The business of Shang Dynasty was very prosperous, and it was known as "the wings of Shang Dynasty were the poles in all directions". Businessmen are good at business. At the beginning of the Zhou Dynasty, these businessmen were called "businessmen".

Now it generally refers to a person who specializes in commodity trading or commercial activities in his own name.

Folding details

1, professional trader or trader.

In the thirty-third year of Zuo Zhuan, it was said: "Zheng Shang has a high chord, which will definitely make the city in Zhou."

Ceng Gong's Yicang in Song Dynasty: "By the end of Kaiyuan, princes and merchants below entered, so the actual Yicang was more than 60 million."

Chapter 5 of the History of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty: "In mid-July, when I saw that the early rice in Tanaka was ripe, I told the sergeant to pretend to be a businessman and ambush the cars in the villages. In the middle of the night, they cut off the heads of crops with all their strength and collected them in five drums. On the periphery of Zhou, rice and crops are gone. " Hearing this, the garrison commander immediately ordered out of the city, and Bing Zheng had fled far away.

2. At the beginning of Zhou Dynasty, adherents of Shang Dynasty called it.

Li er and the origin of merchants in Yin Dynasty: "After the summer, the Shang Dynasty gradually established a slave country. With the continuous improvement of productive forces, the commercial trade of Shang Dynasty also developed unprecedentedly, and merchants specializing in commodity circulation and exchange appeared. But at that time, it was not called a businessman, and there was no such thing as a businessman. BC16th century, merchants established their capital in a place called Bo (now Shangqiu North, Henan Province), and later moved to Xiaotun Village, Anyang, Henan Province, which is called Yin Shang in history. The main activities of the Shang nationality were in the Qingzhang River and Zhuozhang River basins, which were then called Weihe River. In the 600 years after the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), although it moved its capital eight times, it has been in Qingzhang and Zhang Zhuo. Business, the reason why it is business, is named here. Later, the King of Wu conquered and the Shang Dynasty perished. However, Zhou Gongdan had doubts about the Shang Dynasty, and he was still not at ease. In order to eliminate the historical traces of Shang Dynasty, he renamed Weihe River Zhanghe. In addition to strictly controlling the Shang nobles in one place, the King of Zhou basically restricted their freedom and only allowed them to continue their business. These centralized businessmen are generally called "businessmen" to distinguish them from Zhou people, which obviously means contempt and discrimination. Over the years, people have gradually forgotten the meaning of "untouchable" as a businessman and become synonymous with buyers and sellers. For more than 3,000 years, the name' businessman' has been enduring. "

3. The origin of "businessman".

After the business in Zhou Wuwang was destroyed, the adherents of Shang Dynasty were moved to Shangqiu by the Duke of Zhou. Because of the loss of land and livelihood, these people have to rely on small businesses to make a living. Over time, trading became their specialty. Because it is a survivor of Shang Dynasty, it is called "Shang", and the business of buying and selling is also called "Shang".

Fold "native place"

Although China has been in an agricultural society for a long time, it entered the commercial society nearly a century later than the western countries, but in fact, China's commerce had been produced as early as the Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty during the slavery period. During the prosperous period of Shang dynasty, some Shang people often went to the surrounding ethnic areas to exchange agricultural products. So in the eyes of foreigners, it is businessmen who do business. After the demise of Shang Dynasty, there were more businessmen. Although with the development of history, merchants no longer take merchants as the main body, people are used to taking "merchants" as the general name of buyers and sellers. Wang Wensu, a businessman from Fenzhou, Shanxi Province in Ming Dynasty

At first, people called those engaged in selling trade "merchants" and those engaged in selling goods "Jia", that is, the so-called "merchants are Jia". Merchants have been listed as one of the four great families in the Spring and Autumn Period. Zuo Zhuan said that "merchants are peasants and workers, and their businesses are invincible" (Gong Xuan's 12th year), and also called "merchants are too lazy to move their businesses" (Xianggong's 9th year). Although the social status of businessmen at this time is still very low, they are still "industrial and commercial food officials" under the direct control of the government, but they are already a special profession. So Qi Huangong asked Guan Zhong, "Where are people?" The pipe said to him, "These four people, don't confuse things, but what they said is easy." Gong said: well, agriculture, industry and commerce? Guan said to him: "In the past, the sage Chu Shi made me idle;" If you work, you are the government; Business, in the market; In farming, you will go to the fields "(see Mandarin Chyi Yu), and because businessmen must be good at" observing the fierce hunger, observing the changes of the country, and always observing the goods in their hometown to know the superiority of their city ",they must also be able to" serve cattle and horses, look around, expect how much, and ask for dignity "(Guan Zi Xiao Kuang). In ancient times, people talked extensively about businessmen, but in fact, there were differences between them. The title of "Zhou Li Heavenly Officials" says: "Nine posts are for all ... and six are for merchants, rich in wealth and bribing". Sun Yirang said, "When you do business, you are called Jia. It can be seen that in the Spring and Autumn Period, due to the changes in the number of communes and a certain degree of internal division of labor, a kind of "business" appeared, which was specialized in long-distance trafficking and organizing goods supply. These people are the so-called "cattle and horse services, and the surrounding area is cheap."

The other is "Jia", that is, goods listed at home, "waiting for people to come to the door" and selling them directly to consumers for profit. In the sixteenth year of Zuo Zhuan, the Han of Jin asked the businessman of Zheng for Yuhuan, but he didn't give it to him. Later, although the businessman of Zheng agreed privately, he said: I used to be the first king of Huan Gong, and we were both from Zhou Dynasty, so we compared each other. We killed this place with Ai, cut down the tree crown, cut down the pine tree, cut down the quinoa and cut down the scorpion, but it was done. There is an oath in the world that can be believed, saying,' I am not rebellious, I have no strong family, so I will take it away. I don't want to know your profits and bribes. With this oath, we can protect each other, so today. Today, my son insulted me in good faith, saying that our city caught businessmen and made our city swear, so it is impossible! My son won the jade and lost the vassal. He won't do it. It can be seen that since this businessman can't operate independently, he is still a businessman under the "Industrial and Commercial Food Officer". At that time, although commercial activities were carried out in the market, it was called "supporting the market with business" (national danger and seven dangers), but according to the management system at that time, the government must monopolize the market and grasp the price. According to Zuo Zhuan, Zheng, Wei and Song all had various divisions (Zuo Zhuan was Xiang Gong for twenty years, twenty years); In Lu, Jia Zheng (Zuo Zhuan for twenty-five years) and other officials managed the market. At that time, government commerce, like government industry, was mainly to ensure the needs of slave owners and nobles, not to develop and expand commercial trade, so the existence of the "industrial and commercial food official" system actually hindered the further development of commerce and handicrafts at that time.

Although the Spring and Autumn Period was dominated by "officials and businessmen", due to the development of productive forces, the ownership of communes, that is, the mining system, gradually changed, and rich and powerful businessmen appeared in various countries. For example, "Guoyuba" said: "Fujiang rich businessman, Fan Wei wooden coffin, too proud, but mediocre merit; If you can cherish your car, if you don't obey it, you can bribe the prince, but you can't find the rules. "Obviously, these wealthy businessmen are no longer" official businessmen ",but" private businessmen "who have no way to stand on their feet. Because these wealthy businessmen have accumulated a lot of wealth, they often operate usury, so in Pakistan, there are also records of Luan's "fake loans". So today we appoint these businessmen as bosses.

Put away the identity of a businessman

Now more and more people in our country pay attention to businessmen, not only because of the huge wealth they earn, but also because of their wisdom in acquiring wealth and the influence of business culture brought by their business on social life. I often get some kind of magazine from the advertising lady on the street for free. When I went home to read it, I found that the magazine was founded by a hospital or a company.

This is not only an advertisement, in fact, it has brought us a trendy business culture. Businessmen play an important role in all fields of our society, so the status of new China businessmen is getting higher and higher.

How did the word "businessman" come from? This has to start from the Shang Dynasty, which took Yin as its capital, so it was also called Yin Dynasty. Adherents of Shang Dynasty can also be said to be adherents of Yin Dynasty; Therefore, its adherents are called Shang or Yin people, and Yin people are Shang people. The word merchant comes from people in Shang Dynasty.

What was the status of the remaining businessmen after the demise of Shang Dynasty? King Wu attacked Zhou and destroyed Shang. When I was young, my younger brothers Guan and Uncle Cai rebelled with my son Wu Geng. After the Duke of Zhou put down the rebellion in the east, Luoyang was built as a military fortress, which was called "Cheng Zhou" in history. "After the completion of statehood, he turned to be opinionated about Yin." The adherents of Yin were forced to gather in Luoyang, which Zhou people called stubborn people. They are often called to give lectures, don't talk nonsense, and live a monitored life. Although the adherents of the Yin Dynasty also became a part of the Zhou people, they were treated differently. How can they live without political rights and land? I have to run around doing business. The nobles of the Zhou Dynasty would not do this kind of business. At that time, ordinary people could not do business if they wanted to farm, and the business of buying and selling goods was needed by society. Over time, the business of buying and selling goods has become the main industry of Yin adherents.

With the national integration and the development of commodity economy, a few aristocrats in the Zhou Dynasty also began to do business. In this way, businessmen gradually lost the derogatory meaning of "stubborn people" and became professional names engaged in commodity trading. During the Spring and Autumn Period, Zheng Henggong was very friendly to Zhou people, and brought some Zhou people to the east of Luoshui and founded the country in Xinzheng. Therefore, Zheng's businessmen were very famous at that time. For example, a wealthy businessman gave Zheng 12 cows, which made him afraid to attack Zheng, and staged a scene in which wealthy businessmen saved the country in history. In addition, Zheng is located in the traffic artery, which is the only place for Qi, Chu and hegemony. However, the people of Zheng used the war to transport goods from various countries, which made their country rich and strong, showing the importance of commercial activities. Therefore, the status of businessmen in society gradually improved and became one of the four people in feudal society: officials, farmers, workers and businessmen.

At the end of the Warring States Period, Puyang people Lv Buwei and Lv Buwei bribed Mrs. Huayang with huge sums of money, making this alien the prince of Qin State, which was later the king of Qin Zhuang. It is said that Qin Shihuang gave birth to his son. Lv Buwei became prime minister and made a lot of profits. After Qin Shihuang and Prime Minister Li Si supported commercial activities, the ancient businesses and businessmen in China fell into a state of extinction.

In the imperial society of China for more than two thousand years, the imperial power has been continuously strengthened. Under the pressure of centralization and highly unified cultural mechanism, China's commerce has never developed freely, and businessmen have no independent social status, and they are struggling between the government and the people. As a result, Hu Xueyan, a red-top businessman who flattered senior officials, and Shanxi Bank closed down. The commercial activities in old China were always at a low level, and it was impossible to produce a commercial credit system. Therefore, toxic rice and waste oil flooded the market. Therefore, people constantly curse businessmen who are dishonest, unscrupulous and disdainful of mercenary businessmen. Gong Zizhen, a progressive thinker in the mid-Qing Dynasty, was paranoid about the idea of "emphasizing agriculture and mulberry, restraining Jia people", and there is still the idea of despising businessmen in society.

From the early days of liberation to the eve of reform and opening up, New China carried out land reform to crack down on landlords and nationalized the land. Then, agriculture, handicrafts and capitalist industry and commerce were reformed. Private ownership of the means of production was gradually replaced by socialist public ownership, and the socialist system was established, which made China enter the primary stage of socialism. The government trumpeted the idea of selflessness, opposed the land, the rich, anti-evil and "right" self-interest, and constantly cut off the tail of capitalism. During this historical period, businessmen in China gradually disappeared.

By the end of 1978, great changes had taken place in new China, and businesses in China began to recover. The convening of the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of China Producers' Party made a major strategic decision of reform and opening up. Shift the focus of the party's work to socialist economic construction, reform internally and open to the outside world. In rural areas, the household contract responsibility system is implemented, allowing farmers to be privately owned to a certain extent. After the completion of the national grain purchase task, the rest belongs to farmers, which greatly mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production. China's reform has been successfully transferred from agriculture to cities. 1980, four special economic zones in Guangdong and Fujian were opened. Special economic zones are the frontier of reform and opening up, and become a window for introducing foreign capital, learning advanced foreign technology and absorbing advanced foreign experience.

The first people who dared to make money in business were mostly poor and illiterate farmers in Guangdong, Fujian and Zhejiang, followed by factory gangsters who had no future in the eyes of others in the city, and finally, intellectuals who could not lift their heads and national cadres who were attacked went into business. Because the government encourages industry and commerce, in the past 28 years, businessmen have not only revived in the mainland, but also grown in scale. Proletarians in the past were already very rich, and they became the rich, millionaires and billionaires concerned by thousands of ordinary people. Some even squeezed into the CPPCC, some became deputies to the National People's Congress, and began to float out of the business community to pay attention to the political changes, eager to try, and the social status of businessmen in the new era of China is getting higher and higher.

The origin of folding and editing merchants is in this paragraph.

Overview of folding

Throughout the ages, buyers and sellers have been called "businessmen" in society, and the act of doing business is called "doing business". "Businessmen" have existed since ancient times. Although they are rich, they have never had a corresponding social status. In his Five Poisons, Han Feizi called industrialists and businessmen one of the "Five Poisons" and they were social moths. There is no separate biography of businessmen in Twenty-four Histories, but some businessmen are mentioned in The Story of Foodstuffs and Biography of Huo Zhi.

As early as 4,000 years ago, Judie, the second princess of Di Ku, gave birth to an uncle because she ate a mysterious bird. Therefore, Ode to Poets and Merchants said: "The mysterious bird was born by destiny." Wei Xiao is the ancestor of Shang. Xiangtu, the grandson of Wei Xiao, first invented the carriage, and Wang Hai, the grandson of VI, invented the ox cart. This is the record of "setting up a soap prison and serving cattle and horses for the benefit of the people" in the history books. With the rapid development of agriculture and animal husbandry, Shang tribes quickly became powerful, and they produced excessive things. So Wang Hai used ox carts to pull goods and drove cattle and sheep to other tribes to make deals. People in other tribes called them "merchants". Since then, the word "merchant" has become synonymous with "buyer and seller".

The origin of folding business appellation

Trade is called "commerce", goods exchanged in the market are called "commodities" and traders are called "businessmen". Why should everything and people related to business be labeled as "business"? It turns out that this is directly related to the Shang Dynasty in China, and the word "Shang" evolved from the word "Shang clan".

In the later period of primitive society, human society appeared the exchange activity of bartering things. In the Xia Dynasty, some people who specialized in commodity exchange were released from society. More than 4000 years ago, there was an ancient tribe in the Yellow River valley, and their leader was Qi. Qi helped Dayu to control the water, was sealed, and the fief was Shang (now Shangqiu, Henan Province), so his tribe was called Shang. Wang Hai, the sixth grandson of Qi State, is good at business. He often takes slaves and drives ox carts to the north bank of the Yellow River to do business.

Wang Hai's last business trip was to Friendship north of the Yellow River. According to the chronicles of bamboo books, the emperor vented "twelve years, the son of Yin Hou was on the seashore, and it was easy to meet things, and it was easy to kill them when they met." In the twelfth year of Xie, that is, BC 18 10, Wang Hai and his younger brother set out from Shangqiu, carrying goods and herding cattle and sheep, and made a long journey to Hebei Friendship (now Yishui, Hebei). Mianchen, the leader of the Yi tribe, killed Wang Hai, drove away Wang Hai's followers and took the goods, cattle and sheep. Wang Heng, Wang Hai's younger brother, fled all the way to Shangqiu. Shang Jiawei, Wang Hai's son, was very angry and wanted to avenge Wang Hai. However, for many reasons, it was impossible to send troops immediately. Four years later, in the 16th year of Boss Shady, BC 1806, with the help of teacher Hebo, he killed You Yi and Mianchen to avenge his father Wang Hai.

By the time of Shang Tang, the handicraft industry, especially the textile industry, was quite developed. In order to weaken Xia's national strength, Shang Tang organized women's textiles in exchange for Xia's food, and used trade as a weapon of political struggle, which eventually eliminated Xia Jie, the ruler of Xia Dynasty, and established Shang Dynasty. After the establishment of Shang dynasty, people in Shang dynasty began to engage in agricultural production, and handicrafts were also quite developed.

After the establishment of Shang Dynasty, people in Shang Dynasty changed from rulers to slaves in Zhou Dynasty, and their lives went from bad to worse. In order to live a better life, businessmen return to their old business-doing business. Over time, people have the view that a businessman is a person who does business. Later, people referred to business as "business" for short, and this title has been used ever since.

Businessmen who fold modern society

In modern society, the "businessman" has long since got rid of the unfair evaluation of the "five evils", but this ancient name is worth exploring. The origin of the word "merchant" is inextricably linked with a very long dynasty-Shang Dynasty. The ancestral deed of the merchant was sealed as a commercial land with the help of Dayu's water control. The ancient Shang clan. Wang Hai, the sixth generation descendant of Qi State, is clever and resourceful. He trained cattle to carry goods and pull carts, and drove them to various vassal States on the north bank of the Yellow River to do business, so people in other tribes called them "businessmen", which is the origin of the name "businessmen". In the commercial history of China, the record that Yin (Shang) people "led cattle to serve Jia far away" and Wang Hai were killed for engaging in commercial trade was the earliest record of commercial trade behavior in ancient China literature, and Wang Hai was the leader of the Shang tribe at that time. Therefore, Wang Hai was the first businessman in China and the originator of China's commerce.