Social groups of intransitive verbs
(1) Science, education, culture and media
1. Education
(1) Overview
South Korea has always attached great importance to education. As early as the 1970s, illiteracy was basically eliminated. It has become one of the countries with the highest literacy rate in the world. The proportion of college graduates per 654.38+million population is second only to the United States, and the education level is among the best in the world. Education funds are raised by the central government, and government funds account for the vast majority of the school budget. The education budget usually accounts for about 20% of the total government expenditure. The Ministry of Education is responsible for formulating and implementing policies and guidelines on academic activities, science and public education.
Educational institutions in Korea are divided into national schools (primary schools), middle schools (junior high schools), institutions of higher learning (senior high schools) and universities. According to the compulsory education system, Korean primary schools provide six-year compulsory education for children aged 6 to 1 1 year. Higher education institutions in Korea are divided into public and private institutions, of which private institutions account for 80%.
(2) Educational policies, objectives and reforms
In order to improve the national quality and education level and accelerate the development of modern education, the government has issued a series of policies and measures to deepen education reform. According to the National Education Charter formulated by 1968, the goal of Korean education is to "cultivate Koreans who truly love the country and are committed to the development and prosperity of the motherland". In 1970s, the government reformed the education curriculum and revised the textbooks based on the National Education Charter. South Korea has also established the "Korea Education Development Institute" to carry out university education reform and implement a system with university characteristics, with the aim of "cultivating Koreans with subjective consciousness". In 1980s, South Korea's educational reform conformed to the changes of domestic and international environment, aiming at establishing an educational system for cultivating international talents. South Korea has formulated a report on the education sector facing the long-term development prospect of the country in the year 2000, and put forward the goal of "cultivating Koreans with subjective spirit, creative spirit and morality who lead the informationization, internationalization and openness in a highly developed society in the 2 1 century". 1992 announced the sixth curriculum reform outline, and once again put the strategy of education reform on cultivating new talents needed by a democratic, information-based society and a highly industrialized and internationalized future society. 65438+1May 3, 19951day, a new educational reform plan was put forward, that is, "establishing a new educational system leading the era of globalization and informationization". It takes the cultivation of talents with global awareness, good quality and leadership as its basic goal, takes the cultivation of international talents as the strategic policy of education reform, and regards education opening as "an opportunity to internationalize education and ensure national competitiveness". The direction of education reform is: from unified education to diversified education to cultivate high-quality creative talents, from education determined by suppliers to education that respects the choice of those who need it, from education based on rules and regulations to self-discipline education and participation education. This is based on the development trend of the international community and the development strategy of South Korea's economy and science and technology. The goal of reform is to cultivate talents who can adapt to and lead the international trend.
(3) Social education and on-the-job training
Social education institutions in Korea include civic schools and commercial schools. Civic schools and senior civic schools provide courses equivalent to 1 ~ 3 years for those who want to improve or restore formal education in junior high schools. Commercial schools and advanced commercial schools teach 1 ~ 3-year vocational education courses to people who have graduated from primary school or junior high school or have equivalent education. Radio Correspondence University is another important channel of social education in Korea, which provides four-year courses for working young people and adults after high school. Students who have completed the required credits can get the same degree as ordinary college graduates.
In addition, reading activities are carried out in street and rural libraries (that is, small reading rooms), short-term lectures are held in parks, cultural centers and other places, and various classes for young people or women are organized in rural areas as part of community education activities. The courses cover a wide range, from special vocational skills to various technologies, which can be described as rich and colorful.
1976, south Korea promulgated the "enterprise employee training law", which stipulates that any one
/kloc-Enterprises with more than 0/50 employees must provide at least 3 months of full-time technical training for 20% employees every year. In fact, some large and medium-sized enterprise groups in Korea have the cultural tradition of running wholly-owned enterprise colleges and even graduate schools.
(4) Special education
According to the Korean Education Law, every province and wide-area city must establish 1 for disabled children, so they should attend special education schools. In recent years, the number of special education schools providing primary and secondary education has been increasing. By the end of 1997, there were 109 special education schools in Korea with a total of 22,569 students. These schools include 12 schools for the blind, 19 schools for the deaf, 16 schools for the disabled, 63 schools with mental retardation and 4 schools with mental retardation. In addition to general education, these schools also provide technical training to prepare disabled students for productive work. The Ministry of Education is responsible for students' employment arrangements and holds special skill competitions.
2. Technology
(1) Overview
Science and technology are important priorities for Korea. For decades, South Korea has a high awareness of the development of science and technology. The government has taken the lead in advocacy, and officials, enterprises and universities have worked together to formulate and adopt many policies, regulations and measures. For example, in 1967, the government established the Ministry of Science and Technology, which was responsible for scientific and technological research in Korea. Another example is 1 June 1982 to1June 1982. The President personally presided over and held regular meetings to revitalize science and technology, which enabled the rapid development of science and technology in South Korea.
At present, South Korea's priority areas in science and technology are computers, semiconductors, robots, telecommunications and precision chemicals. 1999, the Korean government has formulated a long-term plan to promote the competitiveness of science and technology to the seventh place in the world by 2025. According to this plan, South Korea regards seven fields, such as information, bioengineering, new materials, energy and environment, as the leading scientific and technological fields in the 2 1 century, and concentrates human and material resources to vigorously support scientific research in these fields. At the same time, the government has also promoted campaigns such as "one computer for one person" and "one website for one person". The government has also formulated a "comprehensive plan for the revitalization of local science and technology" and a "preparatory plan for spatial development work system" to gradually increase investment in local scientific research, promote the balanced development of local science and technology, formulate plans and policies for spatial development, and train talents for spatial development.
In order to ensure the effective implementation of the policy of "building the country through science and technology", the Korean government has vigorously strengthened its legislation on science and technology. 199165438+10, the new special law on scientific and technological innovation was officially promulgated and implemented. The new regulations have been greatly revised in the following aspects, further strengthening the legislation of science and technology. 1. Establish the State Science and Technology Committee to strengthen the state's leadership over science and technology; 2. Expand the functions of the State Science and Technology Commission; 3. Add Korea Science and Technology Evaluation Institute; 4. Issuing technology development lottery tickets; 5. Revitalize local science and technology.
In order to build a national scientific and technological innovation system, the Korean government has made a series of major reforms and adjustments to the national scientific research system and policies while promulgating and implementing new laws and regulations. 1. Reform and adjust the national scientific research system, including strengthening the state's macro-management and coordination of scientific and technological work, reorganizing the government's scientific research system, reforming the management system of scientific research institutes, introducing a competitive mechanism in employment and distribution, and implementing an evaluation system; 2. Give full play to the main role of enterprise technology development; 3. Accelerate the development of high-tech industries; 4. Strengthen basic research.
(2) scientific and technological research and development
Judging from the scale of R&D investment, the proportion of total R&D investment in South Korea's GDP has risen rapidly since 1980s, from 0.81/981%to 2.79% of 1996, and then to 200 1. The government also provides preferential tax and credit policies to encourage enterprises to increase their R&D expenses to 3-4% of the total business, which is in line with enterprises in developed countries. From the perspective of investment structure, before the mid-1980s, the government and the public sector accounted for the majority. Since the mid-1980s, the proportion of government and public sector investment has dropped sharply, while the proportion of private sector investment has increased significantly.
Before 1997, the annual growth rate of R&D investment was basically above 12%. According to IMD survey, according to the standard of 1997, the absolute scale of R&D investment in Korea ranks sixth in the world. During the period of 1998, due to the financial crisis, the growth rate of R&D investment decreased to 10.5%, and recovered to 13.4% in 1999. The total R&D investment in 1999 was 12.37 trillion won. Among them, government and public sector investment is 3. 1 1 trillion won, with a growth rate of 14. 1%, accounting for 25. 1% of the total R&D investment, and private sector investment is 9.26 trillion won, with a growth rate of1%.
(3) scientific research personnel and institutions
The number of researchers and institutions in Korea is increasing rapidly. In 1972, there were only 5,599 researchers in Korea. In 1995, it increased to128,000, with an average of 2.86 researchers per 1,000 people. The number of Korean scientists, engineers and technicians sent overseas for training has also increased year by year, with an average of more than 600 in the 1970s, 9,000 in the early 1980s and close to 1 10,000 in the early 1990s. The Korean government has also tried its best to attract foreign high-level scientific and technological talents and talented scientists who have studied and trained in developed countries to return to work.
1996, there were 2,856 scientific research institutions in Korea, including 163 public scientific research institutions, 258 scientific research institutions affiliated to universities, colleges and junior colleges, and 2,435 scientific research institutions affiliated to private enterprises. South Korea's science and technology information institutions and scientific research institutions mainly include Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Industrial Technology Information Institute, Production Technology Research Institute, National Industrial Experimental Institute, Patent Office, SME Promotion Group and Daejeon Science City near Daejeon. Korea Institute of Science and Technology and Korea Institute of Advanced Science and Technology have played a key role in improving scientific knowledge and technology. Dade Science City was completed in June 1992 1 1, with 60 R&D institutions and 3 universities.
3. Culture and art
(1) Overview
Korean culture and art have a long history and rich heritage. After the establishment of the government of the Republic of Korea, Korean culture and art got rid of the shackles of colonial cultural policies and began a new development. However, for a period of time, the development of literature and art was limited by the cultural restriction policy implemented by the Korean government. From 65438 to 0988, the government promulgated a new cultural policy and began to implement a loose supportive cultural policy. Since then, the cultural field has flourished. 1In July, 1994, the Korea Cultural Policy Development Institute was established to study the country's cultural development policies and formulate cultural development plans.
In order to revitalize cultural undertakings, South Korea has brought culture into legal management. Relevant laws, including the Culture and Art Revitalization Law, the Public Performance Law, the Film Law, the Cultural Relics Protection Law, the Copyright Law, the Audio-visual Works Management Law, the Museum Law and the Traditional Architecture Protection Law, have promoted the healthy development of cultural undertakings.
Kang development. The Korean Ministry of Culture is in charge of cultural and artistic work in Korea.
(2) World-class cultural heritage
1995 12.9, South Korea's three cultural heritages were included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List for the first time, joining the ranks of 469 cultural heritages in other countries 105. These three cultural heritages include the Buddhist temple in Gyeongju, Gyeongsangbuk-do in the 8th century and its affiliated manually excavated Seokguram, the13rd century Koryo Tripitaka collected by Haiyin Temple in Gyeongsangbuk-do, and the ancestral temple of the Korean dynasty in the capital Seoul (1392 ~ 19 10). 1997, two other cultural heritages, Huacheng and Changde Palace, were also included in the World Cultural Heritage List.
At the third meeting of the UNESCO International Advisory Committee held in Uzbekistan from 65438 to 0997, South Korea's Training the Right Voice of the People and A Record of the Korean Dynasty were recognized as "UNESCO World Memories". From 65438 to 0998, Korea joined the Convention for the Protection of World Cultural and Natural Heritage.
In order to better manage and protect the national cultural heritage, 1999 in May, the Korean National Assembly passed an amendment to the government organization law, upgrading the original cultural heritage administration to the "Cultural Heritage Administration Office". This is the first time since the establishment of the Korean government to set up a cultural heritage management office, which coincides with the emphasis on streamlining troops and simplifying administration, so this move is particularly eye-catching.
4. Media
(1) newspapers and periodicals
North Korean newspapers and periodicals have a history of 100 years. Chosun Ilbo and East Asia Daily are the two oldest newspapers in Korea, both of which were founded in 1920 after the famous "March 1" independence movement. In recent years, Korean newspapers have invested heavily in the environment and equipment for publishing and printing.
By the end of 1997, there were 106 daily newspapers and 5,249 weekly and monthly magazines in Korea. Together with other periodicals, including bimonthly and quarterly periodicals and 65,438+0,465 non-commercial periodicals, the total number of newspapers and periodicals published in Korea has reached 7,393. However, in 1998, due to the financial crisis and structural adjustment, many newspapers closed down or stopped publishing, and the total number of Korean newspapers and periodicals decreased significantly. As a reform measure of newspaper industry, the most remarkable point is to decouple newspapers and periodicals that originally belonged to a large enterprise group from enterprises, such as the Central Daily from Samsung and the Cultural Daily from modern and Beijing.
Rural news is divorced from Korean culture. In addition, from 1998 to 1, many newspapers have changed the original vertical layout mode to horizontal layout mode for the convenience of readers.
(2) news organizations
1945 Shortly after the retrocession, Jiefang Communication, the first news agency in Korea, was established. 1980, the two most important comprehensive news agencies "Contract" and "Toyo" merged into "Associated Press". Yonhap News Agency has become a cooperative organization of national news media, the first news agency of its kind in Korea and the only comprehensive news agency in Korea at present. Associated Press has signed contracts and news exchange agreements with more than 45 foreign news agencies, such as Associated Press and AFP.
(3) Radio stations
1927, the Japanese established the first radio station in Seoul, which was the beginning of Korean broadcasting. 1945 In September, the US military administration took over the radio station and established KBS Broadcasting Company. This was the only radio station in Korea at that time. It was not until 1954 established a private broadcasting network-Christian Radio Station (CBS) that educational and religious programs, news and entertainment programs began to be broadcast. The earliest commercial radio station in Korea was Busan Cultural Radio Station, and 1959 was established in Busan in April, and some private radio stations were also established. 1966, Seoul FM Broadcasting Company started a radio station, marking the beginning of FM broadcasting in Korea. The other three FM stations were established at 1970.
The mass media merged in the autumn of 1980, which greatly changed the history of Korean broadcasting. Korea Broadcasting Corporation (KBS) has become the largest broadcasting network, with 25 local radio stations, and currently provides broadcasting services in 10 languages. 1990, the whole Korean broadcasting industry set off another wave of reform. One policy of the reform is to supplement the state-run radio stations with the emergence of private radio stations. Another phenomenon is the establishment of some special radio stations. Traffic Radio Station (TBS) managed by Hancheng was established in June 1990, and State-run Education Radio Station (EBS) was established in February 1990. 1June 1996, there were 1 16 radio stations in Korea, including 62 FM stations. 1997, the us military broadcasting network in south Korea was renamed as the us military broadcasting network (AFN). 1998 12. The Korean broadcasting industry has set up a broadcasting reform committee, which advocates improving and emphasizing broadcasting stations.
Public welfare and fairness.
(4) Television
1956, the first TV station in Korea was also a private commercial TV station opened in Seoul, but this TV station was destroyed by fire in 1989. 19611February 3 10, the government established the official Korean Broadcasting Corporation TV Station (KBS TV Station) in Seoul as the first TV station in Korea to provide national television services. Since then, TBC-TV was launched in 1964 and 65438+February, while MBC-TV was established in 1969 in August, and later expanded into a national TV network with 19 local TV stations. 1 980 65438+February1day, the Korean government allows the broadcast of color TV programs. Since 1990, private TV stations have emerged continuously. At present, there are 46 TV stations in Korea.
196 1 When the Korean Broadcasting Corporation started broadcasting, there were only 25,000 TV sets in Korea. By 1 March, 1998, there were more than15.8 million color TV sets registered with Korean Broadcasting Corporation, and the average household in China exceeded1set. There are also millions of black and white TV sets used all over the country.
(5) Cable TV
Cable TV was first introduced to Korea in 1970. In the late 1980s, due to the increasing public demand for information and the progress of communication technology, it became necessary and possible to widely receive cable TV. 199 1, the government decided to allow the introduction of complete cable TV equipment. 1 March 9951,cable TV started. As of 1997, there are 29 channels in CATV broadcasting 16 programs, of which 3 are public channels.
(6) Satellite TV
Since July 1996, Korean Broadcasting Corporation has broadcast TV programs on two channels through Infinite Flower communication satellite, and since August 1997, Education Broadcasting Station has also broadcast TV programs on two satellite channels. 1In August, 1999, Arirang TV Station of South Korea conducted the first overseas satellite TV live broadcast from South Korea. Television stations have obtained the right to broadcast live television in more than 60 countries, including the whole Asia-Pacific region, Northern Europe and North Africa, and broadcast TV programs around the clock.
Step 5 exercise
The Korean government pays special attention to developing sports, strengthening people's physique and improving the level of international competitions.
China's achievements in promoting national prestige and developing sports have become an important national policy of the government.
In order to develop sports, the Korean government has long formulated and promulgated relevant laws and regulations, such as the National Sports Revitalization Law promulgated by 1962 and the National Sports Revitalization Fund Law promulgated by 1976. The government also rewards athletes with excellent performance. 1982, the government established the Ministry of Sports. 1993, which merged with the Ministry of Culture and became the Ministry of Culture and Sports. 1998 The Ministry was changed to the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The Seoul Olympic Movement Promotion Association was established in 1989, which is responsible for raising and managing funds to promote national sports and improve the level of athletes. The Korean Sports Commission (KSC) is responsible for all amateur sports activities. The association consists of 47 separate federations.
With the development of economy, South Korea's funding for sports has increased year by year. Before 1977, the annual sports expenditure was less than10 billion won, which increased greatly in the 1980s. 1995 raised 500 billion won of sports revitalization fund.
In order to strengthen sports scientific research and teaching, relevant sports organizations organize sports teachers and coaches to study and study abroad in a planned way, and hire foreign sports people to give lectures, guide and disseminate their experiences in Korea. In order to further improve and strengthen the nationally recognized coach training system, Seoul National University, Korean Judo School, Chungnam University, North Korea University and East Asia University have been designated as social sports instructor training institutions to train sports talents.
Good mass sports foundation and rapid economic development, as well as the government's attention and promotion of sports work, have made the sports industry in South Korea develop rapidly and achieved great success in a series of international competitions. Especially in the 24th Summer Olympic Games held in Seoul from 65438 to 0988, it achieved the fourth place in the world and attracted worldwide attention. 1992 At the 25th Summer Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain, South Korea ranked seventh. In Asia, South Korea is the only country that has reached the World Cup finals four times.
Now Korea is recognized as a sports power in the world. It not only actively participated in various international and regional sports competitions, but also hosted many international and regional competitions. From 197 1, South Korea holds international football championships every year. In addition to the 10 Asian Games and the 1986 Olympic Games, South Korea also hosted the 14 Asian Games in Busan in 2002, and jointly hosted the World Cup with Japan in the same year.
(2) National life, social security and medical and health care
1. National life
With the rapid economic development in the past 30 years, the national living standard of South Korea has improved year by year. From 65438 to 0996, South Korea's per capita national income (GNI) reached 1 1380 US dollars, a record high, which made South Korea join the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and its living standard ranked among the moderately developed countries in the world. 1997 after the financial crisis, the unemployment rate in Korea increased greatly, the wage level decreased and the income decreased greatly. From 65438 to 0998, the per capita national income was only $6,823, which was the lowest in the 1990s and returned to the level of the 1980s. Consumer prices rose by 7.5%, the biggest increase since 199 1 (9.3%). The average monthly income of urban residents was 2 1.33 million won, a year-on-year decrease of 6.7%, and the average monthly nominal income showed negative growth for the first time. The average monthly household expenditure was 6.5438+0.536 million won, down 8.4% year-on-year, and the average monthly consumption expenditure also showed negative growth for the first time. From the consumption trend, except for the items that families have to spend, the expenditures of other items have dropped significantly. From the perspective of income distribution, the average monthly income of the highest working class is 4.244 million won, which is more than 5.4 times that of the lowest working class of 784,000 won. Judging from the scale of consumption expenditure, the average monthly consumption expenditure of the highest working class is 2.072 million won, which is 2.73 times of the average monthly consumption expenditure of the lowest working class of 760,000 won. Judging from the proportion of consumption, the consumption of low-income groups accounts for a large proportion in basic consumption items such as food, housing, water, electricity, heating and medical care. On the contrary, the consumption of high-income groups accounts for a large proportion in selective consumption items such as education, entertainment, transportation, communication and clothing. 1999 after more than two years of drastic economic and financial reform and structural adjustment, the economy recovered, the number of employed people increased substantially, the unemployment rate dropped sharply, and the income increased, with the per capita national income reaching 858 1.
2. Social security
South Korea's social security system is divided into two categories: one is the insurance plan formulated according to the Social Security Law, including medical care, closure, unemployment, pension, work injury, family allowance, pregnant women's delivery, family funeral and so on. The other is a public relief program or a free gift, which provides living expenses, allowances and medical expenses to the elderly, disabled people at work, mental patients and congenital disabled people. The scope of insurance is divided into two parts: you can enjoy insurance and you can enjoy public welfare. Implement various welfare systems according to policies,
And gradually expand and develop these systems.
The specific contents of South Korea's social security plan are as follows: in terms of social insurance, there are medical insurance, industrial accident compensation insurance, old-age insurance, seafarers' insurance, dismissal allowance system and so on. In addition, in terms of public relief and social welfare services, the Ministry of Social Health provides food, fuel, education, medicine and funeral expenses for those who need life care.
1998 the pension system is extended to all workplaces and self-employed. In February 2000, South Korea promulgated the National Basic Living Security Law. According to this new law, from June 5438+ 10, 2000, all families whose income is lower than the minimum living standard stipulated by the Korean government will receive the minimum living guarantee provided by the government. The core of the new regulations is to relax the standards of government aid recipients. It is estimated that after the implementation of the new regulations, the number of people providing minimum living security by the government will increase from the current 500,000 to 6,543,800+0,530. The implementation of this policy is an important step for South Korea to become a welfare state.
3. Health care
(1) Overview
South Korea enacted the medical insurance law in 1963, and began to implement the medical insurance system in manufacturing and construction units with more than 500 employees from 1977. From 1979 to 1, South Korea began to implement the medical insurance system for civil servants, teachers and other industries. 1988 1 month, the application scope of Korean medical insurance system is extended to rural areas and fishing villages and units with more than 5 employees. 1July, 1989, its application scope was extended to urban residents such as self-employed households, thus realizing universal medical insurance. At present, South Korea implements a medical security system in the form of medical insurance and Medicaid. There are four types of medical insurance, namely, public insurance for public officials, occupational insurance for literary and art circles and urban freelancers, regional medical insurance for residents in agriculture and fishing villages, and medical insurance for workers in private enterprises.
South Korea's medical and health care has embarked on the track of legalization. The Law on Medical Care, the Law on Medical Insurance, the Law on Medical Insurance for Civil Servants and Staff in Private Schools, the Law on Medical Technicians and the Law on Special Measures for Health Care in Agriculture and Fishing Villages have been formulated successively.
The Ministry of Health and Social Affairs is the centralized management unit of health care in Korea. In addition, influential groups in the field of health care include Korean Red Cross Society, Korean Medical Association and Korean Nursing Association.
(2) Medical and health conditions
Due to the improvement of living standards, the proportion of medical expenses in the total family expenditure has increased year by year. Since the second half of 1970s, most people can enjoy medical insurance and medical assistance. In July 1989 and 1, the scope of the national medical insurance system was extended to the whole country. Since then, the number of people enjoying medical security has been 100% of the total population. By 1997 and 12, there were 55429 medical institutions participating in the medical insurance system in China. During the period of 1998, 95.3% people benefited from all kinds of insurance, and the remaining 4.7% people could get medical assistance directly.
In the early 1980s, cholera and meningitis were basically eradicated in South Korea, and the infection rate of infectious diseases and other diseases gradually declined. At present, the mortality rate of children under 4 years old in Korea has dropped to 2.0‰, reaching the level of more advanced countries.
In 2000, there were 207,400 people engaged in the medical industry in Korea, including 62,200 doctors and 32,774 hospitals, including 27 modern large-scale general hospitals with 209,248 beds.
Too many. This is only part of it. Let me give you the address. Remember to give points when you are satisfied. (* _ *) Hee hee ...