Where is my home?

① Community elements: P6 ② Map three elements: P7-8

A. direction: "general orientation method" means upper north and lower south, left west and right east. "Pointing calibration method" indicates the true north direction.

The "longitude and latitude network orientation method" is the most accurate orientation method. The arc connecting the north and south poles on the earth is called meridian, and the line parallel to the equator is called latitude. On the globe, the longitude lines indicate the north-south direction and the latitude lines indicate the east-west direction.

B scale: the ratio of the distance on the map to the actual distance, also called "scale reduction". There are three manifestations.

Linetype Text style. Digital.

The larger the scale, the smaller the field coverage of the map, and the more detailed the geographical things it represents;

The smaller the scale, the larger the area covered by the map, and the rougher the geographical things represented.

Pay attention to the conversion of units, 1 km = 100000 cm.

Calculation formula: actual distance = distance/scale on the map.

C. Legend and notes

③ Main functions of the community: political, economic, cultural and management functions.

2. Various communities P 10- 13

① The main types of communities: functional communities, natural communities and administrative communities.

See P 10 table division standard and examples in this book.

② Community differences: First, the scale is different; Second, the characteristics are different.

(3) the connection between communities: not only in terms of products, but also in terms of economy, culture and information.

3. Get information from the map P 14- 17.

① Common maps: administrative maps and topographic maps. Common topographic maps include contour topographic maps (judging altitude, slope and route), tourist maps, and China railway trunk map P 15.

Unit 2 Review

1. On the earth, the ocean accounts for 7 1%, and the land only accounts for 29%. P20

The largest land in the world is Eurasia. The largest island in the world is Greenland. The largest peninsula in the world is Arabia. The largest archipelago in the world is the Malay archipelago.

3. The size order of the seven continents in the world and their positions on the map P2 1. The largest continent in the world is Asia, and the smallest continent is Oceania. Asia, Europe, Africa and Oceania are all in the Eastern Hemisphere, North America and South America are in the Western Hemisphere, and Antarctica is half in each hemisphere. Asia, Europe and North America are in the northern hemisphere, while Oceania, South America and Antarctica are in the southern hemisphere. Africa lies right in the middle of the northern and southern hemispheres. P2 1

4. Define the position between the ocean and the mainland. For example, the ocean surrounded by Europe, North America and Asia is the Arctic Ocean. The largest ocean in the world is the Pacific Ocean, and the smallest ocean is the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean and Antarctica have the widest latitudes.

Please know the names of some straits in the world, their locations and the waters where they communicate. Gibraltar Strait, Malacca Strait, Bering Strait, Taiwan Province Strait.

6. The dividing line between continents and oceans in the world. The dividing line between Asia and Europe (Urals, ural river, Caucasus), Asia and Africa (Suez Canal) and North and South America (Panama Canal). The dividing line between the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean (Malacca Strait), the dividing line between the Pacific Ocean and the Arctic Ocean (Bering Strait), and the dividing line between the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean (Panama Canal). (Read the map of the world after class)

7. The highest mountain in the world is the Himalayas, and the highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest, which lies between China and Nepal. The largest plateau in the world is the Brazilian Plateau (South America) and the highest plateau in the world is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (Asia). The largest plain in the world is the Amazon Plain (South America), the longest mountain system in the world is the Cordillera mountain system, and the longest mountain range in the world is the Andes. The longest river in the world is the Nile (Africa)

8. World Climate P26

Climatic characteristics of latitude climate types

The latitude from north to south is about 30ο, with a tropical rain forest climate, which is hot and rainy all year round.

The tropical grassland climate is hot all year round, and there are obvious dry and wet seasons in a year.

Tropical monsoon climate is hot all year round, with obvious dry season and rainy season in a year.

Tropical desert climate, high temperature all year round, drought and little rain, even no rain for several years.

Generally between 30-40 degrees north and south latitude, subtropical monsoon and monsoon humid climate, high temperature and rainy summer, low temperature in winter.

The Mediterranean climate is dry and hot in summer and mild and rainy in winter.

The temperate monsoon climate between 40-60 degrees north and south latitude is cold and dry in winter and warm and rainy in summer.

The temperate continental climate is dry with little rain, hot in summer and cold in winter, and the temperature changes greatly throughout the year.

The temperate maritime climate is humid all year round, with more rain in winter, neither cold nor hot in winter, and the annual change of temperature is small.

The continental climate in the sub-cold zone near the South Arctic Circle is characterized by long and cold winters, short warm seasons and concentrated precipitation in warm seasons.

The polar climate near the polar regions is very cold all year round, and it is winter.

Alpine climate, mainly distributed in plateau and mountain areas, changes obviously vertically with the increase of height.

9. Understand the distribution of climate types in Asia, especially in Arabia, China, Africa and Europe. Page 25-26

10, the natural environment is mainly composed of topography and climate, which constitutes the regional differences of the world's natural landscape.

1 1. The two main factors of climate are temperature and precipitation. Plants and animals, especially plants, have a certain indication of the local climate. (Master the animals in the main climate types in the world)

12, please know the main topographic areas in Asia.

13. China is located in the northern hemisphere and the eastern hemisphere. Most of them are located in the middle latitude zone, and a few are located in the low latitude zone; Most of them are located in the north temperate zone, and a few are located in the tropics. Located in the east of Asia, the east-west longitude reaches 62 degrees, and the north-south latitude reaches 50 degrees. Close to the Pacific Ocean and backed by Eurasia. Geographical location is characterized by both land and sea. The advantages of this geographical location are as follows: See page P43 of this book.

14. The three major races in the world are white, yellow and black. The most populous race in the world is white. The characteristics of the distribution of nationalities in the world: both large-scale concentration and small-scale dispersion. P32

There are nearly 200 countries in the world. The national flag and the national anthem are symbols of a country. The largest country in the world is Russia, and the smallest country is the Vatican (both in Europe). The most populous country in the world is China, and the least populous country in the world is the Vatican.

16. The adjacent land, water, sea and air within the national boundary are collectively referred to as territory.

17. The world can be divided into developed countries and developing countries, among which all countries in Africa and most countries in Latin America and Asia belong to developing countries. Developed countries are mainly distributed in Europe, North America, Oceania and Japan in Asia (mainly the United States, Canada, Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Australia, New Zealand, Japan, etc. P35

18, all countries in the world should contact and communicate with each other to solve world problems. The measures taken can be answered from the five principles of international law, economy (establishing a new international political and economic order) and peace. (Please list several world organizations and their main situations) P35-36

19, the eastern and western hemispheres are divided by 160 degrees east longitude and 20 degrees west longitude. The equator separates the northern and southern hemispheres. Longitude means north-south direction and latitude means east-west direction. Letters: East, West, South and North

Longitude 20 and 0 degrees, also known as prime meridian, pass through Greenwich Observatory in Britain.

2 1, the division of high, middle and low latitudes and the practical application of the division of the five zones of the earth P38

Unit 3 Review

China has a land area of 9.6 million square kilometers, ranking third in the world (closest to Europe).

2. The four endpoints of China are P42.

3. It is required to know the positions of the neighboring countries of China 14 and six countries across the sea on the map. P42-43

4. The largest island in China is Taiwan Province Island, and the second largest island is Hainan Island. The largest archipelago is Zhoushan Islands. The inland sea of China is the Bohai Sea.

5. China's administrative divisions are divided into three levels, and there are 34 administrative divisions. P44-45

6. Memorize the full names, abbreviations, provincial administrative centers, locations and shapes of 34 administrative divisions in China. P44-45

7. The province with the longest longitude span in China is Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Hainan is the southernmost province, Heilongjiang is the northernmost province, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is the westernmost province and Heilongjiang is the easternmost province. The province with the largest number of neighboring countries is Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (8). The provinces with the largest number of neighboring provinces are Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region and Shaanxi Province. The neighboring provinces of Zhejiang Province are Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui, Jiangxi and Fujian. The largest province in China is Xinjiang.

8. In 2005, the population of China reached1300 million, accounting for about 22% of the world. The population density of China is three times that of the world average. P46

9. The geographical dividing line of China population is Heihe-Tengchong. This line is densely populated in the east and sparsely populated in the west. P47

10. There are 56 ethnic groups in China, of which 55 are ethnic minorities. Zhuang nationality has the largest population among ethnic minorities.

1 1. The distribution of ethnic groups in China is characterized by large mixed communities and small settlements. Most of the Han population is concentrated in the eastern and central regions. Ethnic minorities are mainly concentrated in the southwest, northwest and northeast border areas. P48

12, Yunnan Province is the province with the largest distribution of ethnic minorities in China. Among the ethnic minorities, the Hui people use Mandarin as the same language. The most widely distributed minority is the Hui nationality.

13. There are five landforms in China: mountains, plains, plateaus, hills and basins. The characteristics of China's topography are: the topography is complex and diverse; The mountainous area is vast, accounting for about 2/3 of the national area; The terrain is high in the west and low in the east, decreasing step by step, showing a three-stage distribution.

There are five climate types in China: temperate monsoon climate, subtropical monsoon climate, tropical monsoon climate, temperate continental climate and plateau alpine climate. China's climate is characterized by its complexity and diversity, with significant differences among regions. P53

15, main topographic areas and their characteristics in China. And figure out which step they are in.

16. It is precisely because the terrain of China is high in the west and low in the east that it affects the climate of China. The precipitation in the east is richer than that in the west, and the temperature in the east is warmer than that in the west. It also affects that rivers in China generally flow from west to east.

17, Caidian climate type belongs to subtropical monsoon climate, Jiaxing terrain is mainly plain (the edge of Jianghan plain in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River), with a few hills; Mainly grow rice.

Production: intensive cultivation, manual production, low productivity. Life: rice culture, simple folk customs, housing: rain and ventilation.

What do we teenagers do now? (What to do) 1. Study hard scientific and cultural knowledge, master skills and make more contributions to the country in the future. 2. Actively publicize the national policy of protecting the environment and resources. 3. Start from me, start from small things, start from now, for example …

How to deal with environmental problems? A: According to local conditions, we should protect the environment while developing the economy, follow the laws of nature, use resources scientifically and rationally, and implement the strategy of sustainable development.

18, monsoon climate has the characteristics of rain and heat at the same time. Compared with the same latitude areas in the world, the monsoon climate is humid; Conducive to the growth of crops. However, due to the unstable monsoon climate, it will bring us floods or droughts P5 1.

19, master the nature, direction and birthplace of summer monsoon and winter monsoon (Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean, Siberia). P53

20. Hydrological characteristics of the upper, middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River

Hydrological characteristics of each section

Upstream

North foot of Bayannaoer-Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia 1, Shangyuan section: the water quantity is small and the clear water flows slowly; 2. Canyon section: the water is fast, there are many canyons, the water energy is rich, and the water volume increases greatly; 3. Hetao section: the water quantity is reduced and water conservancy is built.

Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia-Jinmeng Town, Henan Province has a large amount of water, swift rivers and a large amount of sediment loss.

lower reaches

In Jin Meng, Henan Province, the estuary of the Yellow River slows down, and a large amount of sediment is deposited, forming a rare surface river in the world.

2 1. How to harness the Yellow River? The key lies in sand control, which is simply to strengthen sand fixation in the middle reaches of the Loess Plateau. P57

(1), in the middle reaches of the Loess Plateau, vigorously carry out soil and water conservation work such as planting trees and grass, returning farmland to forests and grasslands, doing a good job in green space and building terraces. (2) Reclaim the levee downstream, which will "lead to siltation in Huang Ji".

(3) A series of water control projects, such as Longyangxia, Liujiaxia, Qingtongxia and Sanmenxia, have been built in the upper and middle reaches of the main stream, which have initially brought flood control, irrigation and power generation benefits into play.

22, the Yellow River, the Yangtze River Yellow River comparative project

The source is the main peak of Tanggula-the northern foot of Bayan Kara, the winter snow mountain in Gladin.

Enter the East China Sea and Bohai Sea

The length of the main stream is 6300 kilometers, the first-class river is 5400 kilometers, and the second-class river is 5400 kilometers.

It flows through Qinghai, Sichuan, Tibet, Yunnan, Chongqing, Hubei, Hunan, Jiangxi, Anhui, Jiangsu, Shanghai (1 1), Qinghai, Sichuan, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Shandong (9) and other provinces.

The word "Ji" has a huge tortuous water system.

The upper, middle and lower parts are divided into the source-Yichang, Hubei-Hukou, Jiangxi-the source of the estuary-Hekou Town, Inner Mongolia-Jin Meng, Henan-Hekou.

Upstream of main tributaries: Yalong River, Minjiang River, Jialing River and Wujiang River; Hanjiang River, Xiangjiang River and Ganjiang River; Taohe River and Huangshui River; Fenhe River and Weihe River.

Upstream of major water conservancy projects: Ertan, Three Gorges and Gezhouba.

Middle reaches: Danjiangkou (Hanshui) upstream: Longyangxia and Liujiaxia middle reaches: Sanmenxia and Xiaolangdi.

23. The Yangtze River is the most important artery of inland navigation in China and the river with the largest traffic volume. It is called "Golden Waterway". P59

24. The main topographic units through which the Yangtze River flows are Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, Hengduan Mountains, Sichuan Basin, Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, Wushan Mountains and the plains in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.

25. Flood control is the primary task of comprehensive management of the Yangtze River, and measures can include: strengthening flood control dikes, building reservoirs, dredging rivers, and prohibiting the felling of trees in the middle and upper reaches.

26. The range between the north and the south of China: the eastern monsoon region, with Qinling-Huaihe River as the dividing line P62 Figure 3-26.

27. North-South differences:

North-South comparison project

Monthly average temperature in a month

(above or below 0℃) above 0℃ below 0℃

annual precipitation

(greater than or less than 800 mm) greater than 800 mm and less than 800 mm

Land type paddy field dry land

The main crops are rice, sugarcane, rape, wheat, corn, sugar beet and peanuts.

People's staple food rice pasta

The "herringbone" roofs with architectural style are mostly open flat roofs, mostly closed and closed.

28. P65 in the east and west of China.

29. The respective advantages of eastern and western economic development: P66

East: abundant funds, strong technical force, rich management experience, numerous talents and convenient transportation.

Huaxi: With a vast territory and abundant resources, it can turn resource advantages into economic advantages. .

30. Travel to China (characteristics of different modes of transportation)

Railway, highway, water transport, aviation and pipeline transportation.

3 1, the easternmost and northernmost part of our territory is in Heilongjiang province; Qinghai and Sichuan are provinces where the Yangtze River and the Yellow River flow. Hubei province is a province where the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River flow.

32. Several abbreviations that are easy for us to remember wrong: Shanxi Province-Shanxi-Taiyuan; Anhui Province-Anhui-Hefei; Fujian Province-Fujian-Fuzhou; Jiangxi Province-Jiangxi-Nanchang; Henan-Henan-Zhengzhou; Hubei-Hubei-Wuhan; Hunan Province-Hunan-Changsha; Guangdong Province-Guangdong-Guangzhou; Guizhou Province-Guizhou or Guizhou-Guiyang; Yunnan Province-Yunnan or Yunnan-Kunming; Shaanxi Province-Shaanxi or Qin -Xi 'an;

33. Important geographical boundaries of China:

China's population demarcation line: Heihe-Tengchong line; The dividing line between monsoon area and non-monsoon area in China: Daxinganling-Yinshan-Helan Mountain-Bayan Kara-Fengdisi Mountain; China North-South Boundary Line: Qinling-Huaihe Line; The dividing line between the first and second levels of Chinese topography: Kunlun Mountain-Qilian Mountain-Hengduan Mountain; The dividing line between the second step and the third step of China's topography: Daxinganling-Taihang Mountain-Wushan-Xuefeng Mountain line;

Along the 32nd parallel, from west to east, you can see the Himalayas, the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the Hengduan Mountains, the Sichuan Basin and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. P52

35. The main reason for the climate difference between north and south of China is the influence of latitude position; The main reason for the difference between east and west precipitation in China is the influence of land and sea location.