According to the content of the picture, it can be divided into traditional painting and modern painting. China's viewpoint of classifying ancient paintings.
This picture is divided into ten doors. Chinese painting is divided into six branches, namely, figures, houses, landscapes, pommel horses, ghosts and gods, flowers and birds, etc. The painting spectrum of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty is divided into ten branches, namely, Taoism and Buddhism, figures, palaces, model people, arowana, landscapes, birds and beasts, flowers and trees, ink bamboo, fruits and vegetables, etc. Deng Chun's Painting with the Southern Song Dynasty is divided into eight categories (doors), namely, immortals, buddhas, ghosts and gods, biographies of people, landscapes, forests and stones, flowers, bamboo feathers, animals, insects and fish, houses, trees, boats and cars, melons and fruits, vegetables and grasses, and small miscellaneous paintings. There were "Thirteen Paintings" in Yuan Dynasty, but their contents were quite complicated, so they should not be used as classification standards.
On the Classification of Ancient Paintings in China
China ancient painting has its own system in the world art field, which can be roughly divided into figure painting, landscape painting, flower-and-bird painting, boundary painting, flowers, melons and fruits, feathers, animals, insects and fish and other painting themes according to the subject matter and the object of expression. According to the methods of expression, there are techniques such as meticulous brushwork, freehand brushwork, sketching, color setting and ink painting, and color setting can be divided into jade, turquoise, boneless, splash color, light color and light crimson. Mainly use the changes of lines and ink color to describe the image and business place with hook, dot, dye, thick, light, dry, wet, yin, yang, direction, back, virtual, real, sparse, dense and empty; View layout, wide field of vision, not limited to focus perspective; According to the forms of expression, there are murals, screens, scrolls, picture books, fans and other frame forms, supplemented by traditional mounting techniques. According to the materials and methods of expression, it can be subdivided into ink painting, heavy color, light crimson, meticulous painting, freehand brushwork and line drawing. There are various forms of Chinese painting, such as long scrolls (also known as hand scrolls) and horizontal curtains, banners and nave, album pages and bucket squares, folding fans and round fans painted on fans. figure painting
(1) The historical process of figure painting;
The general term for paintings with figures as the main body. China figure painting has a long history. According to records, there were murals in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Gu Kaizhi devoted himself to figure painting, which was the first idea in the world to write God in form. Yan was also good at figure painting in Tang Dynasty. And Wu Daozi, Han Wo and so on. He has made outstanding contributions to figure painting. After the Tang Dynasty, there were many painters who painted figure paintings, and there were all previous dynasties. China's figure painting is a major branch of Chinese painting, which appeared earlier than landscape painting and flower-and-bird painting. Generally, it can be divided into Taoist painting, lady painting, portrait painting, genre painting and historical story painting. Figure painting strives to portray the character's personality vividly, with vivid charm and both form and spirit. His vivid techniques are often reflected in the environment, atmosphere, characters, and the performance of characters in dynamic rendering. Therefore, Chinese painting is also called "vivid" in theory. The famous figure paintings in the past dynasties include Gu Kaizhi's The Goddess of Luo in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Wen Yuan in the Tang Dynasty, Han Xizai's Banquet in the Southern Tang Dynasty, Wei Mo by Li in the Northern Song Dynasty, Wei Tu by Li Baixing in the Southern Song Dynasty, Yin Tu by Li Baixing and Yang Zhuxi by Liang Kai in the Yuan Dynasty.
(2) Portrait and figure painting:
In order to draw a good figure painting, we should not only inherit the tradition, but also understand and study the basic shape, proportion, anatomical structure and the changing law of human movement, so as to accurately shape and express the shape and spirit of the figure. There are several ways to express characters, each with its own advantages, such as line drawing, cross filling, ink splashing, cross dyeing and so on.
landscape
(1) the historical process of landscape painting;
Painting with natural scenery as the main body. Landscape painting (commonly known as landscape painting, landscape painting or ink painting) is a specialized art discipline with a long history. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, landscape painting gradually developed, but it was still attached to figure painting, mostly with figure painting as the background. Independence began in Sui and Tang Dynasties, such as Zhan Ziqian's colorful landscape, Li Sixun's Jinbi landscape, Wang Wei's ink landscape and Wang Qia's splash-ink landscape. During the Five Dynasties and the Northern Song Dynasty, landscape painting flourished, with many authors such as Hao Jing, Guan Tong, Li Cheng, Dong Yuan, Ju Ran, Fan Kuan, Xu Daoning, Yan Wengui, Song Di, Wang Shen, Mi Fei and Mi Youren, as well as green landscapes such as Wang Ximeng, Zhao Boju and Zhao Boqi, and the north and south competed for each other, reaching a peak. Since the Tang Dynasty, there have been famous painters in each period, who specialize in landscape painting. Although their life experiences, qualities, schools and methods are different; But everyone can use pen and ink, use color skills, operate flexibly, and describe in detail, so that the beauty of natural scenery can come down in one continuous line and the magnificent charm can leap from paper. Landscape painting in Yuan Dynasty tends to be freehand brushwork, taking virtual as reality, focusing on the charm of pen and ink, and creating a new style; Ming and Qing dynasties and modern times, continuous development, a new look. Pay attention to the professional position and artistic conception in the performance. The traditional methods are ink painting, turquoise, resplendent, boneless, light red, light color and so on. In the Ming Dynasty, Suzhou painters, represented by Zhang Hong, found a new way in literati landscape painting and created works full of life flavor. On the basis of inheriting the characteristics of Wu Pai's painting style, they bring forth the old and bring forth the new, learn from nature and understand the true meaning of painting. Reflect the transcendental spiritual realm in the painting, and make the landscape painting come alive.
(2) the composition of landscape painting:
The composition of landscape painting includes: mountains, water, rocks, trees, houses, houses, terraces, boats, bridges, wind, rain, cloudy, sunny, snow, sun, clouds and fog, and the climatic characteristics of spring, summer, autumn and winter.
(3) The main representatives of landscape painting:
◆ Green landscape
A landscape painting. Landscape painting with mineral azurite and stone green as the main colors. There are big turquoise and small turquoise. The former has more hooks, fewer strokes, strong coloring and strong decoration; The latter is dominated by the light color of ink and wash. Zhang Geng in Qing Dynasty said: "Painting and painting have always been colorful." Dong Tang said in the Yuan Dynasty: "Li Sixun painted landscapes, reflecting them with golden jade, which is the family law." During the Southern Song Dynasty, there were two Zhao dynasties (Boju and Bojun), which were famous for their green landscapes. China's landscape painting is color painting first, followed by ink painting. In color-coded painting, there are heavy colors first, then light colors.
◆ Light crimson scenery
A landscape painting. On the basis of ink painting, a light-colored landscape painting with ochre as the main tone was laid. "Biography of Mustard Seed Garden" said: "Yellow is like a jade surface, and ochre is the best color. It is shallow and sometimes outlined with ochre pen. Wang Mengfu painted landscapes with ochre and gamboge, and his mountains were like pine grass paintings, and then he painted them with ochre, sometimes without coloring. He only used ochre to paint faces and pine skins in the landscape. " This coloring feature began in the Eastern Yuan Dynasty in the Five Dynasties and flourished in the Yellow Dynasty in the Yuan Dynasty, also known as "Wuzhuang" landscape.
◆ Jinbi landscape
Clay gold, azurite and azurite in China's painting pigments. All landscape paintings with these three pigments as the main colors are called "golden blue landscape", which is more clay and gold than "green landscape". Clay gold is generally used to cross-dye mountain contours, stone patterns, slopes, sand mouths, rosy clouds, palaces, pavilions and other buildings. However, The Brief Discussion on Painting in the Ming Dynasty and the Tang Dynasty holds another view: "Those who cover gold and jade: the stone is green, that is, the green landscape is also green. Later generations don't pay attention to it, but mud gold is called golden pen landscape. It's ridiculous that the husband is in the name of gold and silver! "
Chinese brush painting
A Chinese painting. Refers to a painting made of pure ink and wash. There are three basic elements: simplicity, symbolism and nature. Legend has it that it began in the Tang Dynasty, became in the Five Dynasties, flourished in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and continued to develop in the Ming and Qing Dynasties and modern times. Give full play to the function of ink painting with brushwork as the leading factor. "Ink is color" means that the shade change of ink is a hierarchical change of color, and "ink is color" means that multi-level ink chromaticity can be used instead of colorful colors. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Shen Kuo's "Tu Song" said: "The south of the Yangtze River spread to Ju Ran, and the light ink and light blue became one." Which is ink painting. People in the Tang and Song Dynasties painted landscapes with wet strokes, which had the effect of "water fainting ink printing". People in the Yuan Dynasty began to use dry pen, and the ink color changed a lot, which had the artistic effect of "giving color at the same time". In the Tang Dynasty, Wang Wei put forward that "ink painting is the best", and later generations followed suit. Ink painting has always occupied an important position in the history of China painting.
Palace decorative painting
Referred to as "courtyard body" and "courtyard painting", it is a kind of Chinese painting. Generally speaking, it refers to the paintings of Hanlin Painting Academy in Song Dynasty and its later court painters. There are also works specifically referring to the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy, or generally referring to non-court painters who imitate the style of the Southern Song Dynasty Painting Academy. This kind of works mainly focus on flowers and birds, landscapes, court life and religious content to meet the needs of the court. They pay attention to statutes, have both form and spirit, and have a gorgeous and delicate style. Because different times and painters have different specialties, their painting styles are different and have their own characteristics. Mr. Lu Xun said: "It is advisable to give up the tender and gentle aspects of the courtyard paintings in Song Dynasty." Modern young and middle-aged painters represented by Zhang Quan, Jiang Hongwei, Jia Guangjian, Zhao Beixin and Hui Yu have made certain contributions to the development of modern college painting.
claborate-style painting
It became popular in the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, the reason why outstanding artistic achievements can be achieved lies in the maturity of painting techniques on the one hand and the improvement of painting materials on the other. Gongbi painting must be painted on silk or rice paper treated with alum. In the early Tang Dynasty, the improvement of silk materials promoted the development of meticulous painting to a certain extent. According to Mi Fei's History of Painting, "Silk was born in ancient paintings, and it was half-cooked in the early Tang Dynasty, Wu Sheng, Zhou and Hanwo. Later, the hot soup was cooked, and the powder was like a silver board, posing as a character, and the writing was brilliant. "
Literati painting
Also known as "master painting". A Chinese painting. Generally refers to the paintings made by literati in China feudal society. Different from the paintings of folk painters and professional painters in the Palace Painting Academy, Su Shi put forward "literati painting" in the Northern Song Dynasty, and Dong Qichang advocated "literati painting" in the Ming Dynasty, with Wang Wei as the founder and the ancestor of Nanzong (see Nanbeizong). But in the old days, it was often used to raise the painting art of the literati class and despise folk painters and institutional painters. In the Tang Dynasty, Zhang Yanyuan once said in Notes on Famous Paintings of Past Dynasties: "Those who have been good at painting since ancient times are better than others without elegant clothes." This sentence has far-reaching influence. Modern Chen Hengke believes that "literati painting has four elements: personality, knowledge, talent and thought, and with these four elements, it can be perfected." Usually, "literati painting" takes landscape, flowers and birds, plum blossoms, bamboo, chrysanthemum, wood and stone as the theme. To express "spiritual spirit" or personal ambition, sometimes it also contains feelings of oppression to the nation or resentment against decadent politics. They admire "morale" and "one product", advocate algae interest, stress pen and ink interest, get rid of similarities, emphasize verve, and attach great importance to the cultivation of literature and calligraphy and the creation of artistic conception of painting. Mang Fu Yao's Preface to Scholars' Painting in China once had a high evaluation: "King Youcheng of the Tang Dynasty (Wei) helped poems to enter the painting, and then the pen became interesting, and the method changed at will. Needless to say, the palace merchants, the mountains and mountains are all rhyme, and the righteousness does not have to be more prosperous. "
Flower and bird painting
(1) Historical process of flower-and-bird painting
Before Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, flowers and birds, as the objects of China's art, always appeared on pottery and bronzes in the form of patterns and decorations. At that time, flowers and birds and some animals had mysterious meaning and complex social meaning. People don't describe it within the scope of art, but convey social beliefs and the will of the monarch through them, and the form of art is only subordinate to the needs of content.
Early human attention to flowers and birds was a hotbed of flower-and-bird painting. According to historical records, many independent flower-and-bird paintings appeared in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, such as Gu Kaizhi's Wild Goose, Shi Daoshuo's Goose, Lu Tanwei's Half Goose, Gu's Cicada, Qian Yuan's Cangwu, Ding Guang's Cicada, and Xiao Yi's Deer. Although we can't see these original works now, we can know from the background of other figure paintings that the flower-and-bird paintings at that time had a fairly high level, such as the birds in Gu Kaizhi's Ode to Luoshen.
The flower-and-bird paintings in this period are mostly about birds and beasts, because they are often related to myths, and some are even the protagonists in myths. For example, Jade Rabbit, the sun in the sun, the toad in the moon palace, as well as Qinglong, White Tiger, Suzaku and Xuanwu represent four directions. Generally speaking, flower-and-bird painting became an independent branch in the Tang Dynasty, and pommel horse, which belongs to the category of flowers and birds, made great artistic achievements in this period. Today, Han Gan's Zhao Yebai, Han Han's Wu Niu Tu, and the spread of Half Niu Tu all show that this theme has a high artistic level.
The pommel horse painted by Cao Ba and Chen Hong, the eagle painted by Feng Shaozheng, the crane painted by Xue Ji, the dragon painted by Wei Yan, the flowers and birds painted by Bian Luan, Teng Changyou and Diao Guangyin, and the pine and bamboo painted by Sun Wei, not only have a strong lineup, but also have their own masterpieces. For example, Xue Ji painted cranes, and Du Fu wrote poems praising: "Eleven cranes in Gong Xue all wrote Qingtian Town. Painted for a long time, pale but still dusty. High-spirited and interested, frank and honest as a long person. "
(2) the painting method of flower-and-bird painting
The painting methods of flower-and-bird painting can be roughly divided into two categories: meticulous flower-and-bird painting; Freehand brushwork of flowers and birds. Insects can also be divided into work and writing. The expression methods are: line drawing (also known as double hook), sketching, filling, deboning, splashing ink and so on. Like mountains and rivers, he has a long history. The learning steps of flower-and-bird painting are nothing more than copying, sketching and creating. Themes are: bamboo, orchid, plum, chrysanthemum, peony, lotus and so on. Birds are: chicken, goose, duck, crane, cuckoo, kingfisher, magpie and eagle; Insects include parrots, butterflies, phoenixes, dragonflies and cicadas, while miscellaneous insects include slugs, crickets, ants, snails and spiders.