Basic introduction
Chinese name: mbth of Tambora volcano: Tamborra height: 285 1 m Location: Indonesia latitude and longitude: E- 1 18.00, S-8.25 Location: volcanic eruption, volcanic ash, location: an active volcano in the northern part of Sombawa Island, Indonesia. It is located at the altitude of 1 18.00 E, 8.25 S, 285 1 m, and the crater width is11.2km.. This is a compound volcano. A major eruption of Indonesian 18 15 lasted from April 5 to mid-July, which was the largest volcanic eruption ever recorded in the world, with a volcanic explosivity index (VEI) of 7. During this volcanic eruption, it is estimated that there are 6.5438+0.7 million tons of volcanic ash and gravel sprayed into the air. When the smoke dissipates, it can be seen that Mount Tambora has "sprayed off the top of Mount Tambora", and its height has been reduced from 4 100 meters to 2,850 meters. The loud noise of volcanic eruption can be heard 2500 kilometers away. It is estimated that 60,000 people were killed. Some scholars have verified that before the eruption of 18 15, Mount Tambora had been sleeping for 5,000 years. The volcano erupted in the northern part of Sumbawa Island in eastern Java, Indonesia. There is a volcano called Tambora. When 18 15 broke out, the energy released was equivalent to 62000 times the explosive force of the nuclear bullet dropped by the United States on Hiroshima, Japan at the end of World War II. 1865438+On April 5, 2005, residents within the range of Fiona Fang 1000 km heard an earth-shattering roar in central Indonesia, centering on Sombawa Island. Soon the news spread that the Tambora volcano on the island of Sumbawa erupted. The erupting volcano, accompanied by a loud noise, continuously spewed a lot of volcanic ash and gas into the sky, and the thick volcanic ash completely darkened the sky within 480 kilometers nearby in the next three days. At noon on April 12, the sky was dark and almost opaque on Guawa Island, hundreds of kilometers away from the volcano. Tambora volcano did not stop spraying gas and volcanic ash until July 15. The lava flow pouring down from the crater flooded a large area of farmland at the foot of the mountain, and then flowed into the sea, causing water mist. When the volcano erupted, the earthquake caused the seabed crust to sink, causing a tsunami, and huge waves swallowed up the town of Tamborra next to the volcano. The eruption of Mount Tambora reached VEI=7, which is rare in history. 150~ 170 cubic kilometers of volcanic ash, the energy may reach 800 million tons of TNT. The volcanic ash column is 45 kilometers high and belongs to super Pliny eruption. The global average temperature drops by 0.53 degrees, and there is no summer in 18 16. During the whole eruption process, 70 billion tons of mountains were lost in the upper part of the volcano, forming a huge crater with a diameter of more than 6,000 meters and a depth of 700 meters. There are 60 billion tons of volcanic ash ejected from the volcano, and the accumulation thickness gradually becomes thinner from near to far. 400 kilometers away from the volcano, the volcanic ash is still 22 centimeters thick. Tambora volcano is 285 1 m high. Since another small-scale eruption in 65,438+0,965,438+03, this world-record volcano has been sleeping. Maybe it's gathering strength for the next outbreak. Volcanic ash A large amount of volcanic ash was released during the eruption of Tambora volcano, which mainly drifted to the northwest with the gas. Volcanic ash is located in the northwest of Tambora volcano 1 cm thick 1500 km, 5 cm thick 1000 km, 20 cm thick 550 km, 25 cm thick 300 km and 50 cm thick 250 km, 65438.
Can you really hear Mount Tambora 2000 kilometers away? Mount Tambora can really be heard from 2000 kilometers away. Volcanic eruption is very explosive. The sound of Mount Tambora is so loud that you can hear it about 200 meters.
The largest volcanic eruption in the world The largest volcanic eruption in the world was during World War II. This volcano is located in northern Indonesia. The name of this volcano is Tambora volcano. When the volcano erupts, the landscape is spectacular, and the sound of volcanic eruption can be clearly heard more than 2500 kilometers away. Tens of thousands of people were killed in this volcanic eruption that lasted for more than three months. After the eruption, the volcano dropped from more than 4000 meters to 285 1 meter.
First, the formation of Mount Tambora.
According to experts, Tambora volcano had been sleeping for more than 5000 years before its eruption. In these 5000 years, it waited calmly and accumulated enough energy. Finally, the largest volcanic eruption in history was formed. When the volcano erupted, the scene was spectacular. When a volcano erupts, it will spew out a lot of magma and volcanic ash, and the whole sky will become a black world.
The scene at that time was like the end of the world, and a large dark sky was covered with volcanic ash. The towns and villages around the volcano were swallowed up by magma. This eruption killed many people and brought great disaster to mankind. The power of this volcanic eruption is tens of thousands of times that of the atomic bomb dropped by the United States on Japan. This shows that this volcanic eruption is terrible.
Second, the change of Tambora volcano.
After this volcanic eruption, more than 70 billion tons of rocks were lost inside the volcano, and a very huge crater was formed at the top of the volcano. This volcanic eruption caused the volcano to lose nearly half of its mountain. When erupting, a large amount of volcanic ash is released, covering a very wide area. There is nearly 5 cm of volcanic ash near the volcano more than 1000 kilometers away. Although the volcanic eruption brought great losses to people, after the eruption, the surrounding land became very fertile. Perhaps this is the creation after destruction, revealing a glimmer of life in death, which is also a little compensation for the loss of homes and relatives by nature.
18 16 The power of a volcanic eruption is 50,000 times that of an atomic bomb, and more than 200,000 people around the world are frozen to death. We know Mount Tambora, and the atomic bomb is the last line of defense for nuclear-armed countries in the world. The power of atomic bombs has been fully demonstrated at the end of World War II: the two atomic bombs of the US military returned Japan to its original shape, and the high temperature of several thousand degrees melted almost all of Nagasaki and Hiroshima in Japan.
If there is such a volcanic eruption, its power and destructive power can be 50 thousand times that of an atomic bomb. What will the earth become?
In fact, in the long river of our human history, there have been such volcanic eruptions. To some extent, the volcanic eruption not only changed the prosperity of China, but also changed the historical process of the whole world. This is Indonesia's "Mount Tambora eruption event" that makes the world tremble.
18 15 More than 200 years ago, the largest volcanic eruption in human history broke out in Indonesia.
That volcanic eruption produced more than 654.38+03 billion tons of rubble and volcanic ash. It releases 50,000 times as much energy as the atomic bomb dropped by the United States in Hiroshima, Japan. The loud noise of volcanic eruption can be heard from 2500 kilometers away. It is the most violent and terrible volcanic eruption known to mankind at present.
At that time, Indonesia volcano erupted, and British people on the other side of the world could see the sunset caused by volcanic ash eruption. This shows the power of volcanic eruption.
In fact, after the eruption of Mount Tambora, more than 60,000 people died on the spot. Subsequently, the whole earth's human beings were affected by it. Because there was no sunshine and no heat, people at that time seemed to have returned to the "Ice Age".
You know, at that time, the volcanic magma ejected by Tambora volcano was as high as 150 km, and quickly spread to the highest stratosphere 44 km away in a short time. It lasted intermittently for more than 100 days, which triggered an uncontrollable butterfly reaction.
Edward lorenz, an American meteorologist, once explained what the butterfly effect is: "A butterfly in the tropical rain forest of Amazon River basin in South America can cause a tornado in Texas after a period of time by flapping its wings casually."
Mount Tambora, like this butterfly living in South America, can set off a storm all over the world with one eruption.
The environment is the first to be affected. Gases such as carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, water vapor and methane released by the eruption of Mount Tambora meet, collide and fuse in the atmosphere, and finally form something called "sol". If this sol accumulates in the atmosphere for a long time on a large scale, it will "block" the sun on which we live in all directions, leaving no dead ends.
Under the influence of Saul, the earth's climate change began to be "unbalanced". Under normal circumstances, from April, the northern hemisphere should gradually enter summer. However, after the eruption of Mount Tambora, the weather in the whole northern hemisphere suddenly turned cold, accompanied by freezing rain and even snowflakes, just like entering winter.
What is even weirder is the weather in May, where not only snowflakes float, but also ponds and rivers are covered with a thin layer of ice at low temperature. For a whole year, the northern hemisphere "lost summer".
18 16 is 2 1 year of the reign of Emperor Jiaqing of the Qing Dynasty in China. Because Jiaqing has a long-lived "Laozi", who was nearly 40 years old when he was in power. At that time, the Qing dynasty seemed to be prosperous, but in fact it had begun to decline.
Influenced by He used his power to collect money, in 18, that is, in 18 13, a peasant uprising broke out in Jiaqing period of Qing Dynasty. The uprising was so serious that the rebels actually entered the palace. If Jiaqing hadn't survived, the world might have been in chaos.
After this incident, although Jiaqing wrote "Gaozui Book", he was not soft on the insurgents. In just four days after the rebels entered the palace, Jiaqing slaughtered more than 700 insurgents, and in the following six months, the rebel leaders were executed one after another.
It will be 18 16 years soon. At that time, influenced by the eruption of Mount Tambora, a strange phenomenon appeared in China, that is, "Six In the snow".
Because there was no internet at that time and the speed of information circulation was limited, people would only feel resentful when they saw the snow in June. The peasant uprising that just happened has made the people blame Jiaqing.
Jiaqing didn't believe in grievances at first, but he couldn't explain this strange weather. He has no choice but to take responsibility and conduct self-reflection and self-criticism again.
However, during the period from 18 15 to 18 17, due to the influence of volcanic eruption, a great famine occurred in Yunnan. At that time, people's livelihood was depressed and farming was difficult.
Because the farmland is full of weeds, uneven droughts and floods, and pests are rampant, the people can only make ends meet. In the end, I can only "sell myself to street men and women." .
In fact, not only Yunnan was affected, but all of China was deeply affected by the eruption of Mount Tambora, which led to the Great Depression.
Economic crisis often leads to social crisis, and the Qing Dynasty is no exception. Due to the continuous economic recession, the massive Tian Ping Tian Guo Movement was finally triggered. The population loss brought by the war to China is at least 6,543.8+billion, and the economy of the whole south of the Yangtze River is devastated.
It can be said that this "fulcrum" of the eruption of Mount Tambora pried open the door of China to modern times.
18 15 years, a famous battle of waterloo in human history was being launched on the European continent. Napoleon tried to reproduce the glory of the first French Empire, but he was outnumbered and ended up in exile. After pulling out the "thorn in the side" of the European continent, Europe, which thought it could enjoy a stable life, never expected that waves of turmoil would rise again and usher in a bitter and cold summer.
After the war, the whole of Europe is in great need of recovery and development. However, due to the influence of Mount Tambora, crops in Europe have been reduced in a large area, which is a disaster for European farmers, and the volcanic eruption has also destroyed most people's hopes for life.
At that time, some people described the scene in Europe as follows: the roads were full of beggars, and there were thousands of women, children and the elderly. These people are as big as an army, but unlike other armies, their eyes are full of despair, even the pallor of the dead.
Due to the loss of solar moisture, the humidity in high latitudes in Europe increased, and the characteristics of temperate maritime climate, from 18 16 to 18 19, various harmful infectious diseases ravaged the European continent, and the typhus epidemic in Ireland alone claimed about 654.38+million lives.
The British media used Swiss archives to speculate that in 18 16, Mount Tambora erupted, affecting 200,000 people in Europe and paying the price of their lives.
As we mentioned just now, economic crisis often leads to social crisis, which is the case in China and Europe.
With the intensification of the "food crisis", the European economy began to plummet, and then many European countries inspired unprecedented revolutionary enthusiasm: the French government was directly affected by this, and Mount Tamborra collapsed; Spain, the former maritime hegemon, gave its colony Argentina the opportunity to complete its independence in 18 16 because it was difficult for the clay idol to cross the river.
It is precisely because of the food crisis in Europe that European capitalists began to expand globally and tried to pass on the crisis. Countries with relatively weak strength around the world began to gradually become European colonies.
Because of the eruption of Mount Tambora, China and Europe were "caught", which led to a serious economic crisis and a series of social crises.
On the other side of the Atlantic, in the United States, it failed to "escape" in this volcanic eruption that touched the whole body.
Canada and the northeastern United States are the most affected.
The summer temperature in the northeastern United States and Canada is generally above 20 degrees, even if the lowest temperature is not lower than 5 degrees Celsius. However, 18 16 In June, heavy snow fell in Canada and the northeastern part of the United States, and the snow accumulated several feet thick, and a large number of unsuspecting people were frozen to death alive.
In the following July and August, rivers in some areas even formed a thick layer of ice.
The most terrible thing is that the United States has also experienced the phenomenon of "alternating hot and cold". A place may still have a high temperature of 35 degrees Celsius during the day and it may drop to 0 degrees Celsius in the afternoon. This capricious and strange weather caught people off guard and fell ill one after another.
Affected by extreme weather, food prices in North America have risen sharply, and food prices in New England have soared, at least eight times higher than usual.
Therefore, farmers in the United States and Canada can only choose to migrate and find more fertile land to solve the food crisis.
However, large-scale population migration has unexpectedly changed the agricultural structure of the United States and Canada, which is more prominent in the United States.
After the large-scale migration of population, the western part of the United States became the main grain-producing area, which promoted the development of the western part of the United States.
For the whole world, 18 16 is an unforgettable year. In that year, almost all people in the northern hemisphere were affected by extremely cold weather.
If the past GDP of China and the world's major economies is counted by the calculation method of actual purchasing power, a conclusion can be drawn: from 1700 to 1820, the average annual growth rate of China's economy is even faster than that of Europe.
However, in the century and a half after 1820, the share of China's economy in the world economy has been declining, becoming the only region in the world where per capita GDP has declined. The main economies in the United States and Europe did not show a sharp downward trend because of colonial expansion.
It can be said that 18 16 was the turning point of China's economy, which was dominated by agriculture, and the gap between the rich and the poor in Europe was widened again.
Looking back at the eruption of Mount Tambora, it not only changed the world to some extent, but also changed its "height". That volcanic eruption directly "sprayed off the top of the mountain", from the original height of 4 100 meters to the current height of 2850 meters.
19 13, Tamborra Mountain "turned over" again, but fortunately it did not cause substantial damage. Since then, Tamborra has completely gone into a dormant state, or is accumulating strength for the next outbreak, but these are unknown at present.
I can only sigh that human society is so fragile in the face of natural disasters.
References:
"Daoguang Depression" and "Gui Dawei Water" —— Economic recession, climate upheaval and19th century crisis in Songjiang, Tsinghua University History Department, Social Science, No.6, 2007;
Amish spy voyage along the coast of China and its influence, Jin Licheng, Journal of Shanghai Maritime University1990;
Changes of crop structure and abrupt climate change in Jiaodong Peninsula after 18 16, Wang Baoning, academia, 2009;
A year without summer-18 16. The history of a frozen year. William K. Kling. Chemical Industry Press 2017-11-01;
The long-term performance of China's economy.
The largest volcanic eruption in the history of the earth, Tambora volcano, killed 60 thousand people. Although most of us have never seen a volcanic eruption, we all know the scene of volcanic eruption from TV and movies. Volcanic eruption is a relatively large natural disaster. When some severe volcanic eruptions occur, people nearby can't survive, not to mention severe volcanic ash. When it broke out, it covered the sky and did great harm.
The biggest volcanic eruption in the history of the earth.
Up to now, the largest volcanic eruption-Indonesian Tambora Volcano erupted in 18 15, which lasted from April 5 to mid-July, making it the largest volcanic eruption ever recorded in the world, with volcanic explosivity index at 7, the highest index so far. This index is a rare height in history, and some experts estimate that its explosion energy is relative to 8 tons of TNT.
The loud noise of volcanic eruption can be heard in areas 2500 kilometers away, and the ejected volcanic ash and some gravel are estimated to be about130 billion tons. Thick volcanic ash has not fallen for a long time, and it still completely covers the sky within 480 kilometers nearby for the next three days, and it is difficult to see the sun even during the day. When the smoke cleared, people saw that this volcanic eruption almost left the top of Tamborra, and its height changed from 4 100 meters to 2850 meters today.
Afterwards, some researchers estimated that 60,000 people were killed. Many people did not die from volcanic lava, because the lava flow of the volcano flowed into the sea. Volcanic lava and seawater stirred up water mist in the sky under the stimulation of the huge temperature difference between hot and cold.
At the same time, with the movement of volcanic eruption, the seabed crust sank, triggering a large-scale tsunami, and huge waves directly flooded the town of Tamborra next to the volcano. The volcanic ash all over the sky makes people confused. The high-temperature lava melted most things, and the huge tsunami destroyed people's last hope, resulting in huge casualties.
Interested friends come and learn about the most dangerous volcano in America!
How to draw Mount Tamborra and Mount Tamborra is as follows:
1. First draw two staggered wavy lines as trees under the volcano;
2. Draw an arc upward, and seal a little in the middle with an arc;
3. Draw a little wavy line as a tree to decorate the left and right sides of the mountain;
4. At the top of the mountain, use irregular wavy lines to represent the magma in the mountain pass, and pay attention to the change of length;
5. On the mountain, draw some twisted H, which represents the' rock' of the mountain to the left or right.