Five Dynasties and Ten Countries. Which five dynasties and ten countries? After the demise of the Tang Dynasty, there appeared five dynasties and ten regimes in the Central Plains, which were divided into Xishu, Jiangnan, Lingnan and Hedong.
The Five Dynasties are Hou Liang, Later Tang Dynasty, Later Jin Dynasty, Later Han Dynasty and Later Zhou Dynasty. They were all established in North China, with the back beam being the smallest and the back Tang the largest. Except for Hou Liang and Luoyang, which were capital cities in the late Tang Dynasty, Kaifeng was a capital city in Hou Liang and other three generations. The Five Dynasties lasted for 54 years, and eight surnames proclaimed themselves emperors (Hou Liang, Houjin, Houhan, and Houtang, last Tuesday), and there were fourteen monarchs. The monarchs of Hou Liang and Houzhou were Han Chinese, and the monarchs of Houtang, Houjin and Houhan were Shatuo people. These ten countries are Houshu, Wu, Nantang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Nanhan, Nanping (Jingnan) and Beihan. The Northern Han Dynasty was established in today's Shanxi, and the other nine countries are in the south. Ten countries coexist for five generations, but each country has a different existence time. For example, the wuyue regime was destroyed by the Northern Song Dynasty until the end of the Five Dynasties. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, the social economy in North China was seriously damaged. For more than 50 years, wars have continued, and military service and all kinds of labor in North China are extremely heavy. The destruction of war and heavy taxes prompted thousands of people to starve to death or move to other places, and the population dropped sharply. There were 280,000 households in the 12 northern Han States in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty, while there were only more than 30,000 households when the Northern Han perished, accounting for about one-eighth of the household registration in the heyday of the Tang Dynasty. Compared with North China, South China has fewer major wars, relatively stable political situation and great development of agricultural economy. In 960 AD, the General of the Later Zhou Dynasty launched a mutiny, abolishing the independence of Emperor Gong of the Later Zhou Dynasty and changing the country name to Song. After Song Jianguo, the southern countries, such as Jingnan, Nanhan, Nantang and wuyue, were leveled and South China was unified. In 979 AD, Song Taizong sent troops to Taiyuan, and Liu Jiyuan, the leader of the Northern Han Dynasty, was forced to defect. At this point, nearly a hundred years of separatist turmoil since the end of the Tang Dynasty finally came to an end. The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms in the history of China are collectively called the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, sometimes called the Five Dynasties. It is generally believed that it began with the demise of the Tang Dynasty in 907 AD and ended with the unification of China in the Song Dynasty. During these 54 years, there have been five dynasties in the Central Plains, namely Liang, Tang, Jin, Han and Friday, which are called "Five Dynasties" in history, later Tang, later Jin, later Han and later Zhou. In addition to these five dynasties, there were more than a dozen separatist regimes, including Houshu, Wu, Nantang, wuyue, Fujian, Chu, Nanhan, Nanping (namely, Jingnan) and Beihan, which appeared one after another or at the same time. These regimes are collectively referred to as the "Ten Kingdoms", that is, the "Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms" in the history of China. The "ten countries" are just called "big", but there are actually many separatist regimes. Five Dynasties and Ten Countries, a total of 73 years.
What were the Five Dynasties in the Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms? Which ten countries? What was the name of their founding monarch? Northern Dynasties (Zhu Wen), Later Tang Dynasty (Li), Later Jin Dynasty (Shi Jingtang), Later Han Dynasty (Liu Zhiyuan) and Later Zhou Dynasty (Guo Wei).
The ten southern countries are (Wang Jian), Houshu (Meng Zhixiang), Wu (Yang Xingmi), Nantang (Libian), wuyue (Qianliu), Min (Wang), Chu (Ma Yin) and Nanhan (Liu? When Nanping (Gao Jixing) and Northern Han (Liu Min) were in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, where was the capital of the Five Dynasties? What are the Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms? By the way, the historical materials of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms are detailed. The Five Dynasties refer to the five regimes in the Central Plains that were successively replaced after the collapse of the Tang Dynasty in 907, namely, Hou Liang, the later Tang Dynasty, the later Jin Dynasty, the later Han Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty.
The ten countries are Nanwu, wuyue, Qianshu, Houshu, Fujian, Nanhan, Nanping, Machu, Nantang and Beihan, that is, "Shu around Wutang and wuyue, Fujian and Pingchu in the Northern and Southern Dynasties".
The Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period is one of the most chaotic periods in China's history. War and frequent regime changes have led to the loss of a large number of documents and the decline of scientific and technological civilization. However, the subsequent Song Dynasty became one of the most technologically advanced dynasties in the history of China, in which the protection and accumulation of scientific and technological documents played an important role in the Five Dynasties.
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The political system of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms generally followed the system of the Tang Dynasty, but there were many changes in each dynasty, and official positions were often abolished and the system was chaotic. The imperial court has three provinces and six departments in charge of administration, three departments in charge of finance, and the Privy Council in charge of military affairs. Due to the constant wars in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms, the power of the Privy Council is often greater than that of the three provinces, so the prime minister often leads the Tang Dynasty.
There were many famous ministers in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms. According to the records of the Five Dynasties Conference, there were as many as 30 kinds of envoys, such as worshipping politics, proclaiming emblems, flying dragons, Hanlin and Wu Fang. Although some of the ten countries surrendered to the Five Dynasties, they were still independent in system and their political structure was equivalent to that of the Five Dynasties.
Since most of the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms started from our time, the aides who supported them often served in the new imperial court, while the old people in the former dynasty gave them vacant posts such as the Third Division, the Three Mansions or the Taiwan Province Provincial Officials. Soldiers are rewarded with official titles in order to win them over when they have rendered meritorious service. These conditions became the source of many redundant workers in the late Northern Song Dynasty.
During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, many officials were "envoys". Among them, five generations changed a lot, and official positions were not often abandoned. There are mainly three provinces and six departments in charge of administration, three departments in charge of finance and the Privy Council in charge of military affairs. This system was inherited by the Song Dynasty. Although the ten countries submitted to the Five Dynasties, their political structure was roughly the same as that of the Five Dynasties.
After the middle Tang Dynasty, eunuchs were autocratic, and two corps commanders and two Tang envoys of Shence Army were called "four big noble", who often seized relative power and bullied the emperor. On the eve of the demise of the Tang Dynasty, Zhu Wen slaughtered eunuchs and began to use courtiers as Tang envoys. Liang Chu changed to worship the government, and the old name was restored in the later Tang Dynasty. In the future, except for the short-term abandonment in the later Jin Dynasty, they were all set up along the dynasty.
Tang envoys are generally served by the emperor's closest courtiers, mostly military commanders. The emperor often discussed military affairs with them, and sometimes the Privy Council directly ordered the appointment and removal of the buffer region. At that time, although Pingzhang was the prime minister, the power of the Tang envoy was above that of the prime minister (the prime minister sometimes served as the Tang envoy).
Because of frequent wars, military secrets have become the main function of the Privy Council. In the Song Dynasty, Zhongshu and Tommy held hands in the early Five Dynasties. At that time, other regimes generally had an official position in the Tang Dynasty or its equivalent.
In the early Tang Dynasty, finance was mainly managed by four departments under the Ministry of Finance, namely treasurer, treasurer and treasurer. After the mid-Tang Dynasty, the Ministry of Housing, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Salt and Iron were in charge of taxation, revenue and expenditure, salt and iron monopoly, and material transfer, which were often handled by non-Ministry officials in the names of judges, governors or envoys respectively.
When Tang Zhaozong was in office, the official name of the Third Secretary began to appear when the Prime Minister Cui Yin also led the Third Secretary. In the later Tang dynasty, an envoy was appointed to take charge of the three departments, and the minister was appointed to examine the three departments. Finally, full-time ambassadors and deputy ambassadors are formally established to be responsible for the central finance. Local finance is also under the command of the third division. After the dynasties, the financial management system of the three divisions in the early Northern Song Dynasty also followed the five dynasties.
The criminal law in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period basically followed the format and compilation of the laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty, but due to the newly promulgated laws and regulations in previous dynasties, the compilation added benefits, which made the rules repetitive and contradictory. In the fourth year of Xiande (957), Sejong ordered the minister to sort it out. The laws and regulations of the Tang Dynasty are difficult to understand and the annotations are complicated, so they were deleted and compiled into 21 volumes of the Criminal System of the Zhou Dynasty.
The book Criminal Code of the Song Dynasty compiled in the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty was slightly added or deleted.