Dinosaur footprints that lived in the Cretaceous period were found in the Laluxi riverbed in Grenros, Texas, USA. Archaeologists were surprised to find 12 human footprints next to dinosaur footprint fossils, and even one person's footprints overlapped on a three-fingered dinosaur footprint. When the fossil was cut from the middle, it was found that there was an indentation in the cross section under the footprint, which could not be imitated and was obviously not forged. In addition, human finger fossils and an artificial hammer were found in the same rock stratum nearby, and a handle was tightly left on the hammer head. The head of this hammer contains 96.6% iron, 0.74% sulfur and 2.6% chlorine. This is a very strange alloy. It is impossible to make this kind of metal combining chlorine and iron now. Part of the handle has turned into coal. In order to turn into coal in a short time, the whole stratum must have considerable pressure and generate certain heat. If the hammer falls into the gap, there is no coalification process of the handle due to insufficient pressure and temperature. This shows that the hammer was there when the rock layer hardened and solidified. It is found that the strata of artificial tools are consistent with the strata where dinosaur footprints are located, while other strata have no dinosaur footprints and artificial tools. This shows that humans and dinosaurs really lived in the same era.
Trilobites are creatures from 540 million to 250 million years ago, and they have long been extinct. William J. Meister, an American scientist, actually found the footprints of an adult wearing casual shoes and a child in Cambrian sedimentary rocks in Antelope Spring, Utah. The footprint is about 10.25 inch long and 0.5 inch wide, embedded in the rock, just above a trilobite fossil. According to Melvin A. Cook, a famous chemist at the University of Utah, this is indeed a human footprint ii.
1976, a research group led by the famous archaeologist Mary. D. Leakey found a set of footprints with characteristics very similar to those of modern people in a place called Litri in northern Tanzania, Africa and the east line of the Great Rift Valley in East Africa. These footprints are printed on volcanic ash sedimentary rocks. According to radioactivity measurement, there are 3.4-3.8 million volcanic ash sedimentary rocks. Footprints * * * two strings, parallel to each other, extending about 27 meters. It is obvious from these footprints that the anatomical characteristics of its soft tissue are obviously different from those of apes. Gravity is transmitted from the heel, through the outside of the arch and the ball of the thumb, and finally to the big toe, which is straight forward. When orangutans and Australopithecus walk upright, gravity is transmitted from the heel, but through the outside of the foot to the middle finger, and the thumb of the big toe protrudes sideways.
18 17 years, archaeologists Henry R. Schoolcraft and Thomas H. Benton found two human footprints on a limestone slate near the west bank of the Mississippi River in the United States, about 10.5 inch long, with scattered toes and flat soles. Strong footsteps, natural footprints. There are indications that the indentation was stepped on when the rock was soft. According to identification, this limestone slate has a history of 270 million years.
1880, geologist J.D. Whitney identified various stone tools excavated 300 feet underground in Table Mountain, California, USA, and found tools similar to modern pestles. It is determined that the stratigraphic age of these tools is 55 million years ago.
1887, the archaeologist Florentino Ameghino found flint, bone-breaking fossils and ancient fireplaces 3.5 million years ago in a place called Monte Hermoso on the coast of Argentina, which proved that there was human life at that time.
1On May 27th, 999, the second edition of Science Times reported that Spanish paleontologists discovered prehistoric human pelvic fossils, femurs and some stone tools 300,000 years ago in Atapueca mountain area of Burgos province in the north of the country. On the same day, the newspaper distributed a graphic report in the first edition, saying that rice seeds discovered in Zhejiang Province, China 7000 years ago have been preserved by the Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
1998 The authoritative American magazine Science11+1reported on October 20th that archaeologists Tim Appenzeller, Daniel Clery and others discovered an urban relic vi more than 9,000 years ago in Anatolia, the western peninsula of Asia. 1In May, 1998, the magazine also reported that 135 prehistoric artifacts such as human bones and fireplaces were unearthed near Lake Mungo and Lake Willandra in New South Wales, Australia. A complete 30,000-year-old human bone fossil was unearthed in Mengge No.3 pit, painted with ochre dye, with his arms folded on his chest and buried according to the funeral ceremony.
2 Explore the mysteries of prehistoric humans
1965, archaeologists Bryan Patterson and W. W. Howells discovered a human upper arm humerus fossil identified as 4 million years ago in Kanapoi, Kenya. Professor Henry M. McHenry and Professor Robert S. Rucny of the University of California said that this humerus is almost the same as that of modern people. 1972 The thigh bone fossil found in Lake Turkana, Kenya, is almost similar to modern human form, and its age is 2 million years ago. 19 13 Hans Reck, a German scientist, discovered a complete modern human skeleton in Olduvai Canyon, Tanzania, which was in the stratum about 1 10,000 years ago.
1On April 6, 1998, the fourth edition of People's Daily reported that scientists' appraisal of Wushan ape-man site confirmed that ancient humans appeared in China 2 million years ago: In June, 1997, Huang Wanbo, a researcher at vertebrate paleontology Institute of Paleoanthropology of China Academy of Sciences, and Xu Ziqiang, a professor at Beijing Library, led an investigation team in Longgupo, Miaozhen, Wushan County, Chongqing. After the appraisal by famous paleoanthropologist Academician Jia Lanpo and other authoritative scholars, these were similar to Wushan people. This result once again strongly confirmed the existence of "Wushan people" 2 million years ago. The fossil of Wushan man was first discovered in Longgupo in 1985 by Huang Wanbo. From 1988 to 1996, five units, including the University of Iowa, the Department of Archaeology of Peking University and the Institute of Geology of Chinese Academy of Sciences, successively identified these fossils by three methods: paleomagnetism, electron spin * * * vibration and amino acid determination, showing that their geological age was about 2 million years ago. 1995, Dr. Han Shi and Huang Wanbo, American paleoanthropologists, jointly published the article "Early Humans and Their Artifacts in Asia" in the authoritative scientific journal Nature No.6554, and reported their findings. Because only two stone tools were unearthed at that time, there was a debate in academic circles about whether "Wushan man" was an ape-man or a man. This latest discovery ended the debate. According to authoritative sources, this latest discovery not only advanced the evolutionary history of China people to 2 million years ago, but also shook the existing theory of human evolution, and provided a more solid scientific basis for finding more ancient human fossils and cultural remains in China (2 million to 3 million years ago), thus unveiling the mystery of human origin.
On June 2nd, 1999, China CCTV reported on the topic "The earliest human remains discovered so far in China", which made another major breakthrough in the study of ancient humans in China. Archaeologists in China discovered a large number of stone products and bone products when excavating herringbone caves in Fanchang, Anhui. The joint identification by experts confirmed that these stone tools were the remains of early humans 2 million to 2.4 million years ago, thus advancing the history of human beings in Asia by at least 300,000 years. The commentary distributed by the news pointed out that the origin of human beings has been a hot issue for archaeologists and paleoanthropologists for many years, and scientists from all over the world have been looking for the earliest human fossils for many years; With the appearance of a large number of fossils, people's understanding of the origin of human beings is constantly being revised.
The above facts show that prehistoric humans existed. In fact, archaeological evidence also proves that human prehistoric culture is very developed and has made amazing achievements in prehistoric architecture, astronomy, geography, physics, metallurgy, medicine and art. Some even can't reach that level of technology now.
First of all, prehistoric architecture
Architecturally, there are many prehistoric megalithic buildings on the earth, which are characterized by being very tall and magnificent, built with very large stones and perfectly spliced. These boulders can only be transported by modern machines, and some even modern tools are powerless. Very accurate astronomical knowledge is often used in these buildings. The three-dimensional scale and angle of the building correspond to some celestial bodies accurately, which contains profound connotations.
For example, the Great Pyramid of Khufu in Egypt consists of 2.3 million boulders, each of which weighs 2.5 tons on average, and the largest reaches 250 tons. Its geometric dimensions are very accurate. Its four faces face southeast and northwest respectively. Its height multiplied by 109 is equal to the distance between the earth and the sun, multiplied by 43,200 times is exactly equal to the distance between the North Pole and the equatorial plane, and its circumference multiplied by 43,200 times is exactly equal to the circumference of the equator of the earth. Its position is just on the meridian of the earth, and the small hole in the pyramid faces Sirius VIII. In addition, the French chemist Joseph David Dewey believes that the stones in the pyramids are probably artificially poured viii from the chemical and microscopic perspectives.
The Sphinx on the Kisha Plateau faces east. According to the latest astronomical and geological analysis, its architectural age may be much older than the archaeologists' earlier estimate. Professor Xiuqi of the American Geological Society said that the erosion of the body of the Sphinx does not seem to be caused by wind and sand, and the erosion caused by wind and sand should be horizontal and sharp, while the erosion edge of the Sphinx is relatively round and blunt, winding down in waves, and some erosion traces are deep, up to 2 meters deep. In addition, the erosion of the upper part is more severe, and the lower part is not so high. This is a typical rain erosion trace viii and ix. The Sphinx will not be exposed to the air for more than 1000 years at most, and the rest will be buried in the sand. If it was really built in the Kabula dynasty in Egypt and was eroded by sandstorms, other limestone buildings in the same period should be eroded to the same extent. However, none of the buildings of the ancient dynasty were seriously eroded like the Sphinx. Since 3000 BC, there was not enough rain in Kisha Plateau to cause the erosion of the Sphinx, so it can only be said that these traces were left over a long time ago when there was much rain and high temperature in Kisha Plateau. In addition, according to astronomical calculations, from 1 1000 BC to 88 10 BC, the sun rises in the eastern sky with Leo as the background, and the Sphinx faces Leo at this time. According to the above analysis, archaeologists speculate that the Sphinx was probably built in the eighth century more than 10 thousand years ago.
3 Explore the mysteries of prehistoric humans
Tiahuanaco cultural site is located at the junction of Bolivia and Peru in South America, on a plateau about 4,000 meters above sea level, not far from Lake Titicaca, and is made of huge stones weighing dozens or even hundreds of tons. Archaeologists also found some small metal nails in the cracks of the boulder to fix the stone. It is speculated that these metal nails are made by melting metal and pouring it into stone carving molds. Perhaps the most striking thing is the stone gate carved from a whole rock, which stands on a pedestal 30 feet long, 15 feet wide and 6 feet thick. The pedestal and the door are carved from the same rock. On the Sun Gate of the ancient city of Tiavanaco, there are sculptures of the paleontology "Ju Weiye weevil" (similar to the modern elephant) and the extinct saber-toothed elephant in the same period. The Sun Gate is also engraved with a complicated and accurate astronomical calendar. A large number of fossils of marine shells and flying fish have been unearthed at Tiawanaco site, indicating that it was once a port with perfect docks and docks, including a huge dock for hundreds of ships to load and unload goods at the same time. Each stone used to build this wharf is roughly between 100 and 150 tons, with the largest reaching 440 tons. According to Professor Posanski, a Bolivian scholar who has studied Tiavanaco culture all his life, this ancient city may have been built 17000 years ago.
In the northern suburb of Kuzko, the capital of the Inca country in the Andes of South America, there is an ancient Sahesehuaman Castle, which is made of huge stones weighing more than 100 tons. One of the huge stones is 28 feet high and is estimated to weigh 360 tons (equivalent to 500 family cars).
Located in the ruins of Babylon, Babel was built 5,000 years ago. It is 9 1m long and 9 1m wide, and is made of huge stones. It has seven floors and is hundreds of meters high. On the Salzbani Plain in southwest England, a huge stone fence stands, which is generally believed to have a history of 4000 years. It subtly implies a lot of astronomical knowledge viii. There are many such megalithic buildings in the world.
Second, prehistoric astronomy.
Astronomically, the ancient Mayans didn't know the telescope, but they knew the precise running period of celestial bodies, which was very close to modern times. For example, the modern accurate measurement value of the solar year (that is, a year in a general sense) is 365.2422 days, while the ancient Mayans knew that the length of the solar year was 365.2420 days, only 0.0002 days less than the accurate figure; Similarly, in the Mayan concept, the time for the moon to orbit the earth once is 29.588, while the modern measured value is 29.5888.59995 The Maya can calculate the rendezvous period of Venus accurately to only one day every 6000 years. A stone tablet unearthed in Quiriga, Guatemala, indicates the position of the sun and the moon on a day more than 400 million years ago, and its calculation process is clear at a glance. There is a tribe called Dogon in Africa, and they have a very detailed understanding of Sirius in terms of ideas. Sirius is so difficult to observe that modern people didn't get its first photo until 1970. Sirius is a binary star system in the legend of mercury enriching people, but now astronomers have observed with the most advanced astronomical telescope that Sirius does have two companion stars. Mercury-rich people have long known that Saturn has a halo and Jupiter has four main moons, X.
Third, prehistoric geography.
Geographically, Turk Haki Ahamed marked the coastline of North and South America as early as A.D. 1559, but it was two and a half centuries after travelers and mapmakers discovered America. In addition, there are records about America in Tibetan ancient books 3500 years ago. The coastline of the Antarctic map drawn by Turk Oranc Finas in AD 1532 is very similar to the modern Antarctic map, and the shape of the continent before the Antarctic was frozen 8000 years ago was also drawn accurately. Modern people know the topography under the Antarctic ice, and it was only in A.D. 1958 that scientists learned through the investigation of the ice. The above16th century maps were all copied from older maps.
Fourth, prehistoric physics.
In physics, a large nuclear reactor was discovered in Oklo, a famous uranium mine in Gabon, Africa. From June 65438 to June 0972, a French uranium refinery that imported Oklo uranium mine was surprised to find that the uranium content in the delivered uranium ore was less than 0.3%, while the uranium content in any other uranium mine was about 0.72%. Later, many scientists went to investigate and found that this was an ancient nuclear reactor 2 billion years ago, and its running time reached 500 thousand years. 1975 From June 23rd to 27th, the International Atomic Energy Agency held a symposium on Oklo phenomenon in Libreville, Gabon. The conference received more than 40 papers from 74 representatives from 19 countries and 2 international organizations.
Five, prehistoric smelting technology
In terms of smelting technology, miners found hundreds of metal balls on the hillside of Clark, South Africa. The strata where these balls are located are about 2.8 billion years old. The groove around the iron ball is so delicate that ironmaking experts think it is difficult to explain that I was formed by natural processes. 1968, archaeologists Y.Druet and H.Salfati discovered a metal tube I in the Cretaceous strata 65 million years ago in a place called Saint-Jean de Livet. 187 1 year, when the archaeologist William E. Dubois was drilling near Lawn Ridge, Illinois, USA, he found something like a coin at a depth of 1 14 feet from the surface. According to the identification of Illinois Geological Survey, his stratum belongs to Pleistocene (20. On June 5th, 1852, Scientific American reported on the topic of "the remains of a lost era". 600 million years ago, a metal vase was found in the Precambrian strata in Dorchester, Massachusetts. It is a zinc-white alloy, which contains a lot of silver component I after determination. 1in the summer of 966, Dr. Virginia MaiGentile, an American geological prospector, identified a batch of iron spears unearthed in Maia Colleuc, Mexico. It was originally estimated that the history of these iron spears was less than 20 thousand years. But the test results show that it is 250,000 years. An ancient iron pillar, estimated to be at least 4,000 years old, was erected in a temple in New Delhi, India, and has not rusted so far. Phosphorus, sulfur and wind and rain erosion have no influence on it xii.
4 Explore the mysteries of prehistoric humans
Six, prehistoric medicine
Huangdi Neijing is the earliest extant classic of traditional Chinese medicine in China, with 65,438+062 articles in 65,438+08 volumes, such as Su Wen and Ling Bi. The exposition is rich, involving astronomy, geography, phenology, meteorology, calendar and so on besides medicine. The contents generally include abortion, yin and yang, dirty images, meridians, treatment, luck, medical theory and so on. Meridian has been proved by modern science to exist objectively, and on this basis, instruments such as acupoint detector and ear acupoint detector have been made to detect acupoints. Although many acupoints are very hidden, even modern instruments are difficult to detect accurately, the ancients have discovered and skillfully used these acupoints to treat patients. China's acupuncture is called "Oriental God Needle" by westerners, and is regarded as a miracle in the history of world medicine. Silver needles can be inserted from the top of a person's head and out of his chin without bleeding or pain, and can also be inserted into multiple acupoints for diseases. How did the ancients know about meridians, acupoints and acupuncture? This has to surprise modern people.
Seven, prehistoric art
In terms of art, the Nazca wasteland in Peru is carved with mysterious giant patterns, the largest of which is 5 kilometers long. These patterns are so lifelike that you can only see the whole picture from the air. The depth and width of the pattern groove are accurately calculated according to the oblique incidence of the rising sun, so the pattern just jumps to the ground in the morning light. 1May, 997 17 China Science Newspaper published the article "Archaean Stone Paintings Discovered Hundreds of Million Years ago in China", reporting that China archaeologists found lifelike stone paintings in a quarry in Baoshan, Guangxi. Appraised by the National Professional Laboratory of the Ministry of Geology and Mineral Resources, these stone paintings are 450 million years old. A photo of a stone painting named "Early Spring" was distributed in the article, and the comment pointed out: "Every painting is a peerless treasure, and no one can imitate it". Archaeologist Eric Wendt used C 14 to determine a small piece of stone carving art unearthed in the cave Apollo 1 1 in southern Namibia, Africa, and determined its age to be about 27,000 years ago. The American science magazine1998165438+1October 20th reported a large number of prehistoric sculptures and mural art discovered by archaeologists all over the world. For example, the mural found in Grotte Chauvet, France, was 32,000 years ago, with pregnant women and various animals, such as lions, bears and rhinoceroses. Alexander Marshack, an archaeologist at Harvard University in the United States, after studying the animals carved with ivory 30,000 years ago unearthed in Hurd, vogel, Germany, thinks that these animal carvings have rich cultural connotations and high technical level. A wall decorative board was unearthed in Tata, Hungary, which was polished by mammoth teeth from 50,000 to 654.38 million years ago. A 250,000-year-old prehistoric relic found in the Golan Heights in the Middle East is called Bere Kharam, which is engraved with the first fourteen heads of a woman wearing a delicate headdress.
The archaeological discoveries listed above can also make a long list. According to the traditional view, modern human civilization is only a few thousand years at most. Thousands of years ago, they were still in the primitive society of slash-and-burn cultivation, so where did these ancient peoples get this knowledge that was extremely inconsistent with the level of scientific development at that time? How can there be traces of human civilization tens of thousands or hundreds of thousands of years ago? Now that scientists are trying to explore these problems, perhaps the mystery about the origin of human beings will not be too far away.
The history of human civilization is unimaginable to modern people. Before the universe was formed, we came to this galaxy by the initial rising force. The unit of measurement for understanding is about 70 billion light years. We have migrated countless times in the vast universe. We had to migrate before time and space collapsed. Of course, life will not exist in a harmonious form at present. We can't decide the cycle and order of the environment. Antarctica and the North Pole record the past and the future. The purpose of machines, such as all kinds of lost energy when life is alive, and how to purify life in the future, is not that evolution is meaningless. The transformation of other time and space can be completed instantly to the unknown in the past. This space-time energy source thinks that the universe is cold and dense, but in fact it is static and hot. ......