When the peasant army struggled against the Qing Dynasty in the southwest, the people in the southeast coast also carried out anti-Qing activities under the leadership of Zheng Chenggong. Zheng Chenggong is the son of Zheng Zhilong, and their father and son are both officials of the Tang Dynasty. Later, Zheng Zhilong fell to the Qing Dynasty, and Zheng Chenggong continued to fight with the Qing Dynasty. Based on Xiamen and Kinmen, Zheng Chenggong besieged Fuzhou and conquered Taizhou successively. The Qing dynasty sent people to surrender, but he sternly refused. In the 16th year of Shunzhi (the 13th year of Li Yong in 65438), Zheng Chenggong joined forces with Zhang Huangyan, Zhejiang Province, and launched a big counterattack, going up the Yangtze River by sea, reaching the suburbs of Nanjing and occupying twenty-four counties in three provinces of Sichuan, such as Zhenjiang and Wuhu. Their actions echoed with the rebels in Li Dingguo, which greatly shook the Qing court. However, due to strategic mistakes, Zheng Chenggong was defeated by the Qing army in Nanjing. In order to establish the base area, in the 18th year of Shunzhi (Li Yong 15th year 16655), Zheng was defeated and led the army to land in Taiwan Province Province. The following year, he drove away the Dutch colonists who were entrenched in Taiwan Province Province and recovered Taiwan Province Province. The establishment of Chengtianfu in Taiwan Province Province, the establishment of administrative agencies, the service of Zhengshuo in Nanming Li Yong, the attraction of mainland refugees, the reclamation of land, and the dispatch of Han "agricultural teachers" to spread advanced production technology to Gaoshan people have accelerated the social and economic development of Taiwan Province Province. In the 12th year of Kangxi (65438+), Wu Sangui, Geng Zhongjing, Shang Zhixin and other generals who descended from the Qing Dynasty rose up one after another to fight against the Qing Dynasty and restore it. This is the so-called "San Francisco rebellion". Wu Sangui rose from Yunnan, Shang Zhixin rose from Guangdong, Geng Congfu rose, and his son Zheng Jing also seized Zhang Quan and Wenzhou. Wu Sangui and others are scum of the Han nationality. They rose up to divide the land with the Qing dynasty, so they could not get the support of the broad masses of the people. Being quelled by the Qing soldiers, Zheng Jing returned to Taiwan Province Province. In the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683, in the 37th year of Kangxi), the Qing government sent assistant minister Taiwan Province Province to attack Taiwan Province Province on a large scale, and Zheng Keshuang, the grandson of Zheng Chenggong, was defeated and surrendered, ending the 40-year anti-Qing armed struggle.
1June 28th, 840-1August 842 Britain won the first opium war. Direct cause: The root cause of the anti-smoking movement led by Lin Zexu: British colonialism plundered the cheap industrial raw materials of developing countries in order to open the colonial market. 55438+0840, the British invaders launched a war of aggression against ancient feudal China. Because this war was caused by the forced dumping and smuggling of opium to China by British colonialism, it was called the Opium War in history. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal country from an independent feudal country, and the Chinese nation began a process of humiliation, suffering, exploration and struggle for more than 100 years. The portrait of national hero Lin Zexu began in the late Qianlong period. The rule of the Qing Dynasty declined day by day. The Qing government still calls itself "China", but it is arrogant and closes its eyes. At the same time, European and American imperialist powers have made great progress, and China, with its vast territory and large population, is their goal of expanding overseas markets. In order to make huge profits, foreign businessmen smuggled a large amount of opium from South China into China, which had soared to 1828, that is, before the outbreak of the Opium War. It affects people's physical and mental health, resulting in the loss of silver in China and the shortage of government revenue. The ruling party and the opposition party have different views on smoking ban. What finally touched Daoguang Emperor was the memorial of Lin Zexu, governor of Huguang at that time. In 25438+0838 1 1 month, Lin zexu was appointed as an imperial envoy and went to Guangdong to ban opium. Lin Zexu arrived in Guangzhou in March, 25438+0839, and immediately banned smoking and strictly investigated cigarette vendors. Persuade foreign businessmen to hand in opium. On June 3 of the same year, more than 20,000 boxes (more than 2 million kilograms) of opium were destroyed in public at Humen Beach. He concentrated opium in Humen Beach, built a fence at a high place, dug two large pits with a length of 15 feet, filled them with seawater and quicklime, and dropped the opium after the water was boiled, so as to completely eliminate it. China's smoking ban met with strong opposition from the British government. The British expeditionary force consisting of 48 ships, 4,000 army and navy and more than 2,000 navy blocked the Pearl River Estuary in Guangzhou, and the Opium War broke out. 19866/66617 The Qing army's equipment was slack, the enemy's situation was unclear, the command was chaotic, and it was defeated repeatedly. By 1842, the British colonial army captured Zhenjiang, and the Qing government was unable to fight again. On July 24, 20842, the Qing government was in.
Fourth, the Second Opium War.
After the First Opium War, western capitalist powers invaded China one after another. 1854, treaty of nanking expired 12 years. Britain asked the Qing government to completely revise treaty of nanking. The main contents are: China opens its trade, legalizes opium trade, exempts import and export goods from customs duties, and the Foreign Minister is stationed in Beijing. France and the United States also requested to amend the treaty respectively. The Qing government rejected10.00000010/05 Twelve years after the expiration of the Wang Xia Treaty, the United States, with the support of Britain and France, once again demanded a comprehensive revision of the Treaty, but it was still rejected by the Qing government. As a result, the western powers are determined to launch a new war of aggression against China. That spring, the Crimean War ended, Britain and France won, and more troops were transferred to China. Russia was defeated and tried to make up for the loss by invading China. The United States is actively expanding outward. Adopted the policy of colluding with Britain and France to invade China. Impact: 1. It made China lose more sovereignty and territory, and took a step forward to the semi-colonial road. 2. Legalization of opium trade, Chinese workers going abroad, and allowing foreigners to preach in the mainland have intensified social contradictions in China. 3. The foreign minister in Beijing strengthened his influence and control over the Qing government.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Reform Movement of 1898
The Reform Movement of 1898 refers to the bourgeois political reform carried out by the reformists headed by Kang Youwei through Emperor Guangxu in 1898. It was a political reform movement in China during Guangxu period of Qing Dynasty (1898). Its main contents are: learning from the west, advocating science and culture, reforming political and educational systems, and developing agriculture, industry and commerce. In September this year, Empress Dowager Cixi and others staged a coup, Guangxu was imprisoned, and the reformists Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao fled to France and Japan respectively. Six people, including Tan Sitong, were killed, and the political reform that lasted only 103 days finally failed. Therefore, the Reform Movement of 1898 is also called the Reform Movement of 1898.