Yu, the son of Yu Wei, fought a decisive battle because of the succession to the throne. Takeshi was defeated in the battle of clothes folding. Sue, my daughter controls the court. First, Emperor Liposei was established, and later in 592, his niece was established as Emperor Tugu. In 593, Emperor Tuigu appointed the stable, the son of tomorrow's emperor, as the prince. He was the regent of the dynasty, namely Shoto Kutaishi. Shoto Kutaishi is very familiar with China culture, such as China's unified national system. Advocating strengthening imperial power and actively preparing for reform. In 603-604, he carried out the "ancient reform" and successively formulated the "Twelve Orders of the Crown" and Article 17 of the Constitution. The 12th rank is awarded to individuals according to their abilities and merits, which is a non-hereditary official position, crowding out those hereditary nobles, increasing the power of the emperor and making the government bureaucracy of the country take shape. It is clearly stipulated that "the country has no two monarchs, the people have no two masters, the rate is good for the people, and the king is the mainstay". The constitution also advocates that peace is the most important and class antagonism should be reduced. In 594, the emperor issued an imperial edict to promote Buddhism. When strengthening ties with China and other countries, Shoto Kutaishi did not use the title of "Minister" or "I", but adopted the title of "reciprocity". He also sent a large number of exchange students to China. However, Shoto Kutaishi's reform is only a preparation, and it has not been vigorously promoted. The die-hards are still quite powerful. In 622, after his death, the Su family was afraid that further reform would damage Su's monopoly on state affairs, so they killed their son, Prince of Northern Shaanxi, and the reform that had just begun died.

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In June 645, the eldest brother Prince and others killed Su Yi when the North Korean emperor met the envoys of Koguryo, Baekje and Silla, and his father Xia Yi committed suicide the next day. This incident was called change B. After the coup, the emperor abdicated, and the reformists were established. Brother Zhong was the crown prince and minister, and Gao Senmin and Gao Xiang were doctors (consultants), so it was difficult to move the capital to Osaka. Referring to the laws and regulations of other countries and taking into account the old habits of Japan, the new government formulated a centralized feudal state system. In 646 1 month, the main contents of the reform were announced in the form of imperial edict: abolishing private land and people, implementing the civil rights system of the commons, nationalizing the royal family, local nobles, people in barns and granges, but retaining the handicrafts of the imperial court, and the state gave grain titles to senior officials (according to their grades) above doctoral degree. Determine the administrative divisions and institutions of the central and local governments. The central government is divided into the capital and the capital (around Kyoto), and the local governments are divided into countries, counties and provinces. Prepare military and transportation systems. Officials are appointed and removed by the state, and the hereditary system is abolished. Prepare household registration and accounting (the registration of taxes is stipulated), adopt the method of expropriation and land grant, and determine the amount of land allocated to the people by the class and the amount of land rent and taxes that should be paid. The old tribute system, the new rent tax law, and the system of offering maids (servants) and receiving women (maids) to the royal family. Laws and regulations grant nobles and officials below the royal family ranks and corresponding privileges. At the same time, establish an identity system that strictly divides good from bad. In 667, he moved the capital near Jiangdajin (now Shiga County). The following year, Brother Zhong ascended the throne as Emperor Tianzhi, and compiled the first written law of Japan, The Order of Near River. Since 653, the new government sent six envoys to the Tang Dynasty in 16 (one of them was killed on the way), which absorbed the culture and feudal mode of production in the prosperous Tang Dynasty. After the death of Emperor Tianzhi, Renshen Rebellion took place (672). Tianzhi's younger brother, Prince Hai Ren, killed Prince Tomoko and became Emperor Wu of Heaven. In the same year, he moved the capital to Eagle Bird Palace (in today's Nara Prefecture). Emperor Wudi developed feudal centralization of authority, swept away the old forces and posthumous title officials, formulated the Eight-color surname (the hereditary honorific title of the leader of the eighth clan), and fixed the aristocratic status. In 689, in order to prevent the restoration of the old aristocracy, the Pure Imperial Order for Birds was compiled. More than 20 years later, in the first year of Yu Dabao (70 1), Fujiwara Bubi compiled the most complete code "Dabao Law" in Japanese feudal countries, and finally realized his ideal of transforming himself into a prosperous new empire in the new century. It strengthened centralization and promoted national unity, which was the starting point for Japan to enter feudal society.

economy

Economically, the Ministry of Civil Affairs was abolished, and the method of levying and issuing Sakata and the system of tenancy adjustment were established. "In the past, people from emperors and other places set up children everywhere, and other ministers, companies, partners, countries and village heads in the grange also abound." The royal warehouse was abolished, and the aristocratic granges and people were nationalized and became "commons and citizens". On this basis, the method of collecting and subsidizing Sakata and the rent and rent adjustment system were implemented. Once every six years, that is, twice every six years, the government gives classes to men over the age of six, of whom two thirds are men and women, and private handmaiden citizens 1/3, with the same number of male handmaiden citizens. After Ren Tian's death, Kubenden returned to the public. Bantian farmers shoulder the responsibility of renting mediocre tunes. Rent, that is, land rent in kind, is 2 bundles of 2 handfuls of rice per field. Courage is a kind of forced labor and its substitute. Among them, 50 households receive 1 person, 50 households bear 1 person's grain, 1 household 1 foot cloth, and 5 dou meters. Transfer and collection of local specialties are divided into field transfer, household transfer and salary transfer. Land transfer is levied according to the land area. Tian 1 town collected 1 piece, 2 pieces and 4 pieces of cloth. The number of households transferred to households is "1 household 1 foot 2". Pay with local specialty collections.

politics

Politically, a centralized feudal country with emperor system was established. Shortly after the establishment of the new regime, in order to establish the guiding ideology of centralization, the emperor called ministers to swear under the big tree that "heaven and earth are overwhelming, and the emperor is the only way." In 649, the imperial edict issued, asking state doctors to "appoint officials from eight provinces" to Hyunri and monks to set up a central organization. Local governments include states, counties and counties, which are respectively under the jurisdiction of state departments, county departments and county governors. The system of "eight provinces and hundreds of officials" and the state and county system are influenced by the system of three provinces and six departments and the state and county system. Although the forms are different, they are all centralized administrative systems. In 647, the crown of seven colors and thirteen orders was established. Two years later, the 19th Crown was established. For aristocrats above doctoral level, food seal is given, and the following is given as salary.

trait

Japan abolished the civil service system economically and established the feudal state-owned land system. Politically, the hereditary privilege of aristocrats was abolished and a centralized country centered on imperial power was established. Militarily, the conscription system is implemented, with a five-guard mansion in the capital and a corps in the local area. All the troops are under the unified command of the central government.

affect

Large-scale innovation has liberated some productive forces, perfected Japan's ruling system and laid the direction for Japan's national development. Dahua reform established an advanced management system for Japan at that time, which made Japan's social environment stable and social and economic development, laid the foundation for future prosperity, and was a symbol of Japan's transition from slave society to feudal society.

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Historians have different opinions about the social nature after the reform of Dahua. Most Japanese scholars believe that the reformed legal society is a continuation of the slave society. Because class relations have not changed since the reform of Dahua, the heavy burden of corvee of citizens is no different from that of ordinary people in nature. Some China scholars agree with Japanese scholars, while others think that the reform of modernization is the reform of establishing feudal system. Japan's Sakata rent collection system and tenancy system originated in Japan, but they absorbed the land equalization system and tenancy system in Sui and Tang Dynasties. They are all land distribution systems and tax systems under land ownership in feudal countries. After the reform, the relationship between the state and farmers is the exploitation of farmers by landlords. The state occupies the means of production-land, and collects national taxes and taxes from citizens in the form of tenancy. Citizens are bound to Kubanden and attached to the state in a vassal relationship. This dependence of producers on landowners is an important feature of feudal production relations, which is the key point that distinguishes it from slavery. Bantian farmers not only have the right to use Kubangden for life, but also have the right to use forests and ponds. In addition to paying a fixed tax and corvee every year, the products left after paying the rent can be kept for yourself. Thus, their position in the relations of production has undergone fundamental changes. After modernization, handmaiden still exists, but its number accounts for about110 of the population at that time, and most of them are concentrated in Guinea. Handmaiden did not play a leading role in social production, and most of them engaged in unproductive housework. At that time, the main actors of social producers were Bantian farmers. Dahua innovation is a major reform movement in Japanese history. It promoted the development of the new production relations, namely the feudal production relations. It created a precedent for social reform in Japanese history without launching large-scale bloodshed; It safeguards sovereignty and prevents social division; It made Japan rapidly become an East Asian power from a post-developing country in East Asia.

Development after innovation

After the Dahua reform, Yamato officially changed its name to Japan, meaning "the country where the sun rises". Set up imperial academy in the central government and set up Chinese studies in local areas; After Indian Buddhism was introduced into Japan through China and Korea, it developed rapidly. Japan actively absorbs the cultures of other countries. Later, due to excessive local taxes and corvees, farmers were overwhelmed, some abandoned their land and fled, and some attached themselves to powerful landlords, nobles and temples.