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There have been several political reforms and forms of war in China's history.
There are four famous political reforms in the history of China:

Shang yang reform?

In 356 BC and 350 BC, two reforms were carried out, with the main content of "abandoning mining fields to open buildings, implementing county system, unified measurement, rewarding agricultural weaving, and implementing the method of sitting together".

As a result, the economy of Qin developed, and the combat effectiveness of the army continued to strengthen, and it developed into the most prosperous feudal country at the end of the Warring States Period. Shang Yang was accused of "rebellion" and suffered a car crack.

Emperor xiaowen's reform

In the process of conquering the nation, the rulers of the Northern Wei Dynasty carried out ethnic discrimination and cruel ethnic oppression policies against the people of all ethnic groups, and ethnic contradictions intensified. In order to ease the class contradictions and consolidate the rule, Emperor Xiaowen carried out the sinicization movement, including implementing the system of equal land and household modulation, changing the official system and laws, moving the capital to Luoyang, and changing the customs of the Han Dynasty.

Mr. Chen Yinke, an ending historian, said in his book A Brief Introduction to the Origin of Sui and Tang Dynasties: "The deeper the sinicization of Luoyang, the more corrupt it is, and the more conservative Beiliu Town is, the stronger the resistance to the sinicization of Luoyang." Emperor Xiaowen, relying on his own preferences, ignored the national feelings of Xianbei people and the well-being and interests of the people in the Northern Wei Dynasty, forcibly reformed, which eventually led to the demise of the Northern Wei Dynasty.

Innovate forever?

During the Yongzheng period, the bureaucratic scholar-officials represented by Wang carried out reforms with the main purpose of cracking down on eunuch forces and eliminating political malpractices. Advocate strengthening centralization, and oppose the separatist regime and eunuch dictatorship.

In the end, due to the coup staged by Ju Wen Zhen and others, the political reform ended in failure, which lasted only 100 days. After the failure of the political reform, the politics of the Tang Dynasty became darker and darker, the eunuchs were greedy for power, and the court had many cronies. An "internal reform" that isolated the people from the outside played an elegy of the Tang Dynasty.

Celebrate the New Deal?

Song Renzong ushered in its third year (1043). The Song Dynasty was defeated in the Summer War, and internal turmoil was imminent. Song Renzong adopted the innovative ideas of Fan Zhongyan and others, focusing on the reform of the official system, professional fields, imperial examinations, schools and taxes.

Finally, the old courtiers were used to seeking peace and opposing the New Deal, and Song Renzong "listened to rumors". Fan Zhongyan was forced to abdicate on his own, and the Qingli New Deal ended in failure, which made the situation of poverty and weakness in the Song Dynasty worse.

Wang Anshi's reform

In order to enrich Qiang Bing, the Northern Song Dynasty set off a vigorous reform. Wang Anshi, based on the principle of "the wealth of the world is tied to the strength of the world, and the wealth of the world is used to pay for the expenses of the world", promulgated the farmland water conservancy law, the equal loss law, the young crop law, the exemption law (also known as the Zhao' an law), the city easy law and the unified tax law of Fangtian from the perspective of financial management, and popularized the Jiabao law and adopted the Art of War of Sun Tzu.

Finally, the new law violated the interests of middle and senior officials, royalty, tycoons and usurers; Poor policy implementation, people's private property is "trapped"; Wang Anshi was arrogant and was demoted; The overall reform failed.

A whip?

The tax service system established in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty began to spread to the whole country in Wanli period (158 1). The content of the "one whip method" is: "summarize the tax of a county, measure the size of the land, collect all the silver, decompose the officials and hire servants to deal with it."

In the end, a whipping method increased the revenue of the treasury in Ming Dynasty, liberated the productive forces, reduced the burden on farmers and promoted the development of commerce. After the death of Zhang, the main promoter of a whipping method, the new law was abandoned and the Great Wall was destroyed in the Ming Dynasty.

Reform Movement of 1898

The bourgeois reformists, with Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao as the main leaders, advocated learning from the West, advocating scientific culture, reforming the political and educational systems, and carrying out the political reform movement of agriculture, industry and commerce through Emperor Guangxu.

In the end, the reform movement was strongly opposed by the old school headed by Empress Dowager Cixi. In September of that year, Empress Dowager Cixi and others staged a coup, Guangxu was imprisoned, reformists Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to France and Japan respectively, and Tan Sitong and other six men (six gentlemen of the Reform Movement of 1898) were killed.