It was a feudal dynasty established by the Han nationality in the history of the Northern Song Dynasty in China, with its capital in Kaifeng and its founder in Zhao Kuangyin, Song Taizu. The Northern Song Dynasty was a powerful dynasty in the history of China. It was established by Zhao Kuangyin in Song Taizu in 960. 1 127 Before the regime moved south, it was called the Northern Song Dynasty, with its capital in Kaifeng. The establishment of the Northern Song Dynasty ended the separatist situation formed since the end of the Tang Dynasty, and China was reunified. However, due to the strength of Liao, Jin and Xixia countries at the same time as the Song Dynasty, the regime of the Northern Song Dynasty was always under the threat of foreign enemies. Five Dynasties later, in the sixth year of Zhou Xiande, Chai Rong died of illness, and Emperor Gong succeeded to the throne at the age of seven. Zhao Kuangyin was inspected in front of the temple, returned to the German Imperial Guard, and gained military power. At the beginning of the first month of the following year, Zhao Kuangyin launched a mutiny in Chen Qiaoyi, led the army into Kaifeng House, bullied Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty and Zhou Gongdi to settle down and seized the throne. After Zhao Kuangyin acceded to the throne, he still made Kaifeng his capital and changed his country name to Song, which is known as the Northern Song Dynasty. After more than ten years of southern expedition, Zhao Kuangyin eliminated the resistance of buffer forces in the later Zhou Dynasty and the separatist forces in Jingnan, Houshu, Nanhan and Nantang. After Song Taizong ascended the throne, he conquered wuyue and pacified the Northern Han Dynasty. Thus, the feudal warlord regime, which lasted for more than 200 years, basically ended from the Anshi Rebellion. The territory of the Northern Song Dynasty is bordered by the sea in the east and south, by Haihe River in Tianjin, Baxian County in Hebei Province and Yanmenguan in Shanxi Province in the north, and by Xixia, Tubo, eastern Gansu, northeastern Qinghai and Vietnam in the southwest. There were nine emperors in the Northern Song Dynasty, which lasted 168 years. This historical period of 160 years can be divided into three periods: before, during and after. The early period was the reign of Song Taizu and Song Taizong. During this period, the rulers of the Northern Song Dynasty not only devoted themselves to ending the separatist regime of the Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, but also vigorously reformed the political, military and economic systems to ensure the long-term stability of the Song Dynasty. Its main reform measures are as follows: First, the reform of the military system. The former viceroy and deputy viceroy of the imperial court were abolished, and the Privy Council was established in the imperial court to mobilize the army, but there was no unified military power. The military powers of the Three Commandments and the Privy Council are clear, mutually restrictive and directly responsible to the emperor. In order to prevent officers and men from sticking to the party, the army should implement the garrison law more often, change its defenses regularly and mobilize its commanders frequently. The second is administrative reform. There are several ministers, envoys and three envoys under the prime minister to divide the military, political and financial power, so that the prime minister can not monopolize the power. As for the time to dominate one side, measures were taken to slightly seize its power, control its wealth and collect its soldiers, and gradually transferred from the local area to Beijing as a temporary worker. Its Yuanzhou county was controlled by the imperial court, and a civil servant was appointed to know the prefecture and magistrate, who was directly responsible to the imperial court. It is stipulated that the annual tax revenue of local finance should be sent to the capital as coins except expenditure. After the political reform, the centralization of power in the Song Dynasty was strengthened. This has created favorable conditions for political stability, ending the separatist situation and economic development. However, a high degree of centralization has also brought negative consequences, such as strength, too small local authority and constitution, and weakened military combat effectiveness. The middle period is the period from Song Zhenzong to Song Zhezong. This period is an important development stage in the history of the Northern Song Dynasty. The implementation of the new economic system, such as two tax laws, alternative service system and tenancy system.

The number of troops has surged, the bureaucracy is huge, and land annexation has intensified, resulting in the national fiscal deficit for years, poverty and weakness. In response, the Song government also tried to carry out reforms to reverse the crisis. The most influential reforms in the Northern Song Dynasty were Song Renzong's Qingli New Deal and Wang Anshi's Song Shenzong Reform. As a result, the two reforms had little effect, and the Northern Song Dynasty gradually declined. The later period was the reign of Song Huizong and Song Qinzong. This period was the most decadent and darkest stage in the Northern Song Dynasty. Due to the serious destruction of social production, many farmers lost everything to make a living and rose up against tyranny. Among them, the uprising led by Fang La and Song Jiang had the greatest influence. Internal troubles are constant, and foreign troubles are resurgent. The Northern Song Dynasty was at war with Liao, Xia and Jin for a long time. As soon as the war with Xixia ended, 8 Jin Army went south on a large scale. In the first year of Jingkang, 8 Jin Army captured Kaifeng. On February 6th, the following year, the Song Emperor was abolished and the Northern Song Dynasty died. Celebrities in the Northern Song Dynasty: Bao Zheng, Fan Zhongyan, Ouyang Xiu, Su Shi, Su Zhe, Su Xun, Ceng Gong, Zhao Kuangyin, Zhao Guangyi, Li Yu, Yang Ye, Pan Renmei, Kou Zhun, Liu Zongyuan, Zhou Dunyi, Sima Guang, Wang Anshi, Shen Kuo, Bi Sheng and Cheng Hao. Zhu put him in a yellow robe and established himself as the emperor's "right to relieve the soldiers by drinking": the right to relieve the soldiers by drinking refers to the early Song Dynasty, in order to strengthen centralization and avoid the intervention of other generals. Yellow robe, usurped his political power, so Zhao Kuangyin through a banquet, at the banquet, in the form of threats and inducements, asked senior officers to hand over the relieving. The history of this event is called the right to drown one's sorrows in wine. The shame of Jing: the leader of Jurchen, Yan Hong Akuta, founded the Jin Dynasty. When he saw the decline of Liao, he sent an envoy to the State of Jin, suggesting that Liao be destroyed. Song Yanjing returned from defeat. Gold catches Huangfu, Liao dies. Song paid a huge ransom for Yanjing and other places. On the pretext of accepting the generals who resisted Jin in the Northern Song Dynasty, Jin went south to Bianjing. Qin Zong acceded to the throne and made peace with the Jin people who retreated to the north. The following year, in the second year of Jingkang, Jin people went south, captured Bianjing, and went north with two cases and more than a thousand imperial envoys, which was called Jingnan in history. The Northern Song Dynasty perished. Emperor of the Northern Song Dynasty: There were nine emperors in the Northern Song Dynasty, which lasted 168 years. They are Taizong Zhao Kuangyin, Taizong Zhao Yang, Zhenzong Zhao Heng, Renzong Zhao Zhen, Yingzong Zhao Shu, Zongshen Zhao Xu, Zhezong Zhao Xu, Hui Zong Zhao Ji and Qinzong Zhao Heng. There are many literary and artistic celebrities in the Northern Song Dynasty. The imperial examination system in Song Dynasty gave the literati room for free development. Among them, the famous literati are Wang Anshi, Fan Zhongyan, Sima Guang, Su Shi and Ouyang Xiu. Ci works in the Song Dynasty also reached a high level, and together with Tang poetry, they became the treasures of China classical literature and art. In the art of calligraphy and painting, Zhang Zeduan's The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival is the first one. By depicting the scenery of Bianjing, this long scroll made nearly 600 people jump to the page and became an immortal masterpiece in the history of China painting. The Northern Song Dynasty can be said to be one of the most prosperous feudal dynasties in the history of China literature. There is a remarkable feature in the history of the Northern Song Dynasty, that is, the monarch is good and the country is weak. Since the establishment of Northern Song Taizu and Emperor Taizong, there have been such histories as Zhenzong, Renzong and Zongshen. Before Hui Zong, there were no bad emperors. Every emperor is clever and diligent in political affairs. It stands to reason that the Northern Song Dynasty should make the country weak and prosperous, but why did it backfire and lead to the country's weakness? The reason is related to the specific national conditions.

Intriguingly, the courtiers in the Northern Song Dynasty were far more enthusiastic about riding than pulling carts, although some virtuous courtiers were willing to pull carts. The driver's driving skills are quite good, and he also hopes that the car will run faster. Unfortunately, broken cars are matched with bright horses, and the state system has gone wrong, so that more and more horses are stuffed into cars and become uniform family cars. At the same time, even if the driver barges in, he can go far even if he is exhausted. In view of this, the Northern Song Dynasty has been committed to the cause of repairing cars since Injong, especially in the era of Song Shenzong, when the emperor gave all his support to Wang Anshi's political reform in the United States. At that time, in the imperial court, no matter who it was, anyone who hindered political reform and political reform should be removed. Even powerful ministers like Han Qi, Fu Bi and Sima Guang are no exception. Their determination is not great, and their strength is not strong. However, it is difficult to recover the disadvantages of society. Everyone is willing to take public transportation, so it is difficult to popularize the reform. Wang Anshi's political reform and his pursuit of power were not understood by the elite. Because of this incident, he doesn't know how many relatives and friends he offended, including Ouyang Xiu, the literary leader who introduced him and brought him into politics. Among the ministers who opposed Wang Anshi, such as Han Qi, Fu Bi and Sima Guang. There is no doubt that their political ability, cultural accomplishment and personal morality are second to none in history. However, the upper class they represent is too stingy to sacrifice some of their vested privileges and even give the lower class a little profit to maintain the balanced development of the whole society. Their meanness made the poor people in the world poorer at that time, and the deformity tendency of society became more and more serious, which led to the heavy burden on the country, the exhaustion of vitality, the decline of people's livelihood and the government's national subjugation. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Wang Anshi tried to make it continue to be used by repairing and reducing customers. However, many high-ranking dignitaries refused to get off the bus and refused to repair the car in order not to pay or pay less, which made Wang Anshi's American car repair plan suffer setbacks and eventually aborted. 1 127, Wan Yan Wu Shu led the nomads from the south, captured Huidi and Qin Huang alive, and destroyed the Northern Song Dynasty, which was equivalent to Jin Wushu picking up a sledgehammer and smashing this broken car. Although the coachman and rickshaw are not the same person, who can say that this is not a tragedy in the history of the Northern Song Dynasty? Studying history is to show the future. The history of the Northern Song Dynasty tells us that any social reform needs the corresponding endurance of every participating class. If only ordinary people are allowed to make sacrifices and the privileges of the elite are not touched at all, then this kind of reform is doomed to have no future. No matter how firm and enterprising the reformers are, they can only start from earnest and stop at confusion, as Zhuangzi said. The historical tragedy of the Northern Song Dynasty is enough to illustrate this point. rarr