I. Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement
1. Background
After the Opium War, China began to become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society. With the help of a series of unequal treaties such as treaty of nanking, the intensification of ethnic contradictions has promoted the intensification of domestic class contradictions. The peasants were hungry and cold, and they rose up in succession. At the end of Daoguang 30 years, a large-scale peasant uprising led by Hong Xiuquan broke out in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
system program
(1) "celestial system"
Principle: All fields are cultivated and all people work together. Content: Abolish the feudal landlord class land ownership and distribute the land equally according to population and age. Significance: The revolutionary program of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom highlights the strong desire of the peasant class to abolish feudal land ownership, but it is just a fantasy and cannot be realized.
② "A New Chapter for Senior Ministers"
Content: Learn from the West and carry out economic, political and cultural reforms. Evaluation: The reform plan with capitalist color first put forward by China people conforms to the law and trend of social development, but it does not involve the land problem of farmers, can not arouse their enthusiasm and can not be really implemented.
result
Due to command errors, serious internal corruption and the limitations of the peasant class itself, Tianjing fell, marking the failure of the peasant war in Taiping Heavenly Kingdom.
Second, the Westernization Movement
1. Background
After the failure of two Opium Wars and the blow of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, the internal and external diplomacy of the Qing Dynasty was struggling. In order to relieve domestic troubles and foreign invasion, realize the prosperity of Qiang Bing and safeguard the rule of the Qing Dynasty, we began to learn western culture and advanced technology.
Objective: To "learn from foreigners for self-improvement" and maintain the feudal rule of the Qing government.
Representative: Central Committee: Games? . Venue: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong
4. Guiding ideology: use Chinese style in the west. Middle school is the body and western learning is the use.
5. Slogan: "self-improvement" in the early stage and "seeking wealth" in the later stage.
6. Content (65438+60s-90s)
(1) Military industry representatives: Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute (Zeng Guofan), Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration (Li Hongzhang), Fuzhou Shipping Bureau (left), Tianjin Machinery Bureau (Chonghou).
(2) Representatives of civil industry: Shanghai maritime merchant (Li Hongzhang), Hubei weaving layout (Zhang Zhidong) and Hanyang Iron Works (Zhang Zhidong was the earliest government-run iron and steel enterprise in modern China, and was regarded by the west as a symbol of China's awakening).
(3) Navy: Three navies of Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian were established, and the central government set up a naval yamen.
(4) New education: establish Wentong Museum, organize new schools and send overseas students abroad.
7. Results
The fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War marked the failure of the Westernization Movement. The fundamental reason is that the backward feudal system has not been fundamentally changed.
Third, the Reform Movement of 1898.
1. Background
1in April, 895, the news of the signing of treaty of shimonoseki reached Beijing, and under the organization of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, a "bus petition" was launched. Later, under the leadership of Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao, the Reform Movement began.
content
Yan Fu, translated by Adam Smith, Montesquieu and Huxley. Guo was founded to systematically introduce western democracy and science, publicize the idea of reform and political reform, and put forward the translation standard of "faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance". In the theory of evolution, "natural selection, survival of the fittest" provided the ideological basis for the Reform Movement of 1898.
result
Emperor Guangxu promulgated "making the country an imperial edict" and the political reform began. A hundred days later, he was imprisoned in Yingtai, Zhongnanhai and ended in failure. Six reformists, including Tan Sitong, Kang, Yang Rui and Liu Guangdi, were killed, which is known as the "Six Gentlemen of the Reform Movement of 1898".
Fourth, the Revolution of 1911
1. Background
With the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty, imperialism set off a frenzy to carve up China. Wuchang Uprising broke out and the Revolution of 1911 began.
Revolutionary process
(1) Xingzhonghui: In Honolulu, the revolutionary program is to expel the Tatars, restore China and establish a coalition government.
(2) Alliance
1905 was founded in Tokyo and was the first national bourgeois revolutionary party. The political program is: expel the Tatars, restore China, establish the Republic of China, and equal land rights.
(3) Three People's Principles: nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood.
Nationalism, opposing the Manchu dictatorship and the invasion of foreign powers, overthrowing the warlords who colluded with imperialism, seeking the equality of all ethnic groups in China and recognizing the right of national self-determination.
Democracy, the practice of democratic politics owned by ordinary people, prevents the disadvantages of the current system in Europe and America. The people have four powers (regimes) to govern the government: election, recall, creation and referendum, and the government has five powers (regimes) to govern the country: legislation, justice, administration, inspection and supervision. Its core idea emphasizes the distinction between direct civil rights and power, that is, the government has political power and the people have political power.
There are two most important principles of people's livelihood, one is the equality of land rights (land to the tiller), and the other is the control of capital (private individuals cannot manipulate the people's livelihood).
(D) Wuchang Uprising
① Time: 19 1 1 year1October 10.
Results: 1 91265438+10/0, the Republic of China was established (presidential system, regime); Nanjing provisional government to establish bourgeois democratic government; The promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China is the first bourgeois constitution in China.
Results: The revolutionary achievements were stolen by Yuan Shikai, and the Revolution of 1911 failed.
Reasons for failure: bourgeois weakness and compromise (fundamental); Joint strangulation of Chinese and foreign reactionary forces.
Evaluation: overthrew the rule of feudal dynasty and made the concept of democracy and harmony deeply rooted in the hearts of the people; It dealt a heavy blow to the imperialist forces of aggression; It has created favorable conditions for the development of national capitalism; It promoted the liberation movement of the oppressed peoples in modern Asia.
Five, the new culture movement and the establishment of China * * * production party.
(A) the New Culture Movement
1. Background
(1) Imperialism stepped up its aggression; (B) the further development of national capitalism in China. The fundamental reason is that the national bourgeoisie has grown stronger and stepped onto the political stage, strongly demanding democratic politics and developing capitalism. (3) After the Revolution of 1911, western enlightenment ideas spread further, and the concept of democracy and harmony was deeply rooted in people's hearts. After the Revolution of 1911, advanced intellectuals realized that the root of the failure of the revolution lies in the lack of democracy and consciousness in the people's minds, and the real * * * and political power must be realized by popularizing * * * and ideas.
2. Process content
(1) Rising: 19 15 Chen Duxiu founded New Youth in Shanghai.
(2) Main contents in the early stage: advocating democratic science; Advocating new literature; Advocate new morality
(3) Later content: Li Dazhao published "Victory of Bolshevism" and "Victory of Common People", and Marxism began to spread.
(4) Hu Shi published China's first vernacular poem Two Butterflies.
3. Influence
The New Culture Movement is the continuation of the Revolution of 1911 in the field of ideology and culture, and it has formed an unprecedented ideological emancipation. It has dealt an unprecedented blow to absolutism politically and ideologically, shaken the ideological dominance of traditional ethics, and paved the way for the spread of Marxism in China.
(II) The establishment of the producer of China * * *.
At 1. 1920, the earliest * * * production team was established in Shanghai, then called Shanghai * * * production team.
2.* * * China I.
Time and place:1921July 23rd, Shanghai.
Contents: ① Determine the name of the Party as "China * * * Producer Party" and decide to establish China * * * Producer Party, thus announcing the formal establishment of China * * * Producer Party; (2) Determine that the party's goal is to overthrow the bourgeois regime with the proletarian army and realize * * * productism. The central task of the party: organizing the working class and leading the workers' movement; (3) Elect Chen Duxiu as Secretary of the C.O. ..