"1644, this is a year in China's history. In March of this year, Li Zicheng attacked Yanjing in the north, Emperor Chongzhen hanged himself, and Li Zicheng sent Tang Tong to recruit Wu Sangui, the company commander of Shanhaiguan. After consideration, Wu Sangui decided to submit to the new dynasty and return to Beijing to appear before the "new king" Li Zicheng. On my way back to Beijing, I heard that my property was copied and my concubine was captured, so I changed my mind and returned to Shanhaiguan to attack the Tang Tong Department. Li Zicheng heard the news and decided to suppress Wu Sangui. On 2 1 day, the two sides fought fiercely in Shanhaiguan. On the morning of 22nd, Wu Sangui was in critical condition and rushed out of the tight encirclement with his entourage. He went to the Commissioner's office to shave his hair, surrendered to the Manchurian army, and the two sides joined forces. On 26th, Li Zicheng retreated to Beijing, immediately retreated to the west, and the Qing army entered the customs, thus "Dingding Yanjing".

The first section came with Manchuria entering the customs, that is, the order of shaving and changing clothes.

Han people in Liaodong had already been deeply shaved. As early as the founding of Manchuria, Manchu rulers forced surrendered Han people to imitate Manchu hairstyles and regarded shaving as a sign of submission. For example, in the fifth year of Tiancong (163 1), when the Qing Emperor Taizong won the battle of Daling River, he ordered the surrender soldiers to shave their hair, and in the third year of Chongde (1638), he ordered: ". From now on, criminals have aggravated their crimes. "

The Qing army entered the customs and continued to implement this policy. On April 22nd, the first year of Shunzhi (1644), the Qing army ordered a haircut on the first day after defeating Li Zicheng. On the first day of May, Regent Dourgen led the Qing army across Tongzhou, and greeted it at the end of the year. Dourgen ordered him to shave his hair. On the second day of the second day in Beijing, Dolgun gave orders to the Ministry of War and the officials and people of the previous dynasty respectively, ordering the Ministry of War to send people to recruit people everywhere, demanding that "all defected officials, soldiers and people should shave their heads and wear clothes according to the system of the current dynasty". This is the official decree of shaving and changing clothes after the Qing Dynasty entered Beijing.

However, this policy was strongly opposed by the Han people. Only a few Han officials in North Korea obeyed orders and shaved their hair, but Sun Zhixie and others were the most shameless. Many officials can't wait, and even the people in Jifu often rise up. Seeing that the rule of Manchu aristocrats was still unstable, Dolgun knew that he had acted too hastily and was forced to take back his life. On May 20, the first year of Shunzhi, the imperial edict said, "Those who surrender to the ruler have no difference before and after, and their hair is shaved to avoid surrender. I heard today that it is very pleasing to the people's hearts, but it is not the original intention of education to stabilize the people's hearts. Since then, all subjects in the world have kept their hair, as they wish. " Therefore, after the Qing army entered the customs, the policy of shaving and changing clothes was only implemented for one month.

However, this policy did not end there. The Manchu rulers thought that the world was settled, and immediately, with the attitude of national conquerors, brazenly ordered all male officials and people in the country to shave their hair.

In the second year of Shunzhi (1645), on the fifth day of June, Dourgen sent messengers to see Prince Duo Duo, commander-in-chief of the front line in the south of the Yangtze River, and ordered that "all military and civilian officers and soldiers should have their hair shaved, and those who do not obey will engage in military law". 15, he said to the Ministry of rites: "The hair shaving system has always been like this. If you don't paint, you can do it yourself. You want to start this ear shaving system when the world is stable. Today, there is a Chinese and foreign family, the monarch is still the father and the people are still the children; Father and son are one, how can they be different? If you don't draw one, you'll have second thoughts ... "In July of the same year, it was ordered that" all clothes should be made in accordance with this dynasty ". Require the Ministry of Rites to inform the national military and civilians to shave their hair. The prescribed implementation period shall be ten days from the date of issuance of the notice, and all localities shall shave their heads within ten days after the arrival of the notice. The prescribed punishment measures: "... since this announcement, the internal and external limits of the capital are ten days, and the provinces in Zhili are required to shave their hair for ten days from the Ministry to the day. Obeying the people of our country, those who hesitate and disobey orders are the same, and they will all be sentenced to felony; If you avoid pity and argue skillfully, don't borrow it lightly. " This is for the people. At the same time, local officials are required to strictly implement it and are not allowed to maintain the old system of bundling, otherwise it will be "killing without forgiveness." This is a strict order, which can only be carried out and cannot be disobeyed. Many articles have pointed out that the braid of Manchu is not just a hair problem, but a political problem! Manchu rulers actually regard braid as a "good citizen's card"! When Dourgen made a reasonable order in May of the first year of Shunzhi, he knew that its function was to "obey others": "Because there is no difference between people who obey it, letting them shave their hair is to obey others"!

The order of shaving hair caused great shock in various places in the early Qing Dynasty, which aroused the opposition of people from all walks of life in the Han nationality, so that large-scale armed struggles almost spread all over the country, leading to long-term political instability and even the loss of life.

At that time, Chen Qiuji wrote: "The new order of autumn: those who don't shave their heads will be beheaded. After the order is given, those who don't shave their heads will go to the military gate and be beheaded sooner or later. " The anti-Qing struggle in many places did not begin with the takeover of the Qing court, but with the promulgation of the tonsure order. Jiangyin people's heroic resistance to the Qing Dynasty broke out after the magistrate appointed by the Qing Dynasty announced the haircut and said, "Cry: You can break your head, but you can't shave your hair." During the more than two months from the first day of June to the Mid-Autumn Festival in August, the Qing army attacked Jiangyin many times and killed the "three princes and eighteen generals". The grain and grass in Jiangyin were about to run out, but the soldiers became more and more enthusiastic and sang the magnificent military song "Jiangyin people fought for 80 days and would rather die than surrender". The Qing army also moved to western countries to attack the city. On August 20th, Jiangyin City was attacked by the Qing army. After the Qing army invaded Jiangyin, it hated the tenacious resistance of Jiangyin people and ordered the slaughter, "the whole city slaughtered and then sealed the knife". The people of the city "are lucky to die first, and no one obeys." After three days of slashing, 172000 people were slaughtered, and only 53 people survived. Jiangyin, a small town, resisted the Qing soldiers for more than 80 days, defeated the 200,000-300,000 troops of the Qing army and killed more than 75,000 soldiers, which made the Manchu invaders pay a huge price (General History of China, edited by Wen Ding). After the Three Slaughters in Jiading, when the rulers of the Qing Dynasty "got what they wanted" and hung the banner of "the haircut order was done" on the head of the city, the whole city had no bones left. History shows that no one surrendered in Jiading during the Three Slaughters in the Qing Dynasty.

Prior to this, from the Qing Dynasty to the occupation of Nanjing, both the Western Expedition and the Southern Expedition were invincible. In many places, even without bloodshed, there was no very tenacious resistance. Why did the Han people's rebellious attitude change so much? At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the imperial bureaucrats were corrupt and greedy, and the officials were rich and the treasury was empty. In order to suppress the peasant uprising and resist the Nuzhen's southward movement, the Ming Dynasty continuously increased the people's salaries (suppression, training and Liao), and the people complained bitterly. It is difficult for the court to extort money without showing sympathy for the people. Mencius said: "The monarch takes the people as grass and the people take him as their enemy" is the truth. In the earlier Book of Songs, there was a public opinion: "At the end of the day, you and I will both die"! Therefore, whether Zong Yi hanged himself in Jingshan Park or Hong Guang was captured, Wuhu people were indifferent. Because of the rumors of frivolous in the Qing Dynasty, the Han people are full of expectations for the Qing Dynasty. As long as this rumor is true, the Han people don't mind the conference semifinals being emperors in China. In the eyes of China people, although the Emperor Jindian has changed, as long as he lives undisturbed, China is still China, and Han people are still Han people. You have to pay taxes anyway. Wouldn't it be better if the Manchu emperor was stingy with taxes? When the haircut order of the Qing Dynasty was severely reissued, the people woke up like a dream and were furious. It turned out that the Manchu emperor not only had to pay taxes to serve, but also changed my customs and habits and destroyed my cultural traditions. According to Khufu, China will become a Land Rover, and China will no longer be China ("If words, customs and history are lost, their plants will not sprout (it can be considered as national subjugation)." Dress is a custom, so people think that if they shave their hair and change clothes, China can no longer be called China. This is tolerable. So the warm-blooded people shook their arms and shouted, and the respondents gathered. It became a prairie fire overnight.

Gu, a Confucian, clearly distinguished the two concepts of "national subjugation" and "national subjugation". There is a passage in his "Rizhilu" that is worth noting: "If there is national subjugation, there will be national subjugation. Debate between national subjugation and national subjugation? Yue: change the surname to his surname, which is called national subjugation; Righteousness is an obstacle, but as for attracting animals to eat people. People will devour each other, which is called the death of the world. ..... protect the country, its monarch and its ministers, and the carnivores seek it; People who protect the world belong to ordinary people, and they have the responsibility! " Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world. He believes that the change of dynasty in history, "changing one's surname and name, is called national subjugation", such as the Qing Dynasty, made "benevolence and righteousness to make up for the vacancy, as for animals eating people, people will eat each other, which is called national subjugation". He also said that "the protector of the country, the monarch and the carnivore seek it", while "the protector of the country, the husband's * and responsibility." This is what later generations summed up: "Every man is responsible for the rise and fall of the world." In other words, the "national subjugation" of "changing one's surname and name" in history is "national subjugation", and the "national subjugation" of "benevolence and righteousness are the way, leading animals to eat people and people to eat" is "national subjugation". Mr. Gu Cheng, a famous modern historian in China, wrote in the first section of the first chapter of the History of the Southern Ming Dynasty: "In the view of Han officials and gentry, the Dashun regime replaced the Ming Dynasty only by changing their surnames. The struggle of the Zhu Ming Dynasty was a matter of' meat eaters' such as imperial clan, royal family and hereditary ministers, and had little to do with ordinary officials and gentry; The principle of Manchu nobles' entry into China was "losing their hair" (shaving their heads and restructuring) and "destroying the world"; Everyone is responsible for the rise and fall of the world, and everyone should rise up and resist. "Western missionaries at that time were confused about this. They wonder why "Han people who are as soft as sheep and protect their heads now stand up and protect their hair like tigers"? Han people "keep their heads" first because they don't want to fight to defend the fatuous and corrupt court. After "rising like a tiger" is to safeguard their national dignity. Hairstyles and costumes of the Han nationality are symbols of Chinese cultural traditions. The Manchu dynasty tried to trample on the national dignity and feelings of the Han people, and was resolutely resisted by the Han people.