This semester, I started the course of modern history of China, and I feel very good for two reasons: First, I like studying history very much, and the phrase "reading history makes people wise" is just right; Secondly, as a student, I understand that with the rapid development of social and economic construction, various cultural phenomena are complicated. Nowadays, students, especially college students, still have a lot of room for ideological and political study. They especially need to "keep pace with the times", constantly accept new ideas and cultures, strengthen their political literacy and understand the situation of our country and society. Therefore, I personally think it is absolutely necessary to study this course, including this set of key textbooks for Marxist theoretical research and construction projects, which will help young students to learn from history, cherish the present and unite and progress.
Through half a semester's study, I have gained a lot in knowledge and thought.
First of all, when we open the cover, we can see that most of the advisory members and deliberation experts of this textbook are scholars and professors from the Central Party School or the Party History Research Office, some are members of the Central Committee, and even members of the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee and the Secretary of the Central Secretariat. This shows that the high editing level of this textbook also reflects the central leadership's emphasis on college students' ideological and political education.
Secondly, this book divides the modern history of China into three historical periods, namely, from the Opium War to the eve of the May 4th Movement (1840- 19 19), and from the May 4th Movement to the founding of New China (191944). Of all the history textbooks we studied in the past, none was written according to the historical events a few months ago. However, the textbook we are using now has included the contents of the 17th National Congress in the last chapter. I have to say that this book is very rich.
In terms of content, I feel that the courses before the mid-term always describe a rule, that is, aggression and oppression (western capitalism, imperialism and domestic feudal forces)-resistance (Westernization, political reform and revolutionary war)-failure (Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898)-re-aggression and oppression (Boxer Movement)-re-resistance (Revolution of 1911).
First, from the 18 and 19 centuries before the Opium War to the middle of the 20th century, our Chinese nation lagged behind the western powers in science and technology, political system, social culture and so on. At this time, the western world is in the primitive accumulation stage of capitalism, and the principle of pursuing economic interests at all costs drives them to expand to all corners of the world, including the legendary China. At this time, China failed to solve the historical problem of "sea ban" that existed since the Ming Dynasty in time, and at the same time, it was seriously lacking in communication with the West, which led to the backwardness of the West in science and technology. At the same time, it can't actively publicize and deter foreigners like the Tang government, which will eventually lead to a fierce collision between the two cultures and lead to war.
Second, the Chinese nation is subjectively progressive, hoping to get rid of national peril, but the objective conditions are seriously restricted. After the Opium War, some enlightened landlords advocated "learning from foreigners", and then the Westernization Movement put this idea into practice. The Reform and Reform Movement proposed for the first time to restrict imperial power, which showed that quite a few people in our nation were "patriotic" and could accept advanced ideas. But limited by the conditions at that time: although the western powers sold us gunboats and machines, they did not want us to be strong; Patriots long for national independence and China to become a big country like western countries, but they are strangled by reactionary forces at home and abroad and different interest groups. That's why there is this rule mentioned above. As Dr. Sun Yat-sen said, "Our people seem to be asleep", but in the end, the Chinese nation's "dream of a strong country" woke up in confusion. People no longer believe in the fraud of western powers and have no hope for the Manchu regime. The Revolution of 1911 broke out and the first bourgeois democracy in the East was established.
After studying for half a semester, I am also actively thinking about some historical issues involved in the book and have some new understandings. I hope everyone will criticize and correct me.
On the Principal Contradictions and Historical Tasks of Contemporary China. In the modern history of China, due to abnormal social unrest, with the invasion of capital imperialism and the rise of the Westernization Movement, new classes have appeared constantly, and the class composition of China has undergone tremendous changes, with the emergence of the national bourgeoisie (including bureaucratic bourgeoisie and comprador), the working class and other proletariat. The new class leads to new contradictions, so the social contradictions are complicated, and the simple Westernization Movement and political reform become dull and powerless, which must be solved by means of violent revolution, with the aim of overthrowing a certain class or a certain rule. The contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation, feudalism and the masses of the people runs through the "two halves" of China society. I think the main reason for this situation is the contradiction between feudalism and the masses. China is one of the countries that have been in the historical stage of feudal society for the longest time. Dominated by feudal thoughts in the past 2300 years, it has created strange phenomena such as "eight-part essay" and "learning to be an official". Intellectuals of past dynasties read a lot, but their motivation is always to gain fame and be a landlord. Therefore, the traditional concept of "home is the world" is deeply rooted. Until today, there are still some people who are unconsciously influenced by it. The historical remains of more than 2,000 years, 100 years, will not be completely eliminated. Social culture has inertia and a clear-cut anti-feudalism should be the first step to realize the two historical tasks. Throughout modern China 150 years, countless people with lofty ideals have been pursuing the truth of saving the country, which has triggered many ideological emancipation movements, pursuing national independence and people's liberation, and realizing people's prosperity and national prosperity throughout. This is determined by the international environment, independent of human will, and it is a choice that China people have to make in the face of the impact of the times. However, judging from the historical lessons of Yuan Shikai and other Beiyang warlords stealing the fruits of the democratic revolution, some old-style bureaucrats with extremely serious feudal ideas are still plotting evil plans. On the other hand, in the process of China's economic construction in modern history, it was disturbed and destroyed by many feudal forces in previous failures, which led to the backwardness of the national economy. Therefore, I think that feudalism, as the biggest obstacle to the social development and progress in China, should be taken as a warning by future generations and finally eliminated completely. Because only in this way can China get rid of the tragedy of 150 years in modern times, learn from the excellent cultures of all countries and nationalities in the world, truly realize "learning from foreigners to control foreigners", and finally realize the prosperity of the people and the country.
On the Influence of Western Capitalist Imperialist Aggression on the History of China. Undeniably, the invasion of China by western capitalism objectively prompted some enlightened landlords and progressives to "open their eyes to the world". On the one hand, a series of acts, such as military aggression, political blackmail and economic plunder, accelerated the demise of the feudal autocratic regime and caused immeasurable losses to the people of China; On the other hand, with the invasion, the advanced western culture objectively spread the capitalist system, which was also one of the important conditions leading to the Westernization Movement, the Reform Movement of 1898 and even the Revolution of 1911. Some people now think that without western aggression, there would be no modern China, no Westernization Movement and revolutionary war, and no peace today. Others believe that the invasion of the West has "weakened China" and lost its national self-confidence, making China lag behind the West forever, and it is impossible to become a big country in any case. Both of these ideas are one-sided. On the one hand, blindly thinking that "aggression is meritorious" seems to be a kind of self-denial, as if China people could not turn over without aggression; On the other hand, it exaggerates the losses caused by western aggression to China and thinks that China has returned to primitive society. In fact, it's not hard to see that, from the Opium War to War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, although China has faced many crises of national subjugation and extinction, there are always some people who are unwilling to be conquered people and join the anti-aggression war to defend their territory. The completion of the two major tasks depends on the self-sacrifice of patriots. In addition, no matter the Manchu government, the northern warlords or the national government, although the regime changed frequently, none of them collapsed because of western aggression. Facts have proved that as a unified multi-ethnic country with 5,000 years of civilization, it is impossible to be destroyed by foreign countries. We should draw lessons from the aggression of western capitalist imperialism, find out the reasons and gaps, give full play to our wisdom, and continue to make unremitting efforts to make the people rich and the country strong.
On the historical significance of westernization movement. Since the two Opium Wars and the Sino-French War ended, some enlightened landlords, represented by Lin Zexu and Wei Yuan, began to think about the problem of national self-improvement and put forward the slogan of "learning from foreigners and mastering foreign skills". They are pioneers of "seeing the world with their eyes open" in modern times. Their demands were quickly answered in the Forbidden City. The Westernization School represented by Li Hongzhang, Zhang Zhidong and Zuo was carrying out "reform and opening up" at that time. They bought foreign advanced machines in their own names, founded modern enterprises controlled by the Qing government, established new armies equipped with modern weapons, and established new schools, where students received western education and learned western technology. However, all these efforts are only the reform of the economic system. Although those "state-owned enterprises" have adhered to the organizational system of modern western enterprises and participated in the competition, the conservative idea of "learning from middle school and making the west serve China" cannot lead enterprises as the product of capitalism. In this way, the profits and losses of these "state-owned enterprises" depend entirely on administrative intervention, and the management system itself has no motivation to make profits. Even enterprise management has not achieved the purpose of the enterprise (Beiyang can't solve the two historical tasks if it can't touch the most fundamental obstacle of feudal autocratic regime. However, it should be noted that the Forbidden City has realized the coming of the national crisis, so it can't wait to develop modern industry. It should also be affirmed that this is a historic step taken by feudal bureaucrats in the face of national crisis. However, due to the obstruction of feudal conservative forces and western capitalism, the Westernization Movement did not propose a motion for political reform, so it was naturally unable to complete Westernization and gradually parted ways with its original ideas. The Chinese nation began to think about the direction of political reform after it first tasted the pain brought by economic reform.
On the historical significance of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement. From the establishment of worship of God in 1843 to the death of Hong Xiuquan in 1864, the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was a complete failure, which lasted for 20 years. In the first ten years, it can be said that the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement was successful, and basically won most of the southeast coastal provinces. The thought of the struggle against feudalism and aggression is deeply rooted in people's hearts, and many people see the hope of a new social model. However, after Nanjing made its capital, it was harmonious at first, but with the construction of the Tiangong and the internal power struggle, this patriotic movement failed. In fact, I think the curse of the doomed failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement has been planted since the year of 185 1. Obviously, Hong Xiuquan founded God-worshipping religion in the hope of establishing a country with non-feudal autocracy by imitating the way of establishing a country by western religions (this can be proved by Senior Minister's New Chapter), but he established the country by feudal kings. After the capital was Nanjing, kings of all walks of life began to overhaul the palace. At the beginning, General Taiping, who ate and lived in his hometown, lived in the palace, completely forgetting that "the revolution has not yet succeeded" and his connection with the broad masses of the people. Some officials began to corrupt, their promises to the people were not fulfilled, and they lost their hearts. This is also one of the reasons for shaking the political foundation of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. In order to solve these problems, in his later years, Hong Xiuquan accepted his brother Hong Rengan's proposition, and promulgated a new chapter of senior minister with capitalist color, trying to build a fair, just and open society and return to the original value of worshipping God, but it was too late, the upper echelons of heaven could not implement it, and the people did not trust it, and finally failed. The collapse of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom regime is a typical embodiment of the famous "Huang Zongxi strange circle", that is, the law of corruption in the old dynasty-peasant uprising-establishment of the New Deal-corruption in the new dynasty-peasant uprising again has been repeated for more than 2000 years, but no one can notice it. Although the peasant class has been the main group in China society for a long time, the life of "facing the loess and facing the sky" has bound the mind, and it is impossible to walk in the forefront of the times and complete the historical task of the revolution. However, as the first capitalist program, the influence of Senior Minister New Chapter cannot be underestimated, which seems to provide theoretical enlightenment for the bourgeoisie to step onto the historical stage in the future.
On the failure of the Reform Movement of 1898 and its influence. 1895, three major events took place in China: First, the Sino-Japanese War ended in the Sino-Japanese War, China was defeated, and the four islands of Taiwan, Peng, Jinma and Taiwan Province were ceded to Japan, and compensation was 200 million taels of silver; Second, Sun Yat-sen founded a revolutionary salvation organization-Xingzhonghui in Honolulu, and failed to launch the first armed uprising. Third, some intellectuals, represented by Kang Youwei, wrote to Emperor Guangxu asking for political reform. It can be said that the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 was a watershed in the history of China, which marked the further deepening of the "two halves" society in China and the end of the national salvation movement dominated by the peasant class and the landlord class. After the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, the ethnic contradictions between China and Japan rose, and capitalist countries entered the stage of imperialism and stepped up their aggression against China. After the Westernization Movement, some intellectuals at that time began to think about the way out for political system reform. Some of these intellectuals were overseas students during the Westernization Movement. Most of them received the best education at that time and witnessed the prosperity of western capitalist countries. They didn't believe that China couldn't make progress, so they repeated the old method of literati as "people" in previous dynasties, wrote to the emperor and put forward the political reform plan of constitutional monarchy, which attracted the great attention of Emperor Guangxu. During this period, some reformists set up societies and newspapers, actively promoted their ideas, and made efforts to make the concept of democracy deeply rooted in the hearts of the people (but it should be noted that only "democracy", without "* * * and", there would be no rotation of political parties). They just hope that the emperor can decentralize and give the people autonomy, so that the social atmosphere can be changed and economic construction can be carried out. Thus, 1898, Emperor Guangxu pushed public opinion and promulgated "making the country an imperial edict", and the Reform Movement of 1898 began. Emperor Guangxu himself formulated the reform policy, including advocating that officials and people petition the emperor, opening newspapers and periodicals to ban, freedom of speech, implementing western economic system and science and technology, abolishing stereotyped writing of scholars, and setting up higher education. This is also one of the few things that Guangxu managed himself in his life. However, the establishment of a typical constitutional monarchy parliament has not been realized, and civil rights have not been guaranteed. In view of the rampant conservative forces at that time, Emperor Guangxu also tried to use the reform to control the conservatives. These progressive policies have not been seriously implemented, and the reformists are in an increasingly dangerous situation. In September of the same year, the conservatives headed by Empress Dowager Cixi began to suppress the reformists. First, she put Emperor Guangxu under house arrest, then assembled conservative forces such as Westernization School, abolished the New Deal and carried out bloody suppression on intellectuals. The "Six Gentlemen of the Reform Movement of 1898" was killed, and the peaceful reform that lasted for 103 days came to an end. The Reform Movement of 1898 was a top-down reform initiated by the "people" who wrote to the emperor. It formally put forward the requirements and plans of political system reform, and it is also an ideological emancipation movement. It shook the ideological foundation of "divine right of monarchy" and put forward the idea of "advocating civil rights", marking the national bourgeoisie represented by intellectuals on the political stage. But also beyond the basic principles of conservative forces, brutally suppressed by those in power. China people's first attempt to save the country from the western system failed again.
About the Revolution of 1911 and the Republic of China. After the failure of Westernization Movement and the Reform Movement of 1898, the pace of China's modernization began to accelerate, and the autocratic regime of Manchu was in jeopardy, and a revolution that completely changed the face of China was imminent. 1905, Dr. Sun Yat-sen joined forces with some overseas anti-Qing revolutionary groups to form the China Patriots' League for Political Participation, which was the first bourgeois political party in the history of China-China League. Its establishment has brought revolutionary hope to China, where the national crisis is deep, pointed out the direction of struggle for patriots who are trying to save the country, and painted a bright picture of the future for the troubled people of China. 1908, Empress Dowager Cixi, who had been in power in China for 40 years, died with Emperor Guangxu who supported the political reform. I have to say that this is a historical accident. From 1895 to 19 1 1, Zhong Xing Hui and members of the League publicized the revolution in schools, the new army and the streets, led more than a dozen armed uprisings, and broke the last few coffin nails for the turbulent Manchu regime. Uprising, failure; Uprising again, failing again. It is in countless failures that revolutionaries have found the hope of the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. 19111June 10, the revolutionary army in Wuchang new army once again raised the flag and occupied three towns in Wuhan. The revolutionaries won the greatest victory in modern history. This day later became the National Day of the Republic of China. A few months later, the six-year-old emperor Xuan Tong "represented" hundreds of emperors in China's history, announced his abdication, recognized the League and accepted the Republic of China, ending the autocratic centralization that ruled China for more than two thousand years. At this point, there was no emperor in the history of China, and the Revolution of 1911 was declared a success. 1 912 65438+10/,the provisional government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing, and Dr. Sun Yat-sen became the provisional president of the Republic of China. He was also the first bourgeois president of the Republic of China. China's progressive class has been advocating the establishment of a provisional Senate for decades, which became a reality in the Republic of China; The promulgation of the Provisional Constitution of the Republic of China stipulates all the behavioral norms of capitalist countries. Since then, there have been political parties and democratic elections in China, and the political opinions of the bourgeoisie have been determined in the form of law, which has changed countless stereotypes and bad habits in old China. However, as Sun Yat-sen's Will said, "the revolution has not yet succeeded", and the feudal conservative forces in China are not allowed to "revolution". From the dispute between revolutionaries and royalists in 1906 to the restoration of monarchy by Beiyang warlords, vicious feudal conservatives bit the revolutionaries, advocated feudal ideas, brutally suppressed the revolutionaries, and slandered Sun Yat-sen and the people of China as "ignorant politics" and "ignorant people". Sun Yat-sen is an idealistic patriot and revolutionary. He kept his promise and pinned his hopes on the people of China. 19 12 resigned as interim president, and the Senate voted to elect Yuan Shikai, an old warlord in Beiyang, as president. This step can be said to be Sun Yat-sen's greatest failure. Soon, Yuan Shikai announced the abolition of the Peace Treaty of the Republic of China and instructed his cronies to "establish" him as the "Emperor of the Chinese Empire", which was another crime committed by the feudal forces in China. Sun Yat-sen and the revolutionaries revolted again to "beg Yuan" to protect the law. 19 19, the may 4th movement broke out in China because of diplomatic failure, which was a huge anti-imperialist patriotic movement. 1924, with the participation of China's * * * production party, Sun Yat-sen, a number of political parties and revolutionary groups in the United Nations, established the China Kuomintang, becoming the largest political party in modern history. Since then, China Kuomintang has become the backbone to curb the restoration of feudal forces. At this point, it is not difficult for us to see that the failure of countless patriotic national salvation movements since the Opium War was due to the obstruction and destruction of feudal forces. Therefore, anti-feudalism is a long-term struggle of China people. Whether striving for national independence and liberation, or realizing the country's prosperity and people's prosperity, all China people need to abandon the influence of feudalism for more than 2,000 years, understand the situation clearly, work hard, and "emancipate their minds, seek truth from facts, unite as one and look forward."
I wish you a promotion step by step.
I look forward to your adoption. Thank you.