The credit revenue and expenditure of other financial institutions, as a separate plan, are not included in the national comprehensive credit plan, and the principle of separate management of plans and funds is implemented. The People's Bank of China has approved the annual credit plan of specialized banks as a "cage" and goal, and the funds needed in the implementation process should be market-oriented and raised by taking deposits, issuing financial bonds, interbank lending and other means. The People's Bank of China no longer guarantees the supply of funds.
The People's Bank of China implements the principle of "reasonable supply, fixed term, borrowing and recycling" for loans from specialized banks. The head office of the People's Bank of China has approved the loan quota of branches of the People's Bank of China to specialized banks. Within this quota, specialized banks can flexibly grasp the monthly and quarterly payment, and may not break through without approval. Loans are divided into two categories: one is annual loans (that is, original planned loans); One is short-term loans, including daily loans, seasonal loans and rediscount. These two types of loans can be managed and controlled separately. And delegate the real loan right to secondary branches to enhance the ability of the People's Bank of large and medium-sized cities to regulate funds.
The allocation relationship between the upper and lower levels of specialized banks has been changed to the lending relationship, and the People's Bank of China has changed from simply supplying funds to implementing fund regulation, and has made loans to specialized banks according to economic development and macro-control decisions. In order to strengthen the indirect control of funds, the deposit reserve ratio of China Construction Bank was lowered from 30% at the beginning of 17 to 10%, and the deposit reserve ratio of specialized banks was raised from 10% to 12% in June of the same year. At the same time, it also stipulates that financial deposits are managed by the People's Bank of China, and the fund management of the Municipal People's Bank system also implements index management. Each specialized bank shall formulate specific measures for the hierarchical management of credit funds, enhance the macro-control ability of the People's Bank of China, and mobilize the enthusiasm of specialized banks in managing and using positive credit funds.
1988 implement the notice on further strengthening financial macro-control and strict credit fund management and the notice on strengthening loan scale issued by the people's bank of China and various specialized banks. All banks have once again improved and enriched the management mode of "real loans and real deposits", strengthened the assessment and monitoring of credit scale, adopted two-line management and compartmentalized assessment, implemented responsibilities at different levels, and enhanced financial macro-control capabilities. The deposit reserve ratio was raised from 65,438+02% to 65,438+03%. A new term management method has been adopted for the refinancing of specialized banks. The excessive growth of credit has been restrained by actively clearing positions and tapping potential, adjusting credit structure, recovering short-term loans exceeding the limit as scheduled, and stabilizing finance through various measures.
From 65438 to 0989, we carried out the policy of rectifying and deepening reform, and earnestly implemented the monetary and credit policy of "controlling the total amount, adjusting the structure, ensuring the key points, compressing the general and adjusting in time". The People's Bank of China put forward the guiding ideology and corresponding measures of "aiming at the market, controlling the stock, invigorating stagnation, making good use of investment and optimizing the total amount". The municipal government approved the Opinions of Fuzhou Municipality on Adjusting the Credit Structure to the relevant departments. Specialized banks focus on revitalizing the stock, adjusting the stock and adjusting the structure. Through clearing the warehouse, tapping the potential and clearing the debts, the fund was revitalized by nearly 300 million yuan, and the general loan was reduced by 50 million yuan. The municipal government set up an "Office of Rectification, Governance and Reform" to adjust the structure of enterprises and products, and shut down, stop, merge and transfer enterprises with poor prospects and serious losses; Eliminate products with no development prospects and improve the credit structure of banks. At the same time, strengthen the management of infrastructure loans in Fuzhou Development Zone, and put forward that the infrastructure loans returned by the Development Zone every year should be included in the district financial budget, and 40% of the district's annual fiscal revenue and land recovery funds should be used to arrange repayment. In order to adjust the funds in each quarter, the central bank will refinance according to the financial shortage of specialized banks and the supply and demand of seasonal funds by economic departments.
1990 according to 1990 opinions of the people's bank of China on further improving the management of credit funds, the people's bank of China continues to improve the management of credit plans at all levels and the whole society. It is managed and monitored at four levels. The first level is to control the total amount of credit activities such as bonds, stocks and fund-raising of banks, urban and rural credit cooperatives, various trust and investment institutions and enterprises; The second level is the bank credit plan including the People's Bank of China, specialized banks, Bank of Communications and Industrial Bank. The third level is the credit plans of other financial institutions, including trust and investment companies and urban and rural credit cooperatives. The fourth level is the various forms of bonds, stocks and fund-raising activities of enterprises. Continue to implement loan quota management and control the total amount of credit. Continue to implement the method of "annual bright, quarterly monitoring, monthly assessment and timely adjustment" for the loan limit, and monitor it according to the method of "compartmentalization", with banks as the mainstay and the People's Bank of China at the same level responsible for monitoring; Non-bank financial institutions are "block-based" and are managed and supervised by the People's Bank at the same level. The annual loan limit is a mandatory plan and shall not be exceeded without approval. The quarterly loan limit of each bank is a guiding plan, which is regulated by its superior bank in a timely manner. At that time, PBOC carried out the policy of "rectifying, deepening reform and opening wider to the outside world", implemented the monetary and credit policies of "controlling the total amount, adjusting the structure, ensuring the key points, compressing the general, adjusting in time and improving the efficiency" and the spirit of the conference call jointly held by the five major head offices, and successively formulated Ten Opinions on Grasping the Current Loans. Opinions on Supporting Enterprises' Production, Preferential Law of Fuzhou Finance Department on Supporting Enterprises' Technological Transformation, and Interim Measures for Financing of Foreign-invested Enterprises in Fuzhou, timely grasp the loan investment of various financial institutions, reasonably increase credit input, and support economic development. Support the capital needs of key industrial production enterprises, focusing on supporting large and medium-sized backbone enterprises and first-and second-class enterprises. Support the operation of commercial, grain and foreign-funded departments, increase investment in agricultural production, and focus on supporting spring ploughing production, agricultural production materials reserve and non-staple food base production. Promote technological transformation of enterprises and adjust the industrial and product structure of the whole city.
1994. The People's Bank of China implemented the Decision of the State Council on Financial System Reform and the Interim Measures for the Management of Credit Funds (hereinafter referred to as the Measures), stipulating that the branches of the People's Bank of China shall be responsible for the management of credit funds within their respective jurisdictions as authorized by the Head Office. The People's Bank of China's control over the total amount of money and credit should gradually shift from direct control based on credit scale management to indirect control by means of social credit scale, refinancing, rediscount, open market operation, reserve ratio, benchmark interest rate and proportional management. Commercial banks and non-bank financial institutions shall implement asset-liability ratio and risk management in accordance with the principles of self-operation, self-risk, self-financing, self-balance and self-development. Asset-liability ratio management is to use the capital and liabilities of financial institutions to constrain their total assets and structure. Asset-liability ratio management indicators mainly include capital adequacy ratio, loan ratio, medium-and long-term loan ratio, asset liquidity ratio, reserve ratio, individual loan ratio, lending fund ratio, shareholder loan ratio and loan quality ratio. Commercial banks and non-bank financial institutions shall accept the inspection and assessment by the People's Bank of China on their asset-liability ratio and asset quality, so as to improve the efficiency of the use of credit funds and reduce asset risks.
In 20 10, the central bank plans to establish a new credit management system, and determine the speed of credit supply according to the economic growth rate, and the capital adequacy ratio will be taken into consideration. Analysts predict that there may be pressure on banks' capital adequacy ratio in the coming year, and if it is really linked with these indicators, the new credit management system will be more detailed and targeted, and it will also control credit supply more effectively from a macro perspective.
Recently, some media quoted sources as saying that the central bank recently convened a meeting of several large commercial banks to discuss the reform of credit management system. However, the new credit management system is still under discussion and there is no clear timetable.
The reform direction of credit management system is to change the credit management mode from administrative control to comprehensive use of market-oriented control means. The central bank may no longer set the credit target, but guide the credit supply according to the bank's capital adequacy ratio, liquidity ratio, dynamic provision ratio and loan-to-deposit ratio index.
Lian Ping, chief economist of Bank of Communications (5.67%, -0.03% and -0.53%), said in an interview with the reporter of International Finance News that the new credit management system shows that the central bank will be closer to reality and more targeted in controlling macro credit, which is a more refined management model.
Lian Ping pointed out that bank indicators are divided into two categories: daily average and hours, and indicators such as loan-to-deposit ratio belong to hours. China Banking Regulatory Commission requires commercial banks to set the loan-to-deposit ratio bottom line at 75%. Some banks with fewer rules can meet the standards with a rush near the end of the month, which means that they can't meet the standards for a long time except at the end of the month. If credit management is linked to indicators such as the loan-to-deposit ratio Index, then the loan-to-deposit ratio may become a daily indicator, rather than an hour, making banks more cautious when lending.
In the third quarter of 2009 and the report of 20 10, the central bank clearly put forward the implementation of macro-prudential management and the establishment of a dynamic control mechanism for the headwind of money and credit. Lu Zhengwei, a senior economist at Industrial Bank (27. 10, -0.08, -0.29%), believes that the central bank had intended to establish a new credit management system before, and predicted that credit supply would be determined by economic growth.
In addition, some experts believe that the bank's capital adequacy ratio may be under pressure in the coming year.
Political commissar Lu believes that the total amount of credit may still be at a high level next year, which will bring some pressure on the bank's capital adequacy ratio. Lian Ping thinks that the pressure of capital adequacy ratio of 20 1 1 is not heavy, but banks will have this pressure at 20 12. He is more worried about the profitability of 20 1 1 bank. "The media reported that the CBRC recently put forward new requirements for the loan management of financing platforms. It can be predicted that 20 1 1 banks will definitely increase the provision ratio, and the profitability after provision will be affected. "
Lian Ping pointed out that on the whole, the new credit management system under discussion will control credit more effectively.