Emperor Sejong of the Qing Dynasty was named Yin Zhen (AD1678+1February 3-1September 28, 735). This is a major tax reform. China has been taxed since ancient times, and adult men, rich or poor, have to pay poll tax. Yongzheng carried out reforms, spread the per capita tax into mu, and determined the tax amount according to the number of mu. More land is paid, less land is collected, and no land is collected. It means "spread your money to the ground", and the poll tax is cancelled in one fell swoop. This measure is beneficial to the poor, not to the landlords, and it is a major reform in China's fiscal and taxation history. Return envy to the public. In ancient China, silver and copper were used as money. When collecting taxes, silver and copper are lost in exchange, casting, preservation and transportation, so there is a certain surcharge when collecting taxes. This kind of surcharge, called "consumption envy" or "fire consumption", has been levied by local counties as extra income for local offices and officials. Consumption envy can't set the amount of levy, and counties will have to levy heavy taxes if they want to do whatever they want. Some will take one or two taxes and spend five or six dollars, which is a heavy burden for ordinary people. Yongzheng implemented the policy of "envy returning to the public" and changed this additional tax into statutory tax and fixed tax, which was managed by the governor. Tax revenue, in addition to office expenses, is used as a "pension fund", which greatly increases the salary of officials. In this way, it not only lightens the burden on the people, but also ensures the implementation of a clean government. Therefore, Yongzheng said, "Since the promulgation of this law, the administration of officials has been a little bit clear, so there is no need to reinvent the wheel." The establishment of the military department has popularized the memorial system. In the Ming dynasty, power was concentrated in the cabinet, so power came into being. Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty further concentrated power in the hands of the emperor, and established the military department as the secretary team of the emperor, making suggestions, writing documents and managing government affairs for the emperor. "The military strategy is not in charge." It is characterized by dealing with political affairs quickly and secretly. The minister of military affairs directly deals with all localities and ministries, understands the local situation and conveys the emperor's will. This institution existed for 200 years until the late Qing Dynasty. The establishment of the military department was accompanied by the implementation of the memorial system. Because the previous official documents were complicated, many people read them, and it was difficult to keep them secret because of the time delay, but the memorial was submitted directly to the emperor, directly to the emperor himself. Yongzheng expanded the number of people who can play the emperor, so that officials with different identities can reflect the situation in time, report government affairs, and make the emperor examine the situation in order to make policies; It also enabled officials to supervise each other and let the emperor know their virtue, stupidity, laziness, achievements and honesty. Change the soil and return to the flow. China, southwest and other areas inhabited by ethnic minorities implement the chieftain system, and their positions are hereditary, and they only accept knighthood in the Qing Dynasty in name. Toastmasters are arrogant. This system has hindered national unity and the development of regional economy and culture. After Yongzheng ascended the throne, he abolished many chieftains in Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangxi, Sichuan and Hunan, and changed to a state-county system consistent with the whole country. "Returning home" is a serious struggle. Many chiefs resisted, and Yongzheng resolutely sent troops to suppress them. Although innocent people were also involved in the counter-insurgency war, it did harm ethnic minorities. But in the long run, "returning home" is a progressive measure, which attacks and limits the separatist regime and the privileges of chieftain, and is conducive to the economic and cultural development of ethnic areas. In addition, Yongzheng made many commendable achievements, such as punishing corruption, liberating untouchables, pacifying Rob's hiding in Tenzin, and sending ministers to Tibet, which contributed to the unification and development of China. However, Yongzheng also had serious shortcomings and limitations. Although there was no large-scale peasant uprising during his reign, sporadic resistance often occurred, and Yongzheng's repressive measures were very severe. No matter what the specific circumstances, anyone who resists the official will be punished as treason and beheaded. Even when resisting arrest, some people are determined to "stay where they are, although they are not hands-on, watching from the sidelines, or helping others". For private secret associations, officials are instructed to "visit irregularly, get the first blame, uproot and break off relations forever." Suzhou handicraft workers demanded higher wages, went on strike and called for rest, Yongzheng severely punished them, and erected a monument to call for rest forever. During the Yongzheng period, literary inquisitions became more and more frequent. Wang was beheaded for "flattering" Nian Gengyao, Justine was slaughtered for showing his body in public, and Lu was punished before the army for talking about current politics. The most sensational case is the Lv Liuliang case. Lu was a scholar with national thoughts in the early Qing Dynasty. He died 40 years ago. Later, and read Lu's book. Influenced by it, they turned against Yue Zhongqi, demanding that he clear up the Qing Dynasty and see the light of day again, which led to a major case. Lv Liuliang was beheaded and his son and students were executed. During the Yongzheng period, Wen Chao's network was very dense, which implicated many people and imposed heavy sentences. Intellectuals are easily criticized, forming a dull atmosphere of closing their eyes and not looking at reality and keeping their mouths shut about politics. Yongzheng abided by the creed of valuing agriculture over commerce. He said: "agriculture is the most important thing in the world, and workers and Jia are at the end." People who work more in the market plant less crops in the fields. If a group tends to be a worker, then there will be more producers of things, and if there are more things, it will be difficult to sell and the price will be low. It is because there are many people chasing the end that it is not only harmful to agriculture, but also harmful to industry. " The policies formulated according to this theory are bound to be detrimental to the development of industry and commerce. He also believes that mining is "absolutely infeasible". Because mining will tempt people to leave the farm and pursue their final career, and miners gather in one place, which is easy to make trouble, Yongzheng also stood firm in his foreign exchanges. At that time, more and more foreign businessmen came to China to trade, but Yongzheng banned Chinese businessmen from going abroad to trade, and set up various obstacles, claiming that "the sea ban is strict but not wide, and there is no good policy." Later, at the repeated request of coastal provinces, although the sea ban was slightly relaxed, there were still various restrictions. Especially for overseas Chinese businessmen and workers who have lived in foreign countries for a long time, "those who fail to return after the deadline are willing to emigrate and are not allowed to return to the mainland." At that time, advanced western countries were encouraging overseas trade, while China, even an outstanding monarch, lacked a world vision, restricted foreign exchanges and became a laggard in the international trend. Yongzheng was overjoyed and eager for success. Because of this, Henan reclaimed land, Sichuan Qingzhang, Shaanxi dug wells and Zhili cultivated fields. The original intention was to benefit the people, but in vain, it became a burden to the people. He is impatient, moody and cruel, which has caused many unjust, false and wrong cases. After his death, Qianlong succeeded to the throne, rebelled against the harsh rule of Yongzheng, and implemented the policy of "tempering justice with mercy" to avenge the dead, release prisoners and ease contradictions. Therefore, later generations commented: "The pure emperor (Qianlong) ascended the throne, and the serious rule of Chengxian (Yongzheng) was based on leniency, which was welcomed by all people and praised like thunder." When you talk about Yongzheng, you will think of his succession. There have been two opinions in academic circles. One is that he was succeeded by Kangxi's testamentary edict, which is a legal inheritance; One thinks that Kangxi did not give him the throne, and Yongzheng seized the throne by imperial decree. Since Yongzheng tampered with history and destroyed archives after he acceded to the throne, there is no conclusive evidence to prove that his imperial edict usurped the throne. It is an eternal mystery that an axe sounds like a candle, but judging from various signs, there are indeed many doubts about his succession. In his later years, Kangxi abolished the prince, and the philosophers fought for the position, which made the position unclear. At that time, due to Junggar's invasion of Tibet, Kangxi appointed the fourteenth son of Emperor Yin Gui as General Fuyuan, sent troops to Tibet in a unified way, and gave him great power, calling him General Huang Qi Wang. The ceremony was grand and the specifications were extremely high. Kangxi was deeply impressed. Kangxi praised Yin Gui's talent. "The general is my prince. He is really a good general, leading the army and knowing that he can lead the troops. " . Many people also regard Yin Gui as their successor. For example, Yin Gui, the ninth son of the emperor, said that Yin Gui was "smart and peerless" and "has both talent and morality, and my brother is not as good as me"; "Fourteen master invasion now, the emperor attaches great importance to. This crown prince must be him in the future. " . However, Kangxi died suddenly in Changchun Garden, Yongzheng colluded with Long Keduo, who was in charge of military power in the capital Ayumi Tokitoh, and seized the throne, while Yunchan was far away in Qinghai, beyond his reach, so the emperor's dream came to nothing. Yongzheng later talked about the situation before Kangxi died and passed it on to Yongzheng. Careful scrutiny, full of contradictions. For example, Longkodo was the only minister who took care of his life, while other imperial edicts said that Longkodo was not in command when Kangxi died, and that the emperor's seventeen sons waited on him outside his bedroom when Kangxi passed the imperial edict, while other historical data proved that he was on duty in the palace when he allowed the ceremony, not outside the bedroom of Changchun Garden, and so on. Therefore, it is doubtful whether there is such a scene of near-death inheritance. Because Yongzheng usurped the throne, it caused collective resistance within the royal family. Except for the thirteen sons of Emperor Yun Xiang, most of Yongzheng's other brothers opposed Yongzheng's succession. Yin Gui, the opponent of the throne, was transferred back from the front and imprisoned forever. Eight sons of Yin Guidi and nine sons of Yin Guidi were sworn enemies of Yongzheng, who hated them and persecuted them to death. Yin's tenth son, his third son, and his son, Hong Sheng, were imprisoned forever. The twelfth son of Emperor Yin Zhen was demoted, and even Yongzheng's own son was dissatisfied with his father's behavior. He sided with Uncle Yin Zhi and was executed by Yongzheng. According to North Korea's records, when Yongzheng came to power, hundreds of imperial families and officials were killed. Chang, an official of the Ministry of Internal Affairs who was in charge of the emperor's daily life beside Kangxi, was killed immediately after Kangxi's death, which shocked him. This is probably because Zhao Changtai knew the truth about Kangxi's death and succession, so he was in trouble. Kangxi lived in Changchun Garden before his death and was buried in Dongling after his death, while Yongzheng lived in Yuanmingyuan instead of building Xiling, which seemed to be far away from his father. You know, Yongzheng's superstition is very strong. This kind of unreasonable behavior only comes from doing something I'm sorry for my father. Yongzheng later seemed to feel ashamed and uneasy. Gan Long said: Yin Gui, Yin Gui "covet stealing the country is inevitable. The emperor took an examination of Shao Dengbao, complaining and slandering, for every reason. There will be no obvious resistance. Huang Kao in his later years told me many times that he was unhappy and regretted it. Is this the inner expression of Yongzheng's conscience condemnation? Yongzheng's succession to the throne is full of doubts, probably because of the rectification and usurpation of the throne. This is not to deny his historical achievements, but to say that feudal rulers often nibbled at each other. In feudal society, even a wise monarch often used intrigue and cruel struggle to seize and consolidate his rule. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, Emperor Taizong, Wu Zetian and Nurhachi all slaughtered their brothers, killing their children and forcing their fathers, and Yongzheng was no exception. As the supreme ruler, he is diligent in government affairs, insightful about the world, and resolutely carries out rectification and reform. The 13th year of Yongzheng was an important period of Qing dynasty's rule, connecting the preceding with the following, which laid the foundation for the prosperity in the later Qianlong period.