2. Mud board (two river basins); Papyrus (ancient Egypt); Bronze wares (inscriptions on bronze wares of Shang and Zhou Dynasties); Silk book; Scroll (Western Asian and European civilization); Bamboo slips (East Asia); Writing paper (invented by China in the Eastern Han Dynasty)
3.a. Strong support and extensive participation of North American people; B, the correct command of Washington; C. North American militia are brave, persevering and flexible in fighting; D. military support from france and the netherlands; E. Britain is not strong enough in North America.
4. 1787 The influence of the American Constitution: (1) is the first relatively complete bourgeois written constitution in the world, which laid the legal foundation of the American political system. (2) Set an example for the establishment of the capitalist country system in the future. (3) Conducive to the consolidation of the country; The implementation of the principle of separation of powers restricts the balance between powers and ensures the bourgeois democratic system. (4) The relatively harmonious relationship between local autonomy and the central government is conducive to mobilizing local enthusiasm and creativity while safeguarding national sovereignty. (5) The government has brought long-term stability to the United States on the basis of democratic principles. However, the constitution of 1787 also has great limitations. First, it doesn't really solve the human rights problem. On the issue of Indians and blacks, racial discrimination is obvious, and women's status is low. The second is to clearly take property as the dividing standard.
Napoleon organized a famous French jurist to formulate the French Civil Code (Napoleonic Code).
Historical influence of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights is the most important document of the French Revolution, which embodies the spirit of "freedom", "equality" and "fraternity" put forward by enlightenment thinkers, and embodies the idea of opposing absolute monarchy and feudal hierarchy. It is of progressive significance and has a far-reaching impact on the bourgeois revolutionary program in the future. But it also makes clear that private property is sacred and inviolable, which is beneficial to the bourgeoisie in essence.
7. Positive influence of industrial revolution: (1) The industrial revolution promoted the rapid leap of social productive forces, and a large number of people poured into cities. Industrial civilization replaced the process of agricultural civilization, so that capitalism finally defeated feudalism. (2) The industrial revolution has increasingly divided society into two directly opposing classes: the industrial bourgeoisie and the industrial proletariat, and the opposition and struggle between these two classes has gradually become obvious and sharp. (3) The industrial revolution has changed the face of the world, forming a pattern of powerful and advanced industrial countries in western European and American capitalist countries and backward agricultural countries in East Asia, Africa and Latin America. (4) The industrial revolution has brought about great changes in people's values. Investing in inventions, setting up factories and pursuing wealth have become social values, while science, participation, creation and achievement have become new pursuits, while the concepts of observing religious beliefs, hierarchical concepts and attaching importance to family and interpersonal relationships have been weakening.
Side effects of the industrial revolution: However, the industrial revolution has also brought increasingly serious environmental pollution, ecological destruction and rapid population growth. Factories, mines and cities have sprung up like mushrooms after rain, eliminating rural life and isolating people from nature. The industrial revolution has brought modernization, and at the same time, the speed of competition has also accelerated. Man has become a tool of money and interests, and all the simple and kind virtues have been lost in the noisy era of19th century. The establishment of the big factory system makes exploitation more convenient, and the labor intensity of workers is high and the time is long. A large number of workers are prematurely aged and deformed, and the conditions in the workers' area are bad. The bourgeoisie used the industrial revolution to extract more surplus value, open up more overseas markets and plunder more resources and wealth. The industrial revolution became the foundation of the expansion of western capitalist countries, which provided a powerful ship to seize guns quickly and conquered the vast areas of Asia, Africa and Latin America bloody. The upper class of the bourgeoisie is getting richer and more luxurious, but in addition to money enjoyment, selfishness, indifference, luxury and hypocrisy have become the distinctive characteristics of western social morality in the19th century.
Understanding and enlightenment: Science and technology are the primary productive forces, and scientific and technological progress is the decisive factor of economic development. Teenagers should strive to master scientific and cultural knowledge and make contributions to the prosperity of our country in the future.