Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of the first grade history
Prosperous sui dynasty
I. North-South reunification
1, the establishment of the Sui Dynasty
Time: 58 1 year Founder: Sui Wendi Sui Wendi Capital: Chang 'an.
2. Unification of Sui Dynasty
Time: 589.
Second, "the rule of opening the emperor"
Ruling measures of Emperor Wen of Sui Dynasty:
① Reform the system, ② Develop production, ③ Attach importance to government.
During the reign of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty, the country was unified and stable, the people's burden was light, and the economy was prosperous and developing. Historically, the rule of Emperor Wen was called "the rule of opening the emperor".
Third, the Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty.
1, with Luo Yang as the center, Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers.
2. The purpose of excavation: ① strengthening the north-south traffic ② consolidating the rule of the Sui Dynasty over the whole country.
3. Significance: It has greatly promoted economic exchanges between North and South.
Lesson 2 "The Rule of Zhenguan"
First, the establishment of the Tang Dynasty.
Time: 6 18 Founding Emperor: Tang Gaozu Li Yuan Capital: Chang 'an.
Second, the rule of Zhenguan.
1, focusing on summing up historical experience and lessons and attaching importance to the people's strength;
2. Pay attention to developing production and reducing people's burden;
3. Advocating frugality;
4. Appoint talented, modest and easy-to-teach people.
During the period of Emperor Taizong, the politics was relatively clear, the economy developed rapidly, there was a scene of prosperity, and the national strength gradually became stronger. The calendar called the rule at that time "chastity rule".
Third, Wu Zetian.
Wu Zetian is a female emperor in the history of China.
Wu Zetian's rule is called "opening up a new century with politics, governing macro festivals".
Lesson 3 Kaiyuan Shi Sheng
First, the rule of Kaiyuan
Tang Xuanzong's performance;
(1) appointing talents (Yao Chong) (2) attaching importance to official management (3) advocating thrift.
Second, the prosperity of the prosperous economy.
1 agriculture
(1) Development of Farming Technology: Seedling Transplant Cultivation
(2) the development of tea production
The world's first monograph on tea, Tea Classic, appeared in the Tang Dynasty. The author Lu Yu was called "Tea God" by later generations.
(3) Improvement of farm tools: Qu Yuan plough and gondola car.
2, handicraft industry
(1) Silk industry
(2) Ceramic industry: Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang tricolor.
3. Business
(1) Metropolis: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu.
(2) Chang 'an, Tang Dou is the center of ethnic exchanges and an international metropolis.
Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of the first grade history
1 and 58 1 years, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty (Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty) seized the Northern Zhou regime, established the Sui Dynasty, and made Chang 'an its capital.
In 2.589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and unified the north and south, sharing the same country.
3. The unification of Sui Dynasty ended the long-term division and conformed to the historical development trend of a unified multi-ethnic country.
Hanjiacang was a national grain depot built in Luoyang in Sui Dynasty.
Since 605, Emperor Yang Di has opened a Grand Canal that runs through the north and south.
6. The Grand Canal in the Sui Dynasty, with Luoyang as the center, Zhuo Jun in the north and Yuhang in the south, was more than 2,000 kilometers long and was the longest canal in the ancient world.
7. The Grand Canal in Sui Dynasty was divided into four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hanjiang River and Jiangnan, which connected five major water systems: Haihe River, Yellow River, Huaihe River, Yangtze River and Qiantang River. ( 12345)
The purpose of building the Grand Canal is to strengthen the north-south traffic.
9. Measures taken by Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty to consolidate his rule: a) developing economy, compiling household registration, unifying the monetary system and weights and measures system in the north and south, and b) strengthening centralization and improving administrative efficiency. C meaning: it promoted the rapid recovery and development of social economy, greatly increased the population and cultivated land area, and made the Sui Dynasty a dynasty with vast territory and strong national strength.
In A.D. 10 and 6 18, Emperor Yang Di was killed by the Ministry in Jiangdu, and the Sui Dynasty perished.
Summary of knowledge points in the second volume of the first grade history
I. Analysis of key points and difficulties
Focus: Qing dynasty's "closed door" policy.
"Closed door" refers to the policy of strictly restricting and prohibiting foreign exchanges and trade in the Qing Dynasty. There are many reasons for this policy:
(1) Reasons: A. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty adhered to the policy of "agriculture-oriented, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce". B, self-sufficient feudal economic stability makes people don't need to have too much contact with the outside world. C, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty claimed to be a powerful country in China, which seriously affected the progress of China. D. The rulers of the Qing Dynasty were afraid that the territorial sovereignty of the country would be violated by foreigners, and that the coastal people would associate with foreigners and endanger their own rule.
(2) Specific performance:
First, it is strictly forbidden for coastal personnel to go out to sea for trade without authorization. B, only four ports will be opened, and then one port in Guangzhou will be reduced as a foreign trade port. C. Strictly restrict the types of imports and the deadweight of ships going to sea.
(3) Impact:
The Qing government implemented the policy of closing the country to the outside world for nearly 200 years, which played a certain role in self-defense against the aggression of western colonists. However, being isolated from the world means not seeing the changes in the world situation and not learning advanced scientific knowledge and production technology from the West in time, which makes China gradually fall behind in the world.
Fundamentally speaking, it was a passive defense policy, a policy against the historical development trend, which eventually led to the Qing Dynasty's departure from the world trend. Further lead to occlusion, stagnation and retrogression.
Difficulties: "The budding of capitalism" is a social and economic phenomenon, which refers to a production relationship. This kind of production relationship came into being in the late feudal society when the social economy developed to a certain condition.
① The conditions for the emergence of capitalism in Ming Dynasty: the development of commodity economy. After the mid-Ming dynasty, the textile industry for the purpose of producing goods gradually rose and developed into an independent handicraft factory in some areas in the south of the Yangtze River.
(2) The symbol of the budding of capitalism in the Ming Dynasty: Suzhou appeared a "machine shop" with silk weaving as its industry, opened a computer room and hired mechanics for production. The machine shop was an early capitalist. Machinists are workers hired in the early days, and "machinists contribute", which is a capitalist production relationship.
③ The development of capitalism in Qing Dynasty was slow: the scale of handicraft workshops was enlarged and the division of labor was fine; There are more departments and regions where capitalism is budding, such as iron smelting in Guangdong, mining in Yunnan, edible salt industry in Sichuan, logging in Shaanxi, coal mining in Beijing and sugar industry in Taiwan Province Province. , there are budding capitalism.
(4) Capitalism in China germinated almost at the same time as that in the West, but it developed slowly and could not enter the workshop handicraft stage for a long time. In China, the self-sufficient feudal natural economy still dominates. Factors hindering the budding development of capitalism-decadent feudal system: A, farmers suffered cruel feudal exploitation and were extremely poor, unable to buy handicrafts from the market. B, feudal countries pursued the policy of "emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce", set up numerous checkpoints at home, imposed heavy taxes on commodities, belittled the social status of businessmen, and seriously restricted the scale of handicraft production. C landlords and businessmen will earn a lot of money to buy houses and land, which will seriously affect the expansion and reproduction of handicrafts. D, the Qing government closed its doors to the outside world and banned overseas trade for many times.
(5) The emergence of the budding capitalism shows that the feudal society in China has gone into decline.
Second, study the guidance of law.
(1) Comprehensive method: Ming and Qing Dynasties were the last development stage of China's ancient history. The contents of economic development in past dynasties can be classified according to agriculture, handicrafts and commerce, and a complete knowledge system can be formed by combing and summarizing. As follows:
1 agriculture
(1) Crops: Hemudu aborigines grow rice and Banpo aborigines grow millet; Shang and Zhou Dynasties: "Five Grains"; In the Han Dynasty, wheat was planted in the north and rice was planted in the south. There were many new varieties of vegetables in Tang Dynasty, and tea production played an important role in agricultural production in the south of the Yangtze River. Zhancheng rice was introduced from Vietnam in the Northern Song Dynasty. Rice jumped to the top of grain output in Song Dynasty; In the Ming Dynasty, new varieties of corn and sweet potato with high yield were introduced from abroad.
(2) Tools: Shang and Zhou Dynasties: wood, stone, bone, clam (a small amount of bronze farm tools); Spring and Autumn Period: Iron farm tools appeared; Warring States period: the use of iron farm tools expanded (the arrival of the iron age marked the significant improvement of social productivity in China); Tang Dynasty: Qu Yuan's plough and irrigation tool cart.
(3) Farming techniques: Shang and Zhou Dynasties: seed selection, fertilization and pest control; Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: Cattle farming and popularization (a revolution in agricultural technology and agricultural power); Ploughs and plows were installed in the Han Dynasty, thousands of years earlier than in Europe. Popularization of Niu Geng Method in the Western Han Dynasty: Two cows sow seeds and raise stalks.
(4) Water conservancy project: Spring and Autumn Period and Warring States Period: Du Jiang (Qin Libing in the Warring States Period); The Qin dynasty dug a lingqu; Beijing-Hangzhou Canal in Sui Dynasty; Huitong River and Tonghui River in Yuan Dynasty
2, handicraft industry
(1) bronze casting: the main sector of handicraft industry in Shang and Zhou dynasties.
(2) Iron smelting industry: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, the use of iron farm tools showed the development of iron smelting industry. Eastern Han Dynasty: Du invented water platoon and used hydraulic blast to smelt iron.
⑶ Ceramic industry: The primitive porcelain in Shang and Zhou Dynasties was a leap in the development of China ceramics. Tang Sancai, Yue Kiln Celadon and Xing Kiln White Porcelain are the most famous in the Tang Dynasty. Jingdezhen, which rose in the Northern Song Dynasty, later became the porcelain capital.
(4) Textile industry: The silk weaving industry in the Western Han Dynasty used jacquard machines with high dyeing technology. Silk stockings unearthed in Xinjiang During the Eastern Han Dynasty, the silk weaving industry in Shu was very developed, and the silk of Shu was sold in the Three Kingdoms. Silk products in the Northern Song Dynasty centered on Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Sichuan. The cotton textile industry expanded to the south of the Yangtze River in the Southern Song Dynasty. The rise of cotton textile industry indicates that cotton cloth gradually replaces flax and becomes the main raw material of clothes and quilts. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, silk weaving was developed in Suzhou and Songjiang.
(5) Shipbuilding industry: During the Three Kingdoms period, the shipbuilding industry of Wu was developed, which promoted the development of maritime traffic. Shipbuilding technology in Song Dynasty was in a leading position in the world, and Quanzhou and Guangzhou were the centers of shipbuilding industry.
(6) Paper industry: paper in the early Western Han Dynasty (paper with a map on Fangmatan in Tianshui, Gansu) is the earliest known paper in the world; 105, Cai Lun improved the papermaking technology "Cai Hou Paper" in the Eastern Han Dynasty.
3. Business
(1) City:
In the Han Dynasty, the city had a special business district called "City". Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty and Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty are called "East-West Beijing" and are rare big cities in the world. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Chang 'an and Luoyang were the political and cultural centers and commercial metropolises of the country. The commercial cities in the Yangtze River valley are centered on Yangzhou and Chengdu. In the late Tang Dynasty, Yangzhou became the most prosperous industrial and commercial city in China. Kaifeng and Hangzhou, commercial cities in the Song Dynasty, had morning markets and night markets. The textbook "Seventh Grade in Metropolis", "Economic Development in Ming and Qing Dynasties and" Closed Door "summarizes the cities in Yuan Dynasty. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the domestic market expanded and a large number of agricultural products and handicrafts were put on the market. Beijing and Nanjing are national commercial cities; Commodity economy extends to rural areas, and famous industrial and commercial towns rise in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.
(2) Transportation:
Sui Dynasty: Digging the Grand Canal. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, there were also private shops for merchants, equipped with "post donkeys"; Water transport, mainly by canals and the Yangtze River, is also very convenient. Transportation in Yuan Dynasty: Land Silk Road across Europe and Asia: With the opening of north-south shipping and inland shipping, Huitong River and Tonghui River were dug.
⑶ Currency: Qin Dynasty: unified currency, round square hole money.
Han Dynasty: Han inherited the Qin system, with gold and copper coins as the main currencies (five baht). The popularity of "Jiaozi" banknotes in the Northern Song Dynasty reflected the high development of commerce.
4. Foreign trade: During the period of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, Zhang Qian sent a mission to the Western Regions, and then the Silk Road was opened, which was the main road for exchanges and trade between China and the West. After Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, merchants in the Western Han Dynasty also opened the Maritime Silk Road, which is the main road of maritime traffic. During the Tang Dynasty, the government encouraged businessmen from all over the world to trade in China, and Chang 'an, Luoyang, Guangzhou and Yangzhou all had frequent foreign trade activities. The overseas trade in Song Dynasty surpassed the previous generation and became an important country engaged in overseas trade in the world at that time. Guangzhou and Quanzhou are large commercial ports in the civilized world, and the government has set up municipal shipping companies in major ports to manage overseas trade.
5. Reasons for the economic development in the south of the Yangtze River:
(1) During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, agriculture in the south of the Yangtze River was developed, which made the economy in the north and south tend to be balanced and laid the foundation for the economic center to move south.
After the Anshi Rebellion, China's economic center of gravity began to move south.
(3) During the Five Dynasties, the national economic center of gravity continued to move southward.
(4) During the Southern Song Dynasty, the national economic center of gravity has shifted from north to south, and Jiangsu and Zhejiang regions have become the national economic center of gravity, and there is a saying that "Jiangsu and Shanghai are familiar, and the world is full".
(B) accurate understanding of concepts: In the course of undergraduate study, many new historical concepts have emerged, which are difficult for students to understand. When learning basic knowledge, we must first master these basic concepts accurately.
Machine users: China specialized in handicraft, silk weaving and cotton textile industry in ancient times. Also known as machine maintenance workshop, computer room or computer room. From Song Dynasty to Ming and Qing Dynasties, the development of silk industry in Jiangnan area generally refers to individual craftsmen and silk merchants. Machine users are early capitalists, who have a lot of capital, means of production and computer rooms, and profit from workers' production. The textbook "Economic Development and Closed Door in Ming and Qing Dynasties" in the second volume of the seventh grade sorts out the textbook "Economic Development and Closed Door in Ming and Qing Dynasties" in the second volume of the seventh grade.
Machinist: Early hired workers get paid by working for machinists.
The relationship between the owner and the mechanic: the relationship between employment and being employed, which is the capitalist production relationship.
Closed door policy: the closed door policy was originally intended to close the city gate, and later it was extended to cut off contacts, which means strictly restricting foreign contacts. The Qing dynasty strictly implemented the policy of closing the country to the outside world. The concrete manifestation of the closed-door policy is the sea ban. On the one hand, China people are prohibited from trading in the sea, on the other hand, foreign businessmen are restricted from trading in China, and only Guangzhou trade is allowed.
(3) List method: The economic development in Ming and Qing Dynasties mainly focuses on four aspects: the development of agriculture, handicrafts, commerce and the budding of capitalism. By enumerating, this paper summarizes and combs the performance of agriculture, handicraft industry and commercial development and the emergence of capitalist bud, so as to reflect the meaning of economic development in Ming and Qing Dynasties. And make us have a clear grasp of the historical knowledge system:
Imported crops: corn, sweet potato, potato, peanut, sunflower.
The introduction of cash crops has promoted the development of agricultural commodity economy and provided raw materials for handicraft production; The development of agriculture and handicrafts is the basis of the development of commodity economy; The development of commodity economy leads to the rise of industrial and commercial towns; On the basis of the development of agriculture, handicrafts, commerce and towns, the seeds of capitalism have emerged. Handicraft industry has north and south cotton textile bases; Suzhou and Nanjing have successively become silk industry centers; Jingdezhen, the national porcelain-making center, has emerged as a commercial center, and Beijing and Nanjing have become national commercial cities; The number of businessmen has greatly increased. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, there appeared a machine workshop in the textile industry for the purpose of producing goods, and hired workers to work for it. This is the bud of capitalism.
(D) Analysis method: historical data analysis:
Material 1. Since the Yuan Dynasty, Songjiang has gradually developed into a national cotton textile center.
Material 2, the folk song "Songjiang cloth is not enough, and Tang Wei (Tang Wei Town, Jiashan, Zhejiang) yarn is not enough";
Material 3: "In recent years, Suning (Suning, Hebei) has produced one-tenth of Wusong (Songjiang) cloth."
-Xu Guangqi's encyclopedia of agricultural management.
Material 4, Zouxian County, Shandong Province, "distributed in the neighborhood".
-Lv Kun's Constitutional Convention on Records of Political Affairs.
Through the analysis of the above historical materials, it is recognized that a number of cotton textile bases appeared in the north and south of Ming Dynasty.
By analyzing the materials in the textbook Awakening the World, we can understand the emergence of budding capitalism and further understand this new change in social life in the middle and late Ming Dynasty.
This paper analyzes a few words in the letter from Emperor Qianlong to the King of England, the policies pursued by the rulers of the Qing Dynasty, and the reasons why the rulers of the Qing Dynasty pursued the policy of closing the country to the outside world, fearing that the territorial sovereignty of the country would be violated by foreign countries, fearing that the coastal people would associate with foreigners and endanger their own rule. By analyzing historical materials, we can draw a conclusion, so as to master an important method of history learning.
(5) Linkage method: For example, the introduction and popularization of high-yield crops and cash crops are conducive to the development of handicrafts and commerce. The widespread establishment of industrial and commercial cities and the increase of big businessmen are the manifestations of the active commodity economy.
On the basis of the unprecedented development of commodity economy, a new historical phenomenon of capitalist germination appeared. The "closed door" policy of Qing Dynasty was the result of many factors at home and abroad at that time, such as politics and economy, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of China's history. Only by looking at the problem in connection can we correctly explain history.
(6) Discussion method: Collect information about the closed-door policy and discuss it, so as to grasp the serious consequences brought by the closed-door policy.
(7) Combination of current affairs and politics: learn the policy of closing the country to the outside world and link it with today's reform and opening up. By comparing their different influences, it is recognized that the country is backward because of the closed door, and the reform and opening up promote the rapid development of the country, thus strengthening the belief and determination of reform and opening up.
(8) Combination of pictures and texts: Through the map of cotton fabrics produced in Songjiang in the Ming Dynasty, we can know that the cotton industry in Songjiang Prefecture in the Ming Dynasty is superior to the whole country, observe the patterns of dragons and phoenixes, bullfights and unicorns on cotton fabrics, and experience the wisdom of the Chinese nation. Feel the prosperity and superb skills of the porcelain industry through the picture of "a flat bottle with dragon patterns in the clear sea of flowers". Through the pictures of "Imperial Capital Accumulates Victory" and "Huizhou Merchants' Residence", we can realize that the commodity economy in the Qing Dynasty was unprecedentedly active, and further realize that this is a remarkable feature of the social economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Understand the practice of the closed-door policy through the thirteen-line map of Guangzhou.
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