Slavs came to today's Serbia in the 8th century and converted to the Orthodox Church under the influence of the Byzantine Empire. The earliest Serbian state was founded in the middle of 10 century by Caslav Cloni Mirovic (Caslav Crony milovic? ) established. The Nimanya dynasty rose in the12nd century, and the development of the Serbian state was pushed to its peak during the reign of Tsar Stefan Dushan in the middle of14th century.
At this time, the Ottoman Empire began to conquer the Balkans and defeated the Serbs in the battle of Kosovo in 1389 (the result of this battle is still controversial). By the end of 15, the Ottoman Empire completely conquered Serbia and began its rule for five centuries.
Serbia gained a high degree of autonomy in the 1804 and 18 15 revolutions. 1878, Serbia gained complete independence with the assistance of Russia, 1882 established a kingdom, and its territory only included the central part of Serbia today. 19 10 In the two Balkan wars in the early years, Serbia's territory expanded southward, including Kosovo and now the Republic of Macedonia, but Vojvodina in the north was under the jurisdiction of Austria-Hungary at that time and was not within the territory of Serbia.
1965438+On June 28th, 2004, Serbian patriotic youth Gaffry Huo Princip fired seven shots with a Browning M 1900 automatic pistol in the streets of Sarajevo, killing Crown Prince Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary and his wife Sophie who were visiting Sarajevo. This is called the Sarajevo incident. On July 28th, Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, which led to the outbreak of the First World War. Serbia successfully resisted three attacks by Austria-Hungary at the end of 19 14, but in 19 15, allied forces (including Austria-Hungary, Germany and Bulgaria) jointly attacked Serbia and occupied all its territory.
19 18, the allied forces were defeated and Serbia was restored to the country. /kloc-in 0/2, Serbia and neighboring Montenegro and Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Vojvodina under the jurisdiction of the former Austria-Hungary jointly formed the Kingdom of Serbia, Croatia and Slovenia, the predecessor of Yugoslavia.
During World War II, Yugoslavia was attacked on three sides, and all its neighbors were members of the Axis except Greece. 194 1 April, the Axis powers invaded Yugoslavia and carved it up. For example, most of Vojvodina was annexed by Hungary, Kosovo was annexed by Albania, and the rest of Serbia was occupied by Germans. At this time, the Yugoslav People's Army began to resist the German occupation under the leadership of Tito. 1945, the Soviet red army entered yugoslavia, became the supreme leader of the country with the help of Tito, and established a communist country, but 1948, yugoslavia and Zhang? Junxuan? Tito founded the Non-Aligned Movement in 19961with Egyptian President Nasser and Indian Prime Minister Nehru. Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia promoted the socialist market economy, emphasizing national unity and national unity. During this period, Yugoslavia became a richer country among the communist countries in Eastern Europe.
1980 After Tito's death, ethnic conflicts began to intensify, which eventually led to the disintegration of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s .. 1992, leaving only Serbia and Montenegro in Yugoslavia. From 65438 to 0999, Serbia was bombed by NATO during the Kosovo War, which ended with the international community taking over Kosovo.
In 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was reorganized into Serbia and Montenegro. On May 2 1 2006, Montenegro decided to formally become independent through a referendum. On June 3, Montenegro's parliament officially declared independence, and on June 5, Serbia's parliament also declared independence, becoming the legal successor of the dissolved Serbia and Montenegro Federation.
Kosovo has a long history. According to the research of Croatian historian Aleksandr Sti Pacevic, more than 40 militant nomadic tribes, the ancestors of Albanians, first lived in Kosovo. From the end of the 6th century to the beginning of the 7th century, a large number of Slavic immigrants crossed the Danube and settled in the Balkans. They built castles and churches, reclaimed wasteland, and drove Ili people who were engaged in grazing to hilly areas. In the 9th century, the Serbs among the Yugoslavs established their own country. By the14th century, under the rule of Archduke Etienne Duchamp, the Kingdom of Serbia entered its heyday, and its sphere of influence once expanded to Macedonia and Greece, with Kosovo as its center. At that time, geopolitics believed that ruling Kosovo was ruling the Balkans, which showed the importance of Kosovo's geographical location. 1389 On June 28th, Turkish Sultanmurat led the Ottoman army to a decisive battle with the Christian Union army led by Serbian Prince Lassa in the Mele Plain of Kosovo. As a result, Miao La and Lhasa were killed in battle, Kosovo was occupied by Turks, and the whole Balkan region was gradually Ottoman. 1453, Constantinople fell to the Ottoman army, 1456, Athens fell, 1459, Belgrade fell to Turkey, and the kingdom of Serbia officially perished.
Turkey's occupation caused the Balkan region to split in two, with Serbs, Bulgarians, Macedonians, Albanians and some Bosnians under the Ottoman Empire in the south and Slovenians, Croats, Slavonians and Vojvodinas under the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the north. At that time, Vienna, Austria was the center of European culture, while Asian absolutism in Turkey was synonymous with ignorance, corruption, chaos and violence. Many Serbs could not bear the slavery of the Ottoman Empire and fled to the north and west, especially Croatia and Vojvodina, while Albanians who believed in Islam moved to Kosovo to fill the vacancy left by Serbs. In Kosovo, the Ottoman rulers of Turkey implemented a policy of changing the religious beliefs of local residents in order to safeguard the interests of the rulers. Prior to this, the local Serbs believed in the Orthodox Church, while Albanians believed in Catholicism. Although the Ottoman Empire did not take coercive measures to change the beliefs of local residents, these believers did not stipulate that they must believe in Islam, and they allowed the existence of Orthodox Church and Catholicism. However, believers must pay the poll tax to the local government, which is quite high, almost beyond the affordability of ordinary Orthodox Christians and Catholics. If anyone converts to Islam and becomes a Muslim, they can be exempted from paying this tax. So many Albanians have accepted Islam. In this case, many Serbs moved to areas dominated by Christianity, and this long journey reached its climax in the17th century. According to historical records, from the middle of17th century to the beginning of18th century, about 30,000 to 40,000 Serbs moved to Hungary of Habsburg Empire or Croatia of Adriatic Sea. Turkish rulers distributed the land and houses left by exiles to Albanians who changed their religious beliefs, and moved Albanians living in neighboring areas into Kosovo. By the18th century, Kosovo had become a region with a majority of Albanians. According to Turkey 19 10 census, Albanians in Kosovo province accounted for more than 60% of the local population at that time, and the rest were Serbs, Turks and Bulgarians.
/kloc-since the end of 0/8, the independence movement of all ethnic groups in Yugoslavia has been surging.
After two uprisings, Serbia established the principality in 18 15 and Montenegro established the principality in 1852. 1876- 1878 After the Turkish Cypriot War, the Albanian national rejuvenation movement continued to rise. The declining Austro-Hungarian Empire and the Ottoman Empire began to support Albanians for fear of Serbia's strength. During the period of 1880- 1889, 60,000 Kosovo Serbs moved to the north. 19 12, Balkan countries declared war on Turkey, overthrew the rule of Turkey, and Kosovo, which had been enslaved by the Ottoman Empire for five centuries, was reintegrated into Serbia, and most of its residents were Albanians. In order to restore the multi-ethnic balance, the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, established in 19 18, confiscated the manor of the Turkish landowner and gave priority to Serbian soldiers who had made meritorious deeds. A large number of Albanians working in the manor moved to Turkey with the Turks, which drastically reduced the number of Albanians who settled here. By 1929, there will be about 500,000 Albanians in Kosovo, accounting for about 39% of the total entrance to Kosovo.
194 1 year, Yugoslavia was divided by the Axis Powers, Kosovo was annexed by Mussolini's "Greater Albania", and nearly 654.38+million Serbs were forced to flee their homes. Due to the deep-rooted ethnic contradiction between Albanians and Serbs, the occupiers were not attacked by Albany during the fascist invasion of Kosovo.
Asian resistance, on the contrary, local residents are particularly excited about joining a unified Greater Albania.
At that time, the guerrillas led by Yugoslavia and Albania, who fought side by side against fascism, held different views on the ownership of Kosovo. 1943 At the end of 0944, at the meeting of the Kosovo People's Liberation Committee held in Albania, it was decided to merge Kosovo into Albania, but the decision was immediately opposed by the Central Committee of the Southern Communist Party. 1944 l 65438+ 10, the South People's Liberation Army liberated Kosovo. 1945 In February, when the Second World War was coming to an end, Albanian rebels established a military government in Kosovo. 16 In March, the military government issued a decree prohibiting Serbs and Montenegrins from Kosovo from returning to Kosovo, saying that they were supporters of the autocratic regime of Greater Serbia. 40,000 Yugoslav soldiers fought fiercely with 1 10,000 Albanian soldiers. As a result, Serbia regained control of Kosovo and thousands of Albanian Muslims were exiled to Turkey.
1945 In July, the People's Assembly of Kosovo decided to merge Kosovo into the Republic of Serbia. In this way, after the war, Kosovo returned to the Yugoslav territory led by Tito. However, although Albanians are the fifth largest ethnic group in Yugoslavia, Kosovo, where Albanians live in concentrated communities, has not obtained the status of an autonomous republic like Serbia and Montenegro. The Yugoslav Constitution 1946 stipulates that Kosovo is an autonomous province of Kosovo-Metohija, which belongs to the Republic of Serbia. The Serbs purged the pro-fascists among Albanians, but this aroused the resistance of Albanians and further intensified ethnic contradictions.
It is precisely because of the above-mentioned long-term and complicated historical changes that both Serbs and Albanians consider themselves the masters of Kosovo and failed to become the seventh autonomous republic of Yugoslavia. In addition, the Albanians in Kosovo believed that they had been treated unfairly in Yugoslavia and held many demonstrations demanding independence.
After the founding of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, it emphasized "the independence, equality and self-determination of the people of all ethnic groups in Yugoslavia" and established an autonomous government in Kosovo-Metohija in the Republic of Serbia. In the1960s, about 700,000-300,000 Albanians fled to Kosovo. With the recovery and development of the economy, the nationalist tendency of the republics is gradually rising, and the developed regions demand the abolition of state control, while Serbia insists on centralization and federal control of investment funds. Due to historical reasons, Kosovo is the poorest region in Yugoslavia. 1953, the per capita GNP of Kosovo is 53% of the average level of South Africa, and illiteracy accounts for 40.4% of the total population, while the illiteracy rate in developed areas under the former Habsburg dynasty is only 19.438+0%. Albanians, who account for the majority of Kosovo's population, lag far behind the Serbs in living standards and educational level, but the birth rate is far higher than that of the Serbs. Overpopulation in turn aggravates poverty. By 1957, the per capita GNP of Kosovo had dropped to 42% of the national average. From 65438 to 0966, the population growth rate of Kosovo was 3.79%, and that of Albanians increased to 1 10,000, while that of Yugoslavia was only 1%. 1968, Kosovo students held a large-scale demonstration, demanding autonomy for the first time and shouting for the establishment of the Republic of Kosovo. Yugoslav President Tito agreed to give Kosovo a certain degree of autonomy. By 197 1, the ethnic Albanians in Kosovo account for 73.7% of the total population, and their demands for national self-determination are increasingly strong. 1974 The new Yugoslav Constitution gives Kosovo extensive autonomy and enjoys the same rights as other Yugoslav republics. Albanians have schools that teach in their mother tongue, and these schools have trained a large number of Albanian intellectuals. Due to the backward economy and culture in Kosovo, many Serbs left Kosovo to find a good way out in other areas, while the Albanian intellectuals who stayed in Kosovo were dissatisfied because they could not find satisfactory jobs, which became the core of the movement for national independence.
1980 In May, Tito died, Yugoslavia lost its leader with personal authority, and the separatist tendency of the republics was constantly strengthened. 1981From March to April, Albanian university students trained by Albanian exchange students held demonstrations in Pristina University, demanding the establishment of an independent Republic of Kosovo. Demonstrators first clashed with the police, many students were arrested, and Serbian authorities sent troops to temporarily impose military control on Kosovo. As a result, the contradiction between Kosovo Serbs and Albanians has become increasingly acute, often brewing into bloody conflicts. Serbs believe that Kosovo is the holy land of Serbia and the cradle of Serbian civilization. For historical reasons and national feelings, Serbia cannot give up Kosovo. From an ethnic point of view, Kosovo is becoming more and more Albanian. By 199 1, Serbs in Kosovo only accounted for L 1% of the total population, while in 196 1, Serbs still accounted for 27.4%. During 1987' s visit to Kosovo, Milosevic appealed to local Serb residents not to leave this land because of difficulties.
As a national minority, Serbs feel more and more isolated and excluded, while Albanians are striving for political advantages and ethnic conflicts are intensifying.
1988, more than 6,000 Serbs and Montenegrins living in Kosovo accused Albanians of harassing them and held large-scale protests, demanding the abolition of the Constitution and the abolition of Kosovo's autonomous status. In the late 1980s, Yugoslavia was torn apart by ethnic conflicts and economic crisis. Serbia * * * * Milosevic used the nationalist complex to win over the masses and improve his prestige. Serbia is unable to prevent Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia and Bosnia and Herzegovina from leaving Yugoslavia, but it is determined not to prevent Kosovo from becoming independent at all costs. This is because, from the national sentiment,' Kosovo is the birthplace of the first Serbian kingdom in history, and whoever gives it up will become a sinner in the eyes of Serbs. Milosevic used this national feeling of Serbs to support the Serbs in Kosovo and put forward the slogan of "Greater Serbia". 1On February 27th, 989, Milosevic declared a state of emergency, sent troops to suppress the strike of Albanian miners and student demonstrations, revised the Constitution of 1974, abolished the status of Kosovo as an autonomous province, cancelled Albanian schools and banned Albanian organizations, including news organizations. There were violent clashes and gun battles between ethnic Albanians and police. More than 20 people were killed and many people were arrested. 1990 65438+ 10, Serbian police used tear gas, batons and water taps to suppress Albanian demonstrators. In the face of the "Great Serbian Doctrine" of Serbs, Albanians' hopes of establishing a Republic of Kosovo within the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have been dashed, the confrontation between Serbs and Albanians has become increasingly fierce, and the riots have become more and more serious. Yugoslavia sent troops, police, tanks and planes to Kosovo and imposed a curfew in Kosovo. However, this move did not destroy Albanian nationalism, and the conflict between Serbia and Albania escalated and the contradiction worsened.
This shows that the Kosovo issue is a difficult problem formed by history. It has experienced many years of tortuous evolution and has been deliberately manipulated by big countries. So far, many disputes are still difficult to distinguish right from wrong. Regarding the ownership of Kosovo, Serbs and Albanians have their own views. Serbia regards Kosovo as the birthplace and cultural cradle of the Serbian nation, because Serbia established the most powerful country here in the12nd century, and Albanians moved in in large numbers only after the Ottoman Empire invaded and Serbian troops retreated northward. Albanians, on the other hand, insist that Illyrians, the primitive tribe living in Kosovo in the 4th-5th century BC, are the ancestors of Albanians, so Kosovo has been the territory of Albanians since ancient times. In this way, Albanians in Kosovo demand real autonomy and independence, and Serbs will not give up their cherished "homeland" easily. Kosovo, a "time bomb" in the Balkans, is always in danger of exploding!