All the answers come from three sources, one is my notes, the other is Baidu Encyclopedia, and the third is my own summary. I hope the landlord can consider it.
I think a lot of things can be checked by myself. Baidu Encyclopedia is a place where everyone helps each other, not a place where people can get a job as gunmen for free. Many things will be better done by yourself! )
Here is my answer:
1. Noun explanation: "Nine products are made in China" and "product officials occupy the site and Tibetan customers".
Jiupin Zhong Zheng system was an important official selection system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. It inherited the imperial examination system in Han Dynasty and Sui and Tang Dynasties and occupied a very important position in the history of ancient political system in China. One of the three systems of selecting officials in China feudal society existed for about 400 years. It is a court official, a government official and a judge. According to their talents and virtues, they are divided into nine categories, which is the basis for appointing officials in the official department. Due to the rise of the gentry in Wei and Jin Dynasties, the products were actually based on family background.
The system of cargo officers occupying land in the shadow of customers: the provision that cargo officers enjoy economic privileges in the field law of the western Jin dynasty In addition to private land, bureaucratic landlords also distribute land according to the official rank. Bureaucratic landlords can also be exempted from class service according to the level of their relatives. Bureaucratic landlords can also accommodate 3 to 65,438+0 people, and tenants range from 65,438+05 to 65,438+0, becoming private guests who only pay rent to their owners.
2. Characteristics of cremation system in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
(1) Politically:
Share privileges according to family background and hold important positions for generations; (Nine-grade system is the political guarantee of the gentry system; )
(2) Economically:
The gentry occupied a lot of land and labor, and established a self-sufficient and powerful manor economy; (the system of official occupation of land provided economic security for the gentry system; )
(3) Social life:
Don't marry a commoner, or even sit in different seats;
(4) Culturally:
Advocate empty talk and occupy senior civil servant positions.
3. Understand the six-part system in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Political system in Sui and Tang Dynasties. Among the central institutions, the three provinces have become the highest authority. Decisions are made by the Central Secretariat, and the Chief Executive is the Central Secretariat; Under the door, the provincial palm is closed, supplemented by the chief executive; Shangshu province is the executive body, the chief executive is Shangshuling, and the deputy chief executive is the left and right servants. The advantages are: ① clear division of labor; ② High efficiency; ③ mutual restriction; (4) centralized imperial power. It is characterized by the separation of decision-making and administration, the implementation of collective prime minister system and the adoption of hierarchical decision-making mechanism, and the province under the door is in a decisive position. The system of three provinces and six departments is a major change in the history of China's official system, which marks the maturity of the feudal political system.
4. Definition of terms: "multiphase system" and "government hall"
The political system of the Tang Dynasty. The Tang Dynasty was the development period of feudal society in China. The establishment of the official system was becoming more and more perfect, and the title of prime minister was gradually standardized. At the beginning of the Tang Dynasty, the Sui system was inherited, and the ministers of Shangshu Province, the middle school of Menxia Province and Zhongshu Province were the prime ministers. With the strengthening of feudal centralization of authority, the contradiction between imperial power and relative power was exposed, so the court adopted a "multi-phase system", in which power was dispersed in the name of prime minister's official position, and all the prime ministers were sealed as "under the Chinese book" and "under the Chinese book". The multi-phase system was a major feature of the prime minister system in the Tang Dynasty. Generally speaking, the prime ministers of the Tang Dynasty are divided into three categories: internal phase, external phase and envoy phase. Imperial academy was formally established when Xuanzong was proclaimed. All imperial edicts, appointments and dismissals of officials, campaign activities, and even "mutual worship of linen and paper" and major decisions were drafted and announced by imperial academy and others, which were called internal affairs in advance. The foreign minister is the governor-general of the three provinces mentioned above, and a group of foreign prime ministers responsible for the daily administrative affairs of the court and the promotion and demotion of officials. Ambassadors are to win over our envoys and officials in the buffer region, and they are often given titles such as "making a chapter under the Chinese book door" and "connecting the Chinese book door" to show respect for "going through the customs and entering the phase". In the middle and late Tang Dynasty, China was abused and worshipped cheaply.
Mansion hall: the general office of the prime minister in Tang and Song Dynasties. This name was originally given by the Tang Dynasty. It is located in Menxia Province and later moved to Zhongshu Province. In the 11th year of Kaiyuan (AD 723), it was renamed Zhongshumen, because the Prime Minister was nominally the governor of Zhongshumen. There are five rooms: officials, cardinals, soldiers, families and punishments. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Zhongshu introspected and set up a political hall, referred to as Zhongshu, which was divided into officials and troops with the Privy Council, so it was called "Second House". After Yuanfeng's political reform, Tang Dou in Shangshu Province served as the prime minister's residence, because it was also called the government hall.
5. Causes and characteristics of polyphase system: What are the advantages of polyphase system from an administrative point of view? Who was the real prime minister of the Tang Dynasty?
Refer to the last article to see the reasons, characteristics and advantages: intensive official ranks improve enthusiasm, divide power and consolidate imperial power.
Real Prime Ministers: Foreign Ministers, such as Fang, Du Ruhui, Di, Zhang Jian, Yao Chong, etc., all participated in practical political affairs.
6. How to understand the meaning of the sentence "An ancient scholar respects the emperor"? Understand the composition and responsibilities of the supervision institutions in Tang Dynasty.
The function of Yushitai is to assist the emperor and supervise the court officials. In fact, Yushitai was supervised by officials trusted by the emperor to ensure the stability of the empire and the supremacy of imperial power. So, there is this saying.
In the Tang Dynasty, the supervisory organs carried out classified special supervision. The Taiwan Institute is responsible for supervising central officials and participating in the trial of difficult cases. The temple is responsible for supervising the illegal or disrespectful behavior of palace officials. Chayuan, also known as prison, mainly supervises local officials and six officials.
7. What are the new developments of the administrative supervision mechanism in the Tang Dynasty?
Yushitai has a high status as a supervisory organization; Classification of professional supervision; Not only supervise the work, but also supervise the lives of officials. Attach importance to the supervision of Beijing officials.
8. "Three-court Trial" in Tang Dynasty
When trying major and difficult cases, the three central judicial organs, namely, the Ministry of Punishment, Dali Temple and Ducha Hospital, will jointly hear the case, which is referred to as the joint hearing of the three departments. In case of major and difficult cases, the chief ministers of the three laws, such as Shangshu of the Ministry of Punishment, Qing of Dali Temple, and Zuodu Imperial Commissioner, jointly tried the case, and finally the emperor made a ruling. Later it was used by the Ming Dynasty.
9. The main types of administrative documents in the Tang Dynasty: books, books, differences between internal and external systems.
Books are made of bamboo slips, jute paper, comfort, forgiveness, rattan paper and silk for the next country. Wang Yan has seven systems: first, publishing a book, establishing a queen and a crown prince, and sealing the king for Lin Xuan's life; 2. Making books, rewarding and punishing prisoners, and pardoning prisoners, except for granting them for external use; Third, make a comfort book to use when praising and praising labor; Fourth, in addition to exempting officials and granting officials with more than six grades, it is used to abolish counties, increase or decrease officials and send troops; Five orders, please use them when the officials play; Sixth, the book is about things, which is used to cancel the contract; Seventh, tell a story, make it according to the situation, and use it if it doesn't work well. Statement reply, and then do what you want to do. The big sacrifice is a ceremony; If the personal expedition is strict, you will resign; If you were on the porch, you would read this book; If life is in North Korea, it will be announced. Book the prince, and then award the ribbon. The place where the imperial edict was made will be presented to the official who made the record. (There is this passage in the New Tang Book Baiguan Zhi, the Old Tang Book Official Zhi, and the Six Classics of the Tang Dynasty Book Province. Lz will understand it when you look carefully. )
10. Why do you say that the complete central organizational system in the Tang Dynasty shows that the centralized imperial power system in the Tang Dynasty has matured?
First, feudal bureaucrats formed a complete and rigorous system, improved administrative efficiency and strengthened the ruling power of the central government. Second, the power of the prime minister-divided into three provinces, the three provinces have low levels of governors, which weakens the relative power and strengthens the imperial power of the factory. During the Qin and Han dynasties, the prime minister assisted the emperor in handling national political affairs and was in the position of "one person below and ten thousand people above". Whenever the emperor is incompetent, the prime minister may be authoritarian. The establishment of the system of "three provinces and six departments" is divided into three parts, which is conducive to solving the contradiction between imperial power and relative power and strengthening imperial power; At the same time, it expanded the number of people discussing politics and received the effect of brainstorming;
Third, a clear division of responsibilities among ministries is conducive to the centralization of the emperor and the implementation of government decrees, improving administrative efficiency and giving full play to the effectiveness of state institutions.
The system of three provinces and six departments is a major change in the history of China's official system, which marks the maturity of the feudal political system.
1 1. Major changes in the local administrative system during the Sui and Tang Dynasties
Improve the system of compiling households to benefit the people: regularly update the household registration book and establish accounts every year and every three years. In the six years of Wude, the age division of the people was redefined (it was yellow from birth ...)
Institutional changes at the local central level: 358 states, 155 1 county, state and county levels. Taizong also set up a monitoring area in the state, Zhenguan No.10 Road (Xuanzong changed to No.15 Road), and set up a monitoring ambassador or an interview ambassador; Our time is set in the frontier.
After the Anshi Rebellion, it was at the level of housing town-government-county.
As for officials, the system of local officials plus central officials (names) is adopted, and "envoys" and "constitutional titles" are added.
12. Dispatch system in Tang Dynasty: Dispatch was a non-procedural official appointment system for temporary things by the emperor.
In the Tang Dynasty, the official school system was formed almost at the same time as the establishment of Zhongshumen. "Kaiyuan has passed, and there is something important outside, which can make envoys, otherwise it will stop. Since I set up eight sections and ten interviews, I have started to sit on the ground and start to bid, and later my reputation has become more and more famous. Generally, he was born in the army, prospered in interests, and prospered in the title, so he made it heavy and was light for the official. " (Supplement to Tang Shi)
13. The official selection and assessment system in the Tang Dynasty: mainly the imperial examination system, mainly knowing the main sources, subjects and the selection of civil servants. Characteristics and significance of imperial examination system.
There are mainly the following official selection systems: door concealment (mainly in the early stage)+imperial examination (mainly in the late stage), and the absolute number of official selection: door concealment > imperial examination.
Inspection official system: evaluate and score the performance of officials. The standard is based on morality (four virtues and twenty-seven crimes), which is influenced by the examiner's personal subjectivity. By the end of the Tang dynasty, it had become a form, where high officials got high marks and low officials got low marks.
The source of the imperial examination: first, the students of our school passed the school examination; Second, self-study rural tributes and pass state and county exams (self-study requires township exams); Then they went to take part in six subjects of the national imperial examination.
Subjects: Examination subjects in the Tang Dynasty are divided into two categories: routine subjects and institutional subjects. The exams held in stages every year are called regular classes, and the temporary exams held by the emperor are called making classes. There are more than 50 regular subjects such as Scholar, Ming Jing, Jinshi, Gentleman, Faming, Zi Ming and Shu Ming. Among them, Faming, Shu Ming, Ziming and other subjects are not taken seriously. Scholar and other subjects are not often held, and the scholar subject was very demanding in the early Tang Dynasty, and then it was gradually cancelled. Therefore, Ming Jing and Jinshi became the main subjects in the Tang Dynasty. After Tang Gaozong, Jinshi is particularly important.
And: refers to the imperial examination, which is named because it has the second place in the list. Sui and Tang dynasties were only used for the examination of Jinshi. A court exam in the Ming and Qing Dynasties was named "A-3", which also saved its name. In addition, it also has the titles of "champion", "champion", "flower exploration" and "champion" respectively.
Citizen election; Refers to the system of selecting officials. In the Tang Dynasty, officials with more than five grades were appointed by the emperor, and officials with less than six grades were appointed by the Ministry of Civil Affairs and the Ministry of War, except foreign ministers, censors and sacrificial officials. After passing the examination according to regulations, officials are awarded, which is called civil service election. In later generations, except for the senior officials appointed by the emperor, all those who passed the imperial examination, donated money or were reinstated by the original officials will go to the official department to wait for the election. After the Tang dynasty, it was easier to replace civil servants, but it was probably nothing more than the final exam and the appointment of officials.
Characteristics and significance: China's imperial examination system is mainly characterized by three characteristics: being able to govern the country and serve us; Objective standards and fair competition; Legislative protection, stable continuation. Its function and value are mainly embodied in: unifying value and continuing culture; Promote education and cultivate talents; It has stabilized politics and promoted development. Its negative effects are as follows: school education is divorced from society, with single content and extreme stylistic requirements. In a word, because of the imperial examination, there was a stable continuation of China bureaucracy, and because of the imperial examination, there was a tortuous development of China's history and culture.