The History of Jin has been well received by many scholars since it was published. Scholars generally believe that the Book of Jin is not the best among the twenty-four histories, but it is the best among the three histories compiled at the end of Yuan Dynasty. Zhao Yi, a historian in the Qing Dynasty, commented: The Book of Jin has the most detailed narrative and extremely clean writing, which is superior to the History of Song and Yuan Dynasties. (Note to Twenty-two Histories, Volume 27) The Summary of Siku Quanshu also says: Yuan people have been running this book for a long time, which is different from those who rushed to write it in Song and Liao Dynasties. Therefore, this book is complete from beginning to end, neatly organized, concise and not leaking, and it is the most perfect one in the three histories of Song, Liao and Jin. Indeed, compared with the history of Song and Liao Dynasties, its advantages are more prominent.
The good evaluation of The History of the Golden History is mainly due to its long preparation time and well-prepared historical materials. Compared with Liao Dynasty, the system of revising history in Jin Dynasty was much more perfect. There is a note in the hospital, and the palm is repaired. The secretary has an office responsible for repairing calendars; There is also the National History Museum, which is responsible for recording and national history. In fact, the most complete compilation is recorded except Wang Wei Shao and Jin Aizong below Mao; In addition, there are three volumes of Records of the First Dynasty, which record the predecessors of the rulers. Sejong's biological father, Zong Rui, and Zhang Zong's biological father, Xian Zong, did not call themselves emperors before they died, but they were also recorded. In addition, there is national history, including biographies of emperors and heroes; During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Jin Dynasty, Jin moved from Zhongdu (now Beijing) to Kaifeng for fear that the Mongolian army would attack again, and these historical documents were also brought to Bianjing. After the Mongols conquered Bianjing, Zhang Rou, the Han landlord and warlord who was attached to Mongolia and participated in the attack on Bianjing, was far-sighted. While other Mongolians were competing for gold and silk treasures, he came to the Golden History Museum and brought home memoirs of the Jin Dynasty and other secret government books. These books and documents were presented to the imperial court in the second year of Zhong Tong (126 1). In the third year of Tianxing (1234), in the first month, the Mongolian and Song allied forces conquered Cai Zhou, and the rulers perished. After the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty, Wang E, the widow of the Jin Dynasty, not only suggested to Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu to repair the history of Liao and Jin Dynasties, but also began to collect and sort out historical materials of the Jin Dynasty. There is no record of Shao Wei's dynasty. Now all the materials in Shao Weichuan were collected by Wang E in the third year of reunification. After the Jin Dynasty moved its capital to Cai Zhou, the historical records were interrupted, because Wang E had four volumes of Runan Legacy based on her own personal experience, which could record the history of national subjugation. Therefore, the historical documents of the Jin Dynasty are more complete than those of the Liao Dynasty. In addition, other scholars in the Jin Dynasty also paid attention to collecting historical facts of the Jin Dynasty, such as Liu Qi, a scholar at the end of the Jin Dynasty, and Yuan Haowen's Miscellaneous Collection of Renchen (now lost), and so on. It can be seen that the compilation of Jin history at the end of Yuan Dynasty is based on factual records and national history, with the collection and supplement of Wang E and others, and the works of Liu Qi and Yuan Haowen can be directly referenced, which is much richer than the compilation of Liao history. In addition, these materials have been processed by many people, which is convenient for editors to start, and is different from a pile of huge and chaotic original materials when writing the History of Song Dynasty. Therefore, it makes sense that Jin history is superior to Liao and Song history.
Twenty-Four Books of History ［official history of China up to the end of the Ming Dynasty authorized by Emperor Gaozong of the Qing Dynasty］
In addition to Zhang's A Record, there are two works by scholars at the end of Jin Dynasty, namely Liu Qi's Gui and Yuan Haowen's Ren Chen Miscellany. After Kim's death, Yuan Haowen took it as his duty to repair history. He heard that the Book of the Stone was in the Zhang Family, so he told him that he was willing to study the Book of the Stone, hoping to see the Book of the Stone, but he didn't get it. However, he never gave up and said, "Don't let the traces of a generation disappear." So I wrote at home, "Wherever the last words of Jin, Yuan, Jun and Chen went, they were collected and heard, and all the results were recorded on inch paper, reaching more than one million words." It's called "unofficial history", which is the book "Miscellaneous Miscellanies of Non-Ministers". Liu Qi's Return to Qian Zhi is also one of the main historical materials for compiling Jinshi in Yuan Dynasty. Yuan Haowen and Liu Qi personally experienced the funeral at the end of Jin Dynasty. What they said in the book, some people listened, some people listened, and the writing was good. Therefore, the record of the history of the late Jin Dynasty in the History of Jin Dynasty is very vivid, which makes people read it vividly.
In writing style, The Book of Jin has also made some innovations. The first volume of this book does not begin with Akuta, but begins with the century, tracing the deeds of Akuta in the previous ten generations, so that readers can have a general understanding of the social situation of Jurchen ancestors when they were in clans and tribes. In the last volume of this chronicle, a century supplement was added to describe the father of the Sect, the emperor, the father of the Sect and the father of the Sect, Xian Zong. These three men used to be ministers, but because their son became emperor, it was not convenient to be included in the biographies of ministers, so they added to the world. This style was later imitated by Yuan and Shi Ming. You can also see the appointment list in the History of Jin Dynasty, which records the peace and war between Jin Dynasty and Song, Xixia, Korea and other countries, as well as their exchanges, one by one, at a glance.
The Book of Jin is based on "real records" and the historical materials are accurate and reliable. For example, in describing the exchanges and battles between Jin and Liao, we can truthfully describe the intrigues used by rulers of Jin Dynasty. The cruelty, debauchery and struggle of the ruling class of the Jin Dynasty can also be fully exposed.
The content of Jin Shizhi is more detailed, with a total of 39 volumes, accounting for less than one third of the book. Five of them are well written and can reflect the basic characteristics of Jin society.
The golden history also has many shortcomings. Some important people are not listed or even recorded. For example, Yang Pu, a Bohai man who was proclaimed emperor by Akuta in the early Jin Dynasty, was an important counselor around Akuta. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, "everything is innovative, and the courtship system was created by him". Why is such an important figure not mentioned in the Golden History? Probably not oversight, but unwilling to call Akuta the founder of the Jin Dynasty as a Bohai person. Some important events are not recorded, such as the move of the puppet troops to the capital branch in the tenth year of Tianhui (1 132) and the crusade of the puppet troops against the Song Dynasty in the twelfth year of Jin (1 134), all of which are important events in the state of Jin, and nothing is recorded in the history of Jin. In addition, there are many phenomena in Biography of the Golden History, such as chaotic names, multiple names for one person or different translation names.
Comprehensive Mirror to Aid in Government
Zi Tong Zhi Jian, referred to as Tong Jian for short, is a chronological history book edited by Sima Guang in the Northern Song Dynasty, with 294 volumes and 3 million words, which lasted 19 years. The recorded history began in the 23rd year of Wei Lie Zhou (403 BC) and ended in the 6th year of the Five Dynasties (959 BC), covering 16 dynasties, including Qin, Han, Jin, Sui, Tang, Seven Heroes of Warring States, Wei, Shu, Wu, Wu, Sixteen Kingdoms, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, and so on. It is a chronological general history of China, which plays a very important role in the history books of China.
Since the publication of Purple Tongzhi Sword, emperors, generals, literati and dignitaries from all walks of life have been scrambling to read it. Countless emperors, sages, scholars, modern politicians, thinkers, and scholars have commented on the Book. As a textbook for emperors of past dynasties, Zi Tong Zhi Jian's reputation is hard to compare with Zi Tong Zhi Jian except Historical Records.
Sima Guang's Zi Tongzhi Jian and Sima Qian's Historical Records are immortal works of Chinese historiography, and they are called "two Sima historians". Wang Yinglin, a historian of the Southern Song Dynasty, commented: "Since the book was signed, there has been no one like Tong Jian."
At the end of the Song Dynasty and the beginning of the Yuan Dynasty, Hu Sansheng commented on this book: "If you don't know the mirror, you want to govern but don't know the source of autonomy;" If I don't know the mirror, it has nothing to do with you; If you don't know the mirror, you will be humiliated first and not afterwards. " Zi Zhi Tong Jian has no trace of chaos, but it is particularly detailed in music, calendar, astronomy and geography. Readers are like mice drinking water in the river, each taking what he needs. "
In the Qing Dynasty, Gu spoke highly of Zi Jian and Ma Duanlin's General Examination of Literature in the Record of Japanese Knowledge, and praised these two works as "both of them were made by their lifelong efforts, so they are indispensable books for future generations".
Wang Mingsheng believes: "This is an indispensable book between heaven and earth, and it is also a must-read book for scholars." "When reading the seventeenth history, you have to read it as a mirror at the same time. Most of the materials in Tong Jian are outside the official history, which can be corrected by investigating the similarities and differences of various histories. The ancients said that things are more important than before, and the text is not as good as the old, but Tong Jian can be regarded as it. "
As a mirror, it also has high literary value. Zeng Guofan wrote hundreds of miscellaneous notes on classics and history, among which Zi Zhi Tong Jian 1 1 was selected. Zeng Guofan commented on this book and said: "Stealing the book of sages that shocked the world is not good at Paulus Johannes's History as a Mirror, and its theory is not limited to the ancient and broadens the mind."
Liang Qichao, a famous scholar in modern times, commented on Tong Jian and said: "The Tong Jian written by Sima Wengong is also a great work in the world. Its magnificent structure and rich materials make it impossible for future generations who want to compile a general history to take it as a blueprint, but so far no one can rule it. Wen Gong is also a great man! "
Mao Zedong claimed to have made 17 comments on Zi Tong Zhi Jian, and said, "17 times. Every time I read, I benefit a lot. A rare good book. I'm afraid it's the last time, not because I don't want to read it, but because I don't have time ... China has two great books, Historical Records and History as a Mirror, both of which were written by talented people in the case of political frustration ... The war in History as a Mirror is really wonderful, vivid and full of dialectics. "
Mingshi
The History of Ming Dynasty is a biographical chronology compiled by Qing officials, which reflects the historical situation of Ming Dynasty in China (1368- 1644). The book has 336 volumes, including 4 volumes of contents, 24 volumes of biographies, 75 volumes of chronology, 13 volumes and 220 volumes of biographies. The number of volumes is second only to the History of Song Dynasty in the twenty-four histories, but it takes a long time to compile, but its diligence greatly exceeds the previous history. After its completion, it was praised by later historians as surpassing the history of Song, Liao, Jin and Yuan Dynasties. Zhao Yi, a historian of the Qing Dynasty, said in Volume 3 1 of Notes on Twenty-two Histories: "The recent history is outside Ouyang Gong's History of the Five Dynasties. The Liao history is brief, the Song history is complicated, the Yuan history is sloppy, and the Jin history is elegant and concise, but it is not as impressive as the Ming history."
Zhao Yi
The modern history is not as perfect as the Ming history except Ouyang Gong's History of the Five Dynasties. -"Notes on Twenty-two History"
Bai Shouyi
Ming history is an official history with high historical value. The History of the Ming Dynasty has been compiled for a long time and has the experience of compiling the previous history, which has become a better one among the twenty-four histories, especially after the Sui and Tang Dynasties. -"A General History of China"
Yu
The Ming history later became a better one in the whole twenty-four history, which is a fact that we still have to admit until today. -"Notes on Mountain Residence: The Back of a Dynasty"
Liu
The History of Ming Dynasty has become a high-quality historical work recognized by historians since the Qing Dynasty because of its rigorous style, coherent beginning and end, informative materials, concise writing and few mistakes. On the contrary, due to the pressure of Zhu Yuanzhang's political needs, the compilation of History of the Yuan Dynasty lasted 1 1 month * * 33 1 day, with 3 participants1person. The organization and leadership work is urgent, urgent and chaotic, with a masterpiece of nearly 1.8 million words, in less than a year. To be exact, the history of Yuan Dynasty was copied by historians under political pressure. Therefore, there are many mistakes in the Yuan history, and repeated contradictions can be seen everywhere. -"China history is a textbook for cadres"
book of later han
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty was written by Ye Fan (398-445) during the Liu and Song Dynasties in the Southern Dynasties. It is a biographical history book that records the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and it is called "Four History" together with Historical Records, History of Han Dynasty and History of the Three Kingdoms. The book is divided into ten chapters, eighty biographies and eight records (continued by Sima Biao), which records the history from Wang Mang to Emperor Xian of Han Dynasty 195. Seven new biographies have been added to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of Party Insanity, Biography of Officials, Biography of Wen Yuan, Biography of DuDu, Biography of Magic, Biography of Yimin and Biography of Lienv. In terms of biographies, in addition to the biographies of Historical Records and Hanshu, The Book of the Later Han Dynasty also added seven biographies of Danggu, Zhengshi, Wen Yuan, Shan Yu, Fang Shu, Yimin and Lienv.
The book "History of the Later Han Dynasty" mainly describes the historical events from the first year of Jianwu (AD 25) of Guangwu Emperor of the Eastern Han Dynasty to the 25th year of Jian 'an (AD 220) of Emperor Xiandi of the Han Dynasty, *** 195. The ten and eighty volumes of Biography of the Later Han Dynasty were written by Ye Fan and Li Xian, Prince of Zhang Huai. This book is a concise and vivid narrative, which synthesizes seven historical materials of the later Han Dynasty circulated at that time, and refers to the later Han Dynasty written by Justin, thus replacing the previous later Han Dynasty. In the Northern Song Dynasty, some people published thirty volumes of The History of the Continued Han Dynasty by Sima Biao of the Jin Dynasty, which, together with Liu Zhao's comments, became the Book of the Later Han Dynasty today.
The History of the Later Han Dynasty mostly followed the ready-made styles of Historical Records and History of the Han Dynasty, but in the process of writing, Ye Fan made some innovations and changes according to the specific characteristics of the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty. First, he added Empress Ji after Emperor Ji. Since the Eastern Han Dynasty, there have been six queens. It is reasonable to write down their activities in the form of discipline, and it can also accurately reflect the political characteristics of this period. Secondly, Seven biographies have been added to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty: Biography of Party Insanity, Biography of Officials, Biography of Wen Yuan, Biography of Dugu, Biography of Magic, Biography of Yimin and Biography of Lienv. Ye Fan was the first historian to write biographies for women in biographical history books. What is particularly commendable is that the seventeen outstanding women collected in Biography of Lienv are not all chaste daughters, and there are also talented women Cai Yan who do not meet the ethical standards.
The books of the later Han Dynasty are well-structured and orderly arranged. For example, biographies of eighty biographies are generally arranged in chronological order. The first three volumes are the man of the Han Dynasty. The next nine volumes are emperors, generals and important generals in Guangwu era. The progressiveness of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty is also reflected in the courage to expose dark politics, sympathize with and praise justice. In Biography of Wang Chong, Biography of Wang Fu and Biography of Zhong Changtong, Ye Fan collected eight articles attacking current politics in detail. On the one hand, the Book of the Later Han Dynasty exposed the strength of the Fisherman, on the other hand, it praised the middle and lower classes who were strong and upright and not afraid of violence. The Book of the Later Han Dynasty is a biographical history book that records the history of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
The Book of the Later Han Dynasty has its own characteristics. In terms of style, it is improved compared with Historical Records and Hanshu. As far as chronology is concerned, it is different from Chronology of the First Emperor in Hanshu. Instead, it quoted the precedent of Hu Hai II and Zi Ying, the king of Qin, and attached Shang Emperor (Liu Long, Shang Emperor) and Shun Di Ji (Liu Bao, Shun Di) to the chronicle of He Emperor (He Emperor). This not only saves space, but also kills two birds with one stone. As for the empress, it changed the way that the empress was included in the biographies of consorts (except Lv Hou) in Historical Records and Hanshu, and wrote a chronicle for the empress. This change accords with the historical fact that the six Empresses in the Eastern Han Dynasty were called the imperial court.
In terms of biographies, in addition to the biographies of Historical Records and Hanshu, The Book of the Later Han Dynasty also added seven biographies of Danggu, Zhengshi, Wen Yuan, Shan Yu, Fang Shu, Yimin and Lienv. These biographies are not only new creations, but also reflect the actual situation of the Eastern Han Dynasty. For example, during the Eastern Han Dynasty, many upright ministers were killed on charges of forming a party. In addition, most eunuchs in the Eastern Han Dynasty participated in the discussion of state affairs and killed ministers, which was the main maker of the prison where the party fought against different factions. These phenomena fully reflect the contradictions and struggles within the ruling class in the Eastern Han Dynasty. According to these historical facts, Ye Fan created two biographies, Dang Gu Biography and Official History Biography. Biography of Lienv originated from Liu Xiang in the Western Han Dynasty. Inspired by Liu Xiang, Ye Fan added Biography of Lienv, which is the first time in the official history. The purpose of his "Biography of Women" is: "To be good at searchers, you don't have to be good at one exercise." In his Biography of Women, there are learned Ban Zhaohuan, the wife of Le Yangzi who advised her husband to study, and the famous talented woman Cai Yan who does not stick to the boundaries of the three cardinal guides and the five permanent members. Biographies of the Book of the Later Han Dynasty often break the chronological order and write people with similar behaviors as joint biographies.
For example, Wang Chong, Wang Fu and Zhong Changtong are not contemporaries, because they all despise wealth, are good at writing, and have similar behaviors, so they are combined.
new history of the tang dynasty
The Book of the New Tang Dynasty is one of the Twenty-four Histories written by Song Qi, Ouyang Xiu, Fan Zhen and Lu in the Northern Song Dynasty. The book has 225 volumes, including 10, 50 volumes, 15 volumes and 150 volumes. After 17 years, the New History of the Tang Dynasty was revised and completed in the fifth year of Song Renzong Jiayou (A.D. 1060). After the New Book of Tang Dynasty was completed, its editor-in-chief Ceng Gongliang once went to the emperor's table and said it was better than the Old Book of Tang Dynasty. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty is the first time to write "military records" and "selected records", systematically discussing the military system and imperial examination system of the Tang Dynasty. This is a great creation of the official history genre history books in China, which was inherited by the later Song History. From Sima Qian's creation of discipline, expressiveness, ambition and biographical history books to Wei, Jin and Five Dynasties, the compilation of history books and the omission of expressiveness restored the integrity of this style in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty. This system will be used in the history books of various dynasties in the future, which is also a great contribution of New Tang Book in the history of Chinese historiography.
Song Qi and Ouyang Xiu, the main authors of The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, are famous writers in the Northern Song Dynasty. Song Qi and his brother Song Yao were called "the second Song Dynasty" at that time. The Song Dynasty's Dong Xuanlu said that Song Qi was "well-read"; Ouyang Xiu is one of the "Eight Masters in Tang and Song Dynasties", and prose is his specialty. Of course, their kung fu is different.
The Book of the New Tang Dynasty is appreciated by later generations with its fresh and simple language features. It has also had a great impact.
history
Historical Records is the first biographical general history in the history of China. It was originally called Taishi Gongshu, or Taishi Gongji and Gong Ji. The author is Sima Qian of the Western Han Dynasty. Sima Qian, a long character, and his father Sima Tan were appointed as Taishiling. His wish to write a general history of ancient and modern times was not realized, and Sima Qian was asked to fulfill his long-cherished wish before he died. Later, Sima Qian's stepfather Taishiling began to write historical records, which took more than ten years to complete. Historical Records is the first general history of China in ancient times, which is not only large in scale and complete in system, but also has a far-reaching influence on biographical history books. The official history of all dynasties was written in this genre. At the same time, the vividness of words and narration in the book is also the highest achievement. In the Outline of China Literature History, Mr. Lu Xun praised Historical Records as "a masterpiece of historians, with no rhyme in Li Sao".
Literary influence
Historical Records has a wide and far-reaching influence on ancient novels, plays, biographies and essays.
First of all, on the whole, Historical Records, as China's first large-scale work mainly describing characters, provided an important foundation and various possibilities for the development of later literature.
Although there are real people in the history written in Historical Records, it is actually typed by "meeting each other", that is, highlighting some main characteristics of people, comparing different people and fabricating details.
In the early literature of all nationalities, there is such a phenomenon, which is a way for human beings to know themselves through artistic means. It's just that the original typed characters in China literature appear in historical works, and the situation is quite special.
Therefore, Historical Records established many important prototypes for China literature. In later novels and dramas, emperors, heroes, chivalrous men, officials and many other characters evolved from the characters in Historical Records.
In terms of martial arts novels, besides the types of characters, their genre and narrative style are also obviously influenced by Historical Records. China's traditional novels are mostly in the name of "biography" and developed in the form of biographies, with the beginning and end of biographies, always taking the life of the characters as the context and unfolding the plot in strict chronological order, often with the author's direct comments. All these important features mainly come from historical records.
Later novels are mostly based on historical records. Among them are Biography of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty by Feng Menglong, Empire of Daqin by Sun Haohui and Warring States by Han Chuanzi.
In terms of drama, Historical Records has naturally become a treasure house for later generations because of its strong drama, distinctive characters and sharp contradictions.
According to Fu Xihua's Catalogue of Complete Works of Yuan Zaju, there are more than 180 zaju based on historical records. According to the statistics of Li Changzhi, among the existing 132 Yuan Zaju, there are 16 stories based on Historical Records. Among them, The Orphan of Zhao is a masterpiece with world influence. There must be more similar works lost. In the later Peking Opera, there are still many historical records, such as Farewell My Concubine, which is well known.
During the Song and Yuan Dynasties, with the formation and maturity of China's drama, the content and art of Historical Records also influenced the drama creation. For example, the Song and Yuan operas include "Zhao's Orphan Revenge"; During the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, there were Zhao orphans (Yuanji), Zhuo Wenjun eloped (all) and General Guan toasted (Ming). Legends in the Ming and Qing Dynasties include "Stealing Symbols" and "Yi Shui Ge" (Xu Qingqin); Local operas and newly-edited historical dramas include Seeking Solitude (Beijing Opera), Sleeping for a Taste of Courage (Han Opera, Yue Opera), Heshibi (Tongzhou Bangzi), Return to Zhao in Perfect Condition (Beijing Opera), Hongmen Banquet (Beijing Opera, Sichuan Opera, Han Opera) and Xiao He Chasing the Moon (Beijing Opera)
In biographical literature, due to the biographical style of Historical Records inherited by later generations, a large number of biographies of historical figures have been produced.
Although the literariness of later history books is not as good as that of Historical Records, there are a large number of them, and if you extract excellent biographies, it is also very impressive.
In addition, other biographies, family biographies, epitaphs and other biographical forms are also related to the biographical literature tradition initiated by Historical Records.