TOP 10。 The Greek-Persian War took place from 492 BC to 479 BC. Location: Greece warring sides: Greece VS Persia War Cause: In 500 BC, the uprising first broke out in Miletus, and then quickly spread to other Greek city-states in Asia Minor. The Persian emperor mobilized troops to suppress it. In the face of cruel repression, the insurgents resisted tenaciously, but eventually they were defeated because of the disparity in strength. In the summer of 492 BC, the first large-scale international war in Europe and Asia broke out in the history of the world-the Greek and Persian wars. War Process: In the 6th century BC, the Persian Empire, which rose in the southwest of the Iranian plateau, had developed into a slave empire from the Indus River in the east to Asia Minor in the west and across Asia and Africa after half a century of active expansion when Darius I ascended the throne. In 5 14 BC, Darius invaded Thrace on the northern shore of the Aegean Sea, and hundreds of slave cities had formed in the Greek peninsula, among which Athens and Sparta were the most powerful. The Persian War was the first large-scale international war in Europe and Asia in the history of the world. The war lasted nearly half a century and ended in 449 BC. As a result, the Greek city-state and system survived, but the Persian empire was devastated. The significance of the Greek-Persian war to history: the victory of the Greeks in the war was first attributed to the justice of the war, which inspired their great patriotic enthusiasm and promoted the close unity within and between countries; At the same time, it also benefited from the technical advantages of Greek heavy infantry and warships and the correct command of generals. The Greeks maintained their national independence and created conditions for the further development of economy, politics, society and culture. The process and result of the war had a far-reaching impact on the development of Athens city-state system and the external expansion of Athens, and promoted the development of Athens democratic political system and slavery. The Greek political pattern caused by the Greek-Persian War had a great influence on the later development of Greek history. TOP9。 Time of the Napoleonic Wars: 1803- 18 15 Location: warring parties in Europe: France and the European anti-French alliance. This war can be said to be a continuation of the war triggered by the French Revolution in 1789. It has brought about great changes in the European army and artillery, especially in the military system. Because of the national conscription system, the scale of the war is huge and unprecedented. France's national strength rose rapidly and dominated Europe; However, after the disastrous invasion of Russia in 18 12, the national situation plummeted. The empire established by Napoleon was finally defeated, and the Bourbon Dynasty was restored twice in 18 14 and 18 15. With Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo and the signing of the Paris Treaty by the belligerents, the Napoleonic War ended on1815438+065438+1October 20th. War process: The Napoleonic Wars mainly included these major battles: 1. Battle of Marengo: Battle of Marengo (1800 June 14), which was a battle between France and Austria during the second anti-French alliance. The French army was led by Napoleon, who was the first ruling party of the First Republic of France at that time. Napoleon's victory in this battle not only saved the French revolutionary regime, but also was the proudest victory in Napoleon's life. 2. Battle of Austerlitz: The Battle of Austerlitz is also known as the Battle of Austerlitz. Because the participants were French Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte, Russian Tsar Alexander I and Austrian Emperor Francis II, it was also called the "Battle of Huang San". 3. Battle of Jena: 65438+ 1806. 1At the beginning of October, the Prussian-Saxon Allied Forces under the command of the Duke of Brunswick (more than 65438+100000). Napoleon's army (6,543.8+5,000 people) advanced from Bambeck and Bayreuther, trying to advance to the other side and rear. 4. Battle of Friedland: The Battle of Friedland broke out in 1807, which was a decisive victory battle between the French army and the Fourth Anti-French Coalition in friedland. From then on, Napoleon's victory was crowned with another pearl. Expedition to Russia:1865438+On the night of June 24, 2002, the powerful French emperor Napoleon suddenly launched a large-scale attack on Russia. The French army quickly marched into the hinterland of Russia and quickly occupied Villeneau, Minsk, Polotsk and other places. 6. Battle of Leipzig: Napoleon fought hard with 300,000 allies in Russia, Prussia, Austria and other countries with180,000 people, and finally failed. Napoleon returned to the west bank of the Rhine and finally to Paris. The following year, the Senate announced the abolition of Napoleon's throne. After the whole campaign, the anti-French alliance suffered about 54,000 casualties, and the French army suffered about 37,000 casualties. The Battle of Leipzig was the fiercest battle in the Napoleonic Wars. 7. Battle of Waterloo: 1815 On June18, Napoleon's army and Yingpu's army fought the famous Battle of Waterloo in history. Because this battle had an important and far-reaching impact, people in later generations often used it to describe a fiasco. The historical significance of the Napoleonic Wars: The Napoleonic Wars played a great progressive role in destroying the feudal order and system in Europe and promoting the development of European capitalism. Under the historical conditions at that time, the Napoleonic Wars also had the function of defending the victory of the French Revolution, and extended the French revolutionary ideas and systems to Europe, which destroyed the feudal order and shook the feudal system in Europe and created the premise for the development of European capitalism. TOP8。 The Punic War took place in 264 BC: Africa, Iberia, Italy, Gaul and the Western Mediterranean: the Roman Republic and Carthage. Punic War refers to the hegemonic war between ancient Rome and Carthage, the two strongest slave countries in the ancient Mediterranean world, which lasted for more than 100 years. Because the Romans also called Carthage Punic, this protracted war was called Punic War. War course: the first Punic War: the first Punic War (264 BC ~ 24 BC1year), with the main battlefield in Sicily and its adjacent waters. In 264 BC, the city-state of Messina, located in the crossroads of Italy and Sicily, turned to Carthage and Rome for help because of a mercenary uprising. Carthage and Rome successively sent troops to intervene, and the two sides did not give in to each other for their own interests, which eventually led to the outbreak of the first Punic War. Second Punic War: Second Punic War (218 BC ~ 20 1 BC). The Second Punic War was the longest and most famous of the three Punic Wars between ancient Rome and Carthage, which lasted 16 years. Rome finally won the final victory of the Second Punic War. Because this war has always been based on Hannibal's activities, it is also called "Hannibal War". The Third Punic War: The Third Punic War (BC 149 ~ BC 146). The third Punic War was the last and shortest of the three Punic Wars between ancient Rome and Carthage, which lasted for three years. The result of the war: Carthage lost. In 20 1 BC, the Carthaginians signed a harsh peace treaty with the Romans. According to the provisions of the peace treaty, Carthage withdrew from Spain and the Mediterranean islands, and the Carthaginians lost all their territories except Africa and completely disarmed. Self-defense forces are not allowed to fight overseas, and the whole fleet is handed over to Rome, and any self-defense war must be negotiated with Rome first, and huge war reparations must be paid. The influence of war on history: Punic War was the most crucial war for Rome to conquer the Mediterranean world, a major turning point for Rome from weak to strong, which made Rome the overlord of the Mediterranean and the ultimate reason for the prosperity of the Roman Republic. The victory of the Anti-Japanese War has brought about great changes in the fields of economic structure, class relations and moral fashion. This had a great influence on the change of class relations, economic development and later historical destiny in the Mediterranean region of Roman slave society. TOP7。 The Hundred Years' War between Britain and France took place in 1337- 1453. Location: France and Low Countries: France, Scotland, England and Burgundy ("The War of Happy Years" refers to Britain and France, and Burgundy later joined in 1337-66. Causes of War: The causes of the Hundred Years' War are complicated, including political, economic, social and international relations between countries. Although it is generally believed that the Hundred Years' War began at 1337, France and Britain had accumulated grievances for many years before that. 1328, Charles IV died, and the French Cape Dynasty was the last heir, and Philip VI of the Valois Dynasty succeeded him. King Edward III of England, as the nephew of French Charles IV, competed with Philip VI for the throne. 1337, Edward III became the king of France, and Philip VI announced that he would recover all British territory in France and send troops to occupy Yan 'an, thus the war started. In addition to the reasons for the succession to the throne, this war is also for the rich French Flanders and aquitaine. In order to maintain the source of raw materials, Flanders turned to support Britain's anti-French policy and recognized Edward III as the king of France and the supreme Lord of Flanders, which further deepened the contradiction between Britain and France. This is also a basic cause of war. The course of the war: (1) In the first stage, 1337 to 1360, Britain and France fought for Flanders and Keane. 1340, the British army defeated the French army in the battle of Schloss, gained the right to control the sea, and prevented the French army from crossing the sea. 1356, England attacked again and captured Case and Gascony in southwest France. Then he used the same tactics to win the battle of Poitiers. The French royal family suffered from the internal and external troubles of the British army, the national economy collapsed, and the civilians rebelled, and the situation was very unfavorable. (2) In the second stage, 1360 ~ 1400, the French king Charles V took revenge for retaking the occupied territory. He reorganized the army. He reformed the internal affairs department. When the plane was ripe, it attacked the British army by surprise attack and guerrilla tactics and defeated the British army in many battles. 1380, the British army has retreated to the coastal areas. The king of England worried about losing all his territory and signed an armistice agreement with France, leaving only five seaports, namely Bordeaux, Bayonne, Brest, Cherbourg and Calais, and some areas between Bordeaux and Bayonne. (3) In the third stage, between 14 15 ─ 1429, there was a conflict between French Burgundy and Oman Jacques, and farmers and citizens also rebelled. However, Henry V and charles vi in Britain and France died in 1422. Two new kings, Henry VI and Charles VII, exchanged fire again for the French throne. As the struggle for the throne (1422- 1423) intensified, France was looted and carved up by the invaders, and the situation was very difficult. Donations, taxes and reparations weigh heavily on the residents of the British occupied areas. Therefore, for France, the battle for the throne became a national liberation war. The Hundred Years' War entered the fourth stage. (4) In the fourth stage, from 1429 to 1453, the French people could not bear the oppression of the British army and all parties rebelled. 1437, the French army regained the capital Paris. 144 1, champagne area recovered. 1450, Mann and the liberation of Normandy. 1453, Gine was recaptured. 1453 65438+1October 19, British troops in Bordeaux surrendered, and France recovered all the territory except Calais. 1558, the French army captured Calais, and England lost the last city in continental Europe. The influence of the Hundred Years' War on history: The course of the Hundred Years' War had a far-reaching impact on the weapons and equipment, tactical ideas and military systems of the warring parties. TOP6。 The Anshi Rebellion occurred in February 65438+755-16-July 763. Geographical location: North China to the Central Plains: The Anshi Rebellion within the Tang Empire was from the late Tang Dynasty to the early generation in China (65438+February to 755 16 to 763). This civil war caused a large loss of population and a sharp decline in national strength in the Tang Dynasty, which also prompted the emergence of a separatist regime in the Tang Dynasty. Because the commanders who launched the anti-Tang campaign were mainly An Lushan and Shi Siming, this incident was named An Shi. Because it broke out in Tianbao period of Xuanzong in Tang Dynasty, it was also called Tianbao Rebellion. An Shi Rebellion is an unprecedented catastrophe in the history of Chinese civilization. This war, which lasted for eight years and swept half the country, not only became the turning point of the Tang Dynasty, but also became the turning point of the whole Chinese civilization from opening to conservatism. Causes of the war: The Anshi Rebellion began in 755 (Tianbao 14th year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty) and ended in 763 (Baoying 1st year of Tang Daizong), which lasted nearly eight years. This historical event was caused by various social contradictions at that time and had a great influence on the later Tang Dynasty. There are many reasons for the Anshi Rebellion, which is a concentrated reflection of various social contradictions, including the contradiction between the ruling class and the people, the contradiction within the rulers, the national contradiction and the contradiction between the central and local separatist forces. The course of the war: In his later years, that is, during the Tianbao period, Xuanzong lost his enterprising spirit during the Kaiyuan period and was appointed as a traitor, such as Li and Yang. Therefore, the warlords supported their troops with self-esteem. An Lushan was one of them, so he took advantage of the emptiness of the Central Plains and launched a rebellion. An Lushan was the envoy of Pinglu and Hedong. He used the emptiness and corruption of the Tang Dynasty to unite Luo and Hedong. At that time, the Tang Dynasty had a long history and the people didn't know how to fight. Counties in Hebei immediately collapsed, and local county magistrates fled or surrendered. Tianbao occupied Chang 'an and Luoyang in fifteen years, and entered the peak of Anshi Rebellion. Shi Siming inherited the rebel army and continued to launch the rebellion. But he made the same mistake as An Lushan, preferring the eldest son to the youngest. As a result, he was killed by his own son, Xiang An, and Shi Chaoyi, the son of Emperor Yan who succeeded him. Because Shi Chaoyi killed his father, he didn't get the support of other rebels. As a result, internal disputes among the insurgents continued, and they were defeated by Tang Jun many times. Until 763, Tian surrendered and sent stones. Shi Chaoyi led five thousand riders to Fanyang, and Li Huaixian, a subordinate of Shi Chaoyi, offered Fanyang to surrender. Shi Chaoyi had no choice but to hang himself in the forest, and the Anshi rebellion, which lasted for seven years and two months, ended. The influence of war on history: The consequences of An Shi Rebellion are extremely serious, which can be roughly divided into the following points: 1. Economically, the brutal war seriously damaged the material foundation left by Kaiyuan's prosperity. By the Tang Dynasty, the official population had dropped to one third of its original level. In order to avoid the corvee tax of feudal officials, a large number of people took refuge in local landlords or were classified as monks, because Buddhist temples in the Tang Dynasty did not have to bear taxes. The fiscal tax collected in the Tang Dynasty was greatly reduced, and the original fiscal tax system in the Tang Dynasty was seriously impacted. Two. Judging from the political and military pattern, the eight-year counter-insurgency war changed the political and military pattern of the Tang Dynasty. The traditional feudal autocratic monarchy system gradually evolved into the coexistence of the central system with Chang 'an Tian Zi as the core and the local system with Hebei as the representative. The Tang court ruled the buffer region nominally and managed the specific affairs of the buffer region. Even the post of our envoy 1 is difficult to be transferred freely, and it has become an independent kingdom. Three. Judging from the international situation, most of the border guards have been deployed to quell the rebellion, and nomadic people are constantly encroaching on the border of China, making the border situation increasingly critical. The Tang Dynasty has been unable to effectively manage the northwest barrier Anxi Beiting, and the surrendered small country of Xishu also took the opportunity to break away from the control of the Tang Dynasty, and the Silk Road was cut off. Nomads took advantage of the opposition between the central government and the Anshi Rebellion and marched straight into the mainland, which seriously damaged the economy of the mainland and caused ethnic conflicts to rise.