The earliest stories of mankind often begin with myths and legends. Because when a nation develops gradually, it begins to be confused about the world and its own sources and makes various answers, which marks the emergence of civilization. These varied answers are absurd myths and legends to modern people. However, for early people, this is a reasonable explanation. They constantly unconsciously explain and develop these "myths", which are handed down from generation to generation. They all firmly believe that this is the origin of the universe, human beings and all things in nature. Myth reflects primitive people's thinking and explanation of the universe and human beings themselves. What is a myth? Marx made a wonderful explanation: "any myth uses imagination and imagination to conquer, dominate and visualize natural forces;" Therefore, when these natural forces are actually dominated, the myth disappears. Myth is "the natural and social form itself processed by people's fantasy in an unconscious artistic way". Therefore, myth can be said to be an early unconscious artistic creation of human beings. It often personifies the natural forces and the objective world with the help of imagination and fantasy.
Myths can generally be divided into three types: pioneering myths, natural myths and heroic myths.
The myth of creation reflects the world outlook of primitive people, and explains how heaven and earth were formed and how everything in human beings came into being by adoption. Almost every nation has this myth, and some even have many interesting similarities. For example, about the creation of mankind, Nu Wa created man, and the seventh day of the world, Prometheus in this book is the creation myth of China, Hebrew and ancient Greece respectively. Interestingly, they all think that human beings are made of clay by God. The only difference is the god who made man. In China, it is Nu Wa; Hebrew is the main god of their faith; Prometheus in ancient Greek mythology. They are all gods who are full of love and care for mankind. Why do all ethnic groups think that people are made of clay? This is a question worth thinking about. Some people joke that this is because the mud on people can never be wiped off. Think about it carefully, this possibility is not without.
The second category belongs to natural myths, which explain various phenomena in nature. For example, Goddess of Mending the Sky, Legend of fairy mountain, Jingwei Reclaiming the Sea, Big Bear and Little Bear, Spider and Spider Web, Aika, and Why the Sun and Moon Live in the Sky, how do natural phenomena such as the sun, moon and stars, mountains and vegetation, storms, thunder and lightning, insects, fish, birds and animals, and even echoes come into being?
The third category, the hero myth, has the largest number, which came into being a little later than the first two categories, expressing human's desire to resist nature, and it can also be said to be a summary of some human labor experience. At this time, primitive humans no longer have extreme fear of nature, but have certain self-confidence, and begin to exaggerate the imagination of people who have the ability to invent or make important contributions in their tribe, and create heroic images with superhuman strength. Such as Shennong, Huangdi, Yao, Shun, Yu and Hou Ji in ancient China. Chasing the Sun, Abandoned Children on the Ice, Influence of Shun on Brother, Gun and Yu's Water Control are all selected here.
The ancient myths of China are scattered in various books, among which Shan Hai Jing is the earliest and most intact one. For example, Jingwei Reclaiming the Sea and Kuafu Chasing the Sun are all from Shan Hai Jing. In addition, the story of the goddess mending the sky can be found in Huainanzi and Liezi, while Nu Wa's creation of human beings comes from the Customs of the Han Dynasty, and Pangu's creation of heaven comes from the records of Yi Shuoji. In addition, some fairy tales were preserved in the note novels of Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
Western myths are more abundant. Ancient Greek mythology is systematic, and the relationship between God and God is complex and complete, which is mainly found in Homer's two epics, Iliad and Odyssey, as well as Divine Spectrum and Metamorphosis, as well as ancient Greek tragedies and comedies. Most ancient Roman myths are inherited from Greek myths, but their names have been changed. For example, Zeus was called Jupiter in Roman mythology; Hera is Juno; Athena summoned Minerva. Venus, a famous goddess of love, was originally named Aphrodite in ancient Greek mythology. There are six ancient Greek and Roman myths in this book, all of which are very famous stories. The gods shown in them all have similar temperament to mortals, like the cruelty of Zeus and the kings of the world. Juno's jealousy and Athena's wisdom are vividly displayed.
The ancient Hebrew mythology originated from the Old Testament, and the four stories selected in this book (the first seven days of the world, Adam and Eve, Noah's Ark and Babel) are all based on Genesis, the first article in the Old Testament. The content is related to the Hebrew belief in the Lord God. Due to the widespread spread of Christianity, the above-mentioned fairy tales can be said to be household names in the west and have a great influence on western culture. We must have a certain understanding of these myths in order to understand the cultural background of western civilization.
[Edit this paragraph] Content and theme
Myth is full of magical fantasy, which casts a strange color on the wishes of primitive workers and the growth and change of everything in the world. Most of the mythical images of gods have superhuman strength and are the idealization of primitive human knowledge and wishes. It is imagined according to the image of primitive workers, their production conditions and their understanding of natural forces. Most mythical figures created by tribes with relatively developed hunting economy are related to hunting. Most of the mythical figures created by tribes with developed agriculture are related to agriculture. People use knives, axes, bows and arrows as weapons, and mythical characters become heroes armed with such tools. The hero in the myth is imagined as superman, but sometimes he will encounter setbacks and bad luck. It reflects the realistic constraints of myth and fantasy. Through the refraction of myth and fantasy, we can see the actions and struggles of people at that time from the actions and struggles of mythical characters.
Besides the origin of the world, there are many other common themes in the myth of the origin of all ethnic groups.
In the "myth of human origin", there are creation myths of God creating the world and creatures other than God. The former is divided into human myths created by creators independently, created by creators with the help of assistants, or created by creators and assistants after fighting with each other. The latter can be divided into human myths produced by the bodies of primitive giants, human myths produced by animal evolution and human myths produced by a sacred egg.
In the "destructive myth", it can also be roughly divided into the following categories. First, the primitive flood myth. Most of these myths are related to the sixth myth of the origin of the world, that is, the myth that the universe was born of seabed mud. Secondly, the myth of cosmic wars and floods. Simply put, a flood was caused by the struggle between two gods. This myth usually ends with a pair of brothers and sisters who survived the robbery, allowing human beings to marry and reproduce. Then there is the myth of the cosmic flood. This kind of myth usually does not explain the cause of the flood, but only knows that the flood happened and human beings almost died. As for the result of the flood, it's usually a brother and sister who survive. Finally, there is the myth of punishing floods. The cause of the great flood was that the gods decided to destroy the heinous human beings. When people see such myths, they always associate them with Noah's Ark. In fact, this kind of myth exists all over the world, for example, similar myths and legends are circulating on the Indonesian peninsula.
In addition, such as the origin of death, fire, crops, femininity, liars, cultural heroes, kingship and so on. , is also the common theme of many myths.
[Edit this paragraph] Classification
Myths are generally divided into three categories: creation myth, deity myth and hero myth. Among them, the creation myth is the most important.
The so-called creation myth refers to the myth that time is set in the primitive period of mankind and records the origin of things and systems. Among them, there are generally three kinds: world origin myth, human origin myth and cultural origin myth.
The myth of the origin of the world refers to the myth that describes the origin of the world and the universe. Take the Bible as an example, Genesis belongs to this kind of myth. Because the content involves the origin of cosmic phenomena such as the earth, the sun and the moon.
However, not all national myths contain the myth of the origin of the world. For example, the myth of American Indians is a myth based on the existence of the universe. There are also some national myths, not only about the origin of the world, but also about the origin of culture.
However, no matter what kind of myth, all myths have a common theme at the beginning, that is, the universe has evolved from "the beginning of chaos" to "the rules of order"
Almost all myths are based on creating mountains and rivers from chaos. Japanese mythology is a typical example of the myth of world origin. It is mentioned in Japanese mythology that the great god stirred the turbid universe with a spear, so the earth came into being and the mountains and rivers took shape. Similar myths also appear in the myths of other nations in the world.
As for the so-called myth of human origin, it usually describes the whole process that human beings gradually separate from animals and then gradually become a special species in the world. For example, the myth of how humans learn to use language, how humans know how to use fire, how humans began to build nests and houses, and how humans were separated from animals. These myths are actually the beginning of a world order and rules.
Through these myths, people will have a clear understanding of the historical evolution of the world and understand how the world evolved from chaos and ignorance to countless orders and rules.
Compared with the myth of creation, the myth of gods and buddhas and the myth of heroes are more dramatic, recording the deeds of gods and buddhas and heroes. Generally speaking, the more civilized the region, the less the proportion of creation myths, while the relative proportion of gods and buddhas and hero myths will increase in reverse proportion. This is a natural trend, but it does not mean that the content of the creation myth is reduced, but because the content of the myth of gods and buddhas and the myth of heroes is constantly expanding. In contrast, the proportion of the creation myth is much less important. Greek mythology is a typical example. In Greek mythology, the proportion of creation myth is very small, and a large number of stories of gods, buddhas and heroes have become the vast majority of stories in Greek mythology after long-term accumulation.
Because myths circulating in civilized areas are widely known, many people think that the so-called myths refer to the stories of these gods, buddhas and heroes. But unfortunately, this myth with a large number of gods, buddhas and heroes actually accounts for only a very small part of the world myth; In other words, this myth is only a special case of world mythology, but it is not normal.
From a religious point of view, the myth of gods and buddhas is actually a staged product of intellectuals in civilized areas who lost interest in the history of creation and began to believe in God. After this transitional stage, what followed was the so-called heroic narrative poem. Because later intellectuals gradually lost interest in the gods, they turned to worship the heroes around them, and heroic myths and heroic narrative poems prevailed.
Modern people are not interested in Genesis in the Bible, but only spread among the apostles. It is generally believed that this is exactly the same as the evolution theory of fairy tales. (Of course, the inclusion of Genesis in the Old Testament is another major reason. )
However, the disadvantage of classification is that such classification is not strict. Because many stories are just sandwiched between "legends" and "myths". For example, in Okinawa, Japan, people call legends and folk stories "Itsuki". Because for Okinawa people, legends and folk stories are the same. In addition, for example, the Pawnees among American Indians also have their own classification. Boni people do not divide stories into myths, legends and folk stories, but only into true stories and fictional stories.
However, although the classification is different, it at least proves the fact that every nation in the world has its own "myth".
[Edit this paragraph] Regionality and regionality
No matter whether it is the primitive society nation in the area where the world civilization first occurred or the nation still in the primitive society in the world today, many fairy tales they spread are similar.
Myth has certain regionality and regionality, and different civilizations or nations have their own mythological significance. However, in all parts of the world, there have been myths that describe the same phenomenon with amazing similarity. For example, the myth about the global flood thousands of years ago has similar descriptions in many areas at the same time.
[Edit this paragraph] China myth story
major feature
First, both the myth of defeating natural forces and the myth of defeating human evil closely revolve around the theme of human existence.
Second, the mythical heroic mission is full of inspiring fighting spirit, miraculous ability and heroism.
Third, no matter what kind of myth, it casts warm feelings, shapes vivid images and shows rich imagination.
Classic fairy tales
Shan Hai Jing, Yi Shu Ji, Huai Nan Zi, Pan Gu Tian Kai, Mending the Goddess of Heaven, Kuafu Day by Day, Jingwei Reclaiming the Sea, Gun Yu Governing the Water, Cang Xie Creating Ci, Houyi Shooting the Sun, Hebo Marrying a Wife and Searching for Ji Shen.
Other fairy tales
Myths and legends about the origin of wine
When the Han culture created legends such as "the wine star in the sky is in charge of wine", "Shennong brewing on the ground", "Yidi brewing" and "Du Kang brewing", ethnic minorities began to explain the origin of wine with various myths and legends. The myths and legends of national wine can be roughly divided into two categories: the myths and legends of wine and the myths and legends of distiller's yeast, in which the myths and legends of wine directly explain the origin of wine and the myths and legends of distiller's yeast explain the origin of distiller's yeast.
Accidental discovery theory
There is a legend among the Kirgiz people: a long time ago, there was a small tribe migrating. It ran for a whole day, and in the evening it came to a mountain pass and settled on the grass. Drunk and hungry, people scrambled to take large pieces of meat and horse milk from sheepskin bags to eat. When one of them opened his sheepskin bag with half a bag of mare's milk, a fragrance spread quickly. He called his friends in surprise and poured mare's milk into several wooden bowls. Everyone tried it carefully, only to find it sweet and refreshing, so they drank it at once. After drinking, people feel that all fatigue and drowsiness have disappeared. This is koumiss. They consciously observed and explored the formation process of koumiss. Later, they found that the sheepskin bags that turned horse milk into wine were hung near the stirrups. When the horse races, the rider's feet keep kicking on the sheepskin bag, so that the horse milk in the bag becomes milk wine. To this end, they did an experiment, put a sheepskin bag with fresh mare's milk on the grass, and several people took turns stepping on it for a while every day. A few days later, I opened the sheepskin bag, and the mare's milk inside turned into mare's milk wine. In this way, the method of making koumiss soon spread all over Kirgiz grassland.
According to Yi legend, people didn't know the existence of this magical drink until they were fermented by the wild grapes of the poor mountain god. Wa people's water wine was discovered by chance by women who went out to work. The cold rice wrapped in banana leaves was hung on the branches in the field and fermented naturally.
The two legends have one thing in common, that is, the accidental discovery of wine. This shows that ethnic minorities and Han people have a common understanding of the process of wine entering human life.
God-demon talent theory
The myth of national wine has magical imagination and charming colors. Nu people think that wine is a wonderful drink given by the gods, and the gods give Nu people three kinds of food: "Cuoji" (vinegar wine), "Cuoji" (soju) and "Cuoji" (popcorn). Two thirds of the food is wine. Sulima wine of Pumi nationality was stolen from a monster by He Dazu, an ancestor born in a meat bag, risking his life. Yao's creation epic "Maitreya" said that Maitreya, the ancestor of mankind, was a monster with half gods and half demons. After she created everything in the world, she began to make people. "She made people out of rice, but it turned into wine." In the creation myth of Lahu nationality, the earliest wine is controlled by Ersha God, and the appearance of everything in the world is inextricably linked with wine. In the eyes of Lahu ancestors, everything in nature contains charming and intoxicating wine fragrance.
The wine myths and legends of ethnic minorities are an important part of minority wine culture. Its characteristics are: first, it expresses sincere praise for wine; second, it clearly points out the essence of the origin of wine. Wine existed in nature before human beings. Humans did not invent wine, but discovered it by accident. The wine before "Apes Say Goodbye to each other" is a kind of wine formed in a pure natural state, which has existed objectively before human beings have discovered and used it. In this sense, the earliest wine is a kind of natural wine, which has no cultural significance. However, it is this kind of beverage that originally only embodies the aura of heaven and earth, but it has brewed a magnificent and charming wine culture for thousands of years. Among them, wine myths and legends are an important part of minority wine culture.
In the myth and legend of national wine, wine is given by the gods in the sky, which is in the same strain as the Chinese culture that "there is a wine star in the sky and wine is also a work"; The legend that human ancestors risked their lives to get wine from monsters reflects the difficult course of minority ancestors fighting against the sinister natural environment. God made rice first, and then made man out of rice. Making wine before human creation (Yao nationality) is a review of people's own history with rice culture as the background of survival and development. The ancestors of human beings have known that the brewing plants transformed from parents' milk grow in the mountains (Jingpo nationality); Even everything in the world has a lively spirituality and attractive fragrance and sweetness because of the alcohol sprinkled by the gods (Lahu people). Through the aura of primitive culture, we can feel the sincere joy of the ancestors who entered the early stage of human civilization when they discovered wine.
Goddess peak (Tibetan legend) Everyone knows that the highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest in the Himalayas. But you know what? A long time ago, there was a vast sea with spring-like seasons, which was a rich and beautiful paradise.
Suddenly one day, a dragon with five heads, sharp teeth and red eyes appeared from the dark clouds. It's terrible.
The animals in the forest on the shore fled in horror. The dragon closed its eyes on everything, wagged its tail angrily, set off huge waves and looted the forest.
However, Wulong did not stop. Wherever the animals fled, they took away the flood. In a few days, the beautiful paradise turned into a muddy sea.
Animals want to get rid of this dragon, but who can match it?
Just then, five magnificent colorful clouds floated from the sea, and the colorful clouds fell, turning into five beautiful goddesses-Xiang Shou, Cui Yan, Hui Zhen, Piping and Stone Man. They wear white fairy clothes, just like five white snow lotus flowers.
Birds and beasts cried in surprise and bowed to them with tears in their eyes.
"Holy Mother, look, the Five Dragons have caused us so much pain!"
The goddess Xiang Shou said, "Don't cry. This is why we are here. "
It turns out that these five dragons escaped to the world because they violated the dogma. However, it did not repent and continued to do evil. Now, it sleeps on the hillside and snores like thunder.
The five goddesses plucked the hairpins from their heads, turned them into five shining swords and stabbed the dragon angrily. The knife light fell, and five people fell to the ground.
Dragons will never do evil again. The five fairies waved brooms, all the floods receded, and the beautiful and rich original appearance of the earth was restored.
After the goddess punished the dragon, she turned it into five peaks and stayed in the Himalayas forever. This is Cui Yan Fairy Peak (Mount Everest), Xiangshou Mountain, Huizhen Fairy Peak, Guanyong Fairy Peak and Shiren Fairy Peak. Today, the local Tibetans call these five peaks "goddess peak".
Mythological figure
Pangu (legend has it that the first creature born in the whole universe died after opening the sky)
Nu Wa (who suddenly appeared after Pangu and created human beings)
Among them, Hong Jun (after Nu Wa)
Gonggong (the god of the northwest flood knocked out Tianzhu. It is said that he was so angry that he couldn't even touch the surrounding mountains when he fought with Zhuan Xu of the Yellow Emperor clan, which made the world tilt. )
Xingtian (always ambitious Xingtian) competed with the Emperor of Heaven, and the Emperor broke his head and buried yangshan. It is the stars and the sky that dance together with breasts as their eyes and umbilical cord as their mouth. Therefore, Xingtian is often praised as an unyielding hero by later generations. Tao Yuanming, a poet in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, wrote the poem "Reading the Classics of Mountains and Seas": "Dance with the sky, and aim at the constant. "That is, chanting this matter, borrow volunteers. )
Chiyou's "Arowana Map" said: "The Yellow Emperor was the regent, and eighty-one Chiyou brothers, who spoke with animals, ate sand and stones, and made giant crossbows with swords and halberds, shocked the world. There is no way to kill them, and they are not kind. )
Fuxi (Fuxi, who invented the Eight Diagrams, is called Fuxi, Dongxi, Baoxi and Fuxi in history, and Fuxi, Huangxi, Tai Hao and Fuxi in history. Is the ancestor of the Chinese nation's humanities. It lived in the middle and late Paleolithic period and is said to be one of the founders of China medicine. According to legend, he was the first snake, married his sister Nuwa, gave birth to a child and became the ancestor of mankind. Some people say that he is an outstanding leader of the ancient Dongyi tribe. Fuxi created the Eight Diagrams according to the theory of the change of Yin and Yang between heaven and earth, that is, eight simple but profound symbols were used to summarize everything in heaven and earth. )
[Edit this paragraph] Foreign fairy tales
Myths about the origin of the world can be roughly divided into the following six categories:
1) The creator made something out of nothing.
2) from the body of primitive humans (giants)
3) Born from cosmic eggs
4) Born by original parents
5) It occurs naturally in the constant evolution of the universe.
6) Some animals come ashore from the bottom of the sea and are born from the soil.
In addition to these six kinds, there are actually some special cases, such as the myth of compound origin that contains more than two kinds.
Asia: ● China Myth ● Korean Myth ● Vietnamese Myth ● Japanese Myth ● Indian Myth ● Thai Myth ● Cambodian Myth ● Babylonian Myth ● Mesopotamian Myth.
Europe: ● Nordic myth ● Celtic myth ● Roman myth ● Greek myth ● Slavic myth
Africa: ● Egyptian mythology ● African mythology
America: ● Indian mythology ● Mayan mythology ● Aztec mythology ● Inca mythology
The first myth is the birth of the Creator from scratch, which is the most famous one in the Old Testament. The world in the Old Testament began with "light" and is a typical "out of nothing".
The second is from the bodies of primitive people, the most famous of which is Ymir, the primitive man of Eda. In addition, Duke, the god of goodness in Mesopotamia's creation myth, killed Tiamat, the god of evil, then tore Tiamatot's body and created heaven and earth. In addition, China's Pangu Tiankai actually belongs to the myth of the birth of this corpse.
The third kind is born from cosmic eggs, and the best example is Ka Laivaara in Finland. In this myth, the sky, the earth and the sun are all born from the eagle's egg. The myth of the origin of the world in Greek mythology actually belongs to this category. Among them, eros, the God of Roots, is the most concerned.
The fourth kind is born by native parents. Usually the so-called "original parents" are two great gods. They got married first and then created the world. In Japanese mythology, there are also two great gods, namely, the life of Ye Yi Nagi and the life of Ye Yi Nami. According to Japanese mythology, Japan was born after they got married. In the myth of Yoruba people in Africa, Olokun, the supreme god in the sky, married Olokun, the god of water on the earth, and gave birth to two original gods. Then one of them created the whole world with a handful of clay (this myth is the fourth and sixth compound myth).
The fifth is naturally produced in evolution, and the creation myth of the Korean peninsula is one of the typical examples, but this myth has been little known.
The sixth kind was born in the seabed soil, and this kind of myth is especially rich in American Indian mythology. In Huron mythology, frogs came ashore from Haiti with mud, and then the mud was transformed into a universe. In the myths of other tribes, there are still small? Stories of birds and animals, such as red-bellied pheasants or turtles, dive into the sea and land with mud.
There are many kinds of myths. I'll add three older ones.
Celtic myth:
Celtic mythology was born during Roman rule, so stories about heroes and resistance are the main body of Celtic mythology. It's a pity that Celtic myth has been passed down from mouth to mouth for a long time, so many wonderful stories have been lost. In other national myths, the king is the son of God, while in Celtic mythology, the heroic king will become a god. The legend of King Arthur is the most famous Celtic myth. In addition to the story of the Knights of the Round Table, the story of the Holy Grail also comes from King Arthur's cauldron. Movies with this myth shadow include The Sword of King Arthur, The Legend of Avalon, Wolf Warrior, Highlander, Beowulf and Glendale.
Greek mythology:
Greek mythology originated from Crete in the Aegean Sea, including early worship of nature and later idolatry. In addition to the twelve gods of Olympus, there are many inferior gods in Greek mythology, and the ancient Greeks lived surrounded by the gods. The gods in Greek mythology are not perfect. They are sometimes jealous, angry and selfish, and incest is common. Every generation of gods gained the throne by betraying their fathers: Uranus was exiled by Cronus and Zeus; Zeus was afraid that his children would treat him in the same way, so he swallowed the pregnant demos, but in the end he had to cut his head and let Athena out. Movies with the shadow of this myth are: Jason and golden fleece and The Legend of Narnia.
Nordic mythology:
Nordic mythology originated in Scandinavia. In order to cope with the harsh natural environment, the gods and heroes in Nordic mythology have the strongest fighting spirit in the world. Berserker soldiers and heroes will enter Varhala Temple after their death, drinking and having fun during the day and practicing at night to prepare for the final decisive battle with the devil. However, the result of the struggle is desperate-they know that they will die at the end of the world, including Odin, the Lord God, and they will be wolfed down by Fenriel, but no god or hero is willing to give in to fate and know that they will die, but they still fight to the end. It is a little comforting that the end of the world is not the end of everything. There is a tree of life in Nordic mythology, which will bring new life and civilization, and the eagle guarding the world will continue to hover at the top. Movies with this myth shadow are: the thirteenth warrior, the son of the geek, the return of Warcraft.
[Edit this paragraph] Comparison of myths
There are many kinds of myths. Explain the three older ones first.
Celtic myth:
Celtic mythology was born during Roman rule, so stories about heroes and resistance are the main body of Celtic mythology. It's a pity that Celtic myth has been passed down from mouth to mouth for a long time, so many wonderful stories have been lost. In other national myths, the king is the son of God, while in Celtic mythology, the heroic king will become a god. The legend of King Arthur is the most famous Celtic myth. In addition to the story of the Knights of the Round Table, the story of the Holy Grail also comes from King Arthur's cauldron. Movies with this myth shadow include The Sword of King Arthur, The Legend of Avalon, Wolf Warrior, Highlander, Beowulf and Glendale.
Greek mythology:
Greek mythology originated from Crete in the Aegean Sea, including early worship of nature and later idolatry. In addition to the twelve gods of Olympus, there are many inferior gods in Greek mythology, and the ancient Greeks lived surrounded by the gods. The gods in Greek mythology are not perfect. They are sometimes jealous, angry and selfish, and incest is common. Every generation of gods gained the throne by betraying their fathers: Uranus was exiled by Cronus and Zeus; Zeus was afraid that his children would treat him in the same way, so he swallowed the pregnant demos, but in the end he had to cut his head and let Athena out. Movies with the shadow of this myth are: Jason and golden fleece and The Legend of Narnia.
Nordic mythology:
Nordic mythology originated in Scandinavia. In order to cope with the harsh natural environment, the gods and heroes in Nordic mythology have the strongest fighting spirit in the world. Berserker soldiers and heroes will enter Varhala Temple after their death, drinking and having fun during the day and practicing at night to prepare for the final decisive battle with the devil. However, the result of the struggle is desperate-they know that they will die at the end of the world, including Odin, the Lord God, and they will be wolfed down by Fenriel, but no god or hero is willing to give in to fate and know that they will die, but they still fight to the end. It is a little comforting that the end of the world is not the end of everything. There is a tree of life in Nordic mythology, which will bring new life and civilization, and the eagle guarding the world will continue to hover at the top. Movies with this myth shadow are: the thirteenth warrior, the son of the geek, the return of Warcraft.