The Boxer Rebellion was launched by the Boxer Rebellion in North China at the end of 19, and it was an anti-imperialist patriotic movement widely participated by all social strata in China. Due to the joint strangulation of the Qing court and foreign Coalition forces, the Boxer Rebellion finally failed. This matter has a great influence. Historians in China also call this event "the Boxer Rebellion" or "the Battle of Eight-Nation Alliance". Some western countries also use the name "Boxer". Some people in Japan call it the "Northern Youth Incident".
There are many reasons for the rise of the Boxer Rebellion, the most important of which is the increasingly fierce contradiction between imperialism and the Chinese nation. Since the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China has been carved up by imperialist powers. The imperialist countries stepped up their political and economic aggression against China, which deepened the national crisis in China and made the China people suffer greatly, which became the fundamental reason for the rise of the Boxer Rebellion.
The fuse: 1899 10 10 At the beginning of October, in Jiangjiazhuang, guanxian, Shandong Province (now Wei County, Xingtai City), the parishioners clashed with the local people, and the Boxers attacked the local church. Magistrate Jiang Kai sent troops to suppress. Zhu led hundreds of people to fight and defeat the Qing army. Up to now, there is still a proverb circulating in the rural areas of the plain, "The Boxer Rebellion started in the plain and spread all over the country in less than March."
Origin: At the end of 19, various imperialists invaded China's border areas and neighboring countries crazily, and a new crisis appeared in China's border areas. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, imperialism exported a large amount of capital to China economically, but politically seized "leased land" and divided "spheres of influence", which set off a wave of dividing up China. Culturally, they invaded the cities and villages of China through the church, which aggravated the national crisis and eventually broke out the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Movement.
organization structure
member
The composition of the Boxer Rebellion is extremely complicated, including poor peasants, craftsmen, urban poor, small traders and transport workers, as well as some government troops, rich gentry and even nobles. In the later period, many hooligans mixed in. "From princes to prostitutes and slaves, almost no one does not join the Boxer Rebellion", which makes the organization of the Boxer Rebellion extremely loose, which is not conducive to concentrating on fighting the enemy.
According to Chen Guizong's The Organization and Purpose of the Boxer Rebellion, the organization of the Boxer Rebellion can be roughly divided into:
1. The altar is the grassroots unit of the Boxer Rebellion, also known as Tankou, also known as Factory, Furnace, Regiment and House. Leaders are usually called big brother.
2. General altar, Tianjin uses the word "Kan". It is the superior unit of the altar.
3. The gate or regiment is the next unit of the general altar. According to the Eight Diagrams, the Boxer Rebellion is divided into eight groups: Ganzi Gate (Group) and Xunzi Gate (Group).
The Boxer Rebellion is a loose organization composed of all Boxers.
In addition, there are women's organizations such as Red Lantern, Blue Light, Black Light (composed of widows) and Lantern Photo (* * *).
Boxers can be divided into official, private and fake groups.
The so-called official group refers to accepting the appeal of the Qing court, registering with the Qing court, accepting the command of the Qing court officials and receiving their salaries. The official group was recognized by the Qing Dynasty and obeyed its command. Admitting the official regiment was a means for the Qing court to control the Boxer Rebellion.
Private organizations are mostly spontaneous organizations of group members and have great independence. Set up your own altar or engage in the struggle to "destroy the ocean".
The boxer movement has its complexity. Generally speaking, the Boxer Rebellion is a loose organization that almost everyone can join, but in fact many Boxer Rebellions were suppressed by the Qing Dynasty in the name of "pseudo-groups". "Fake faction" can be divided into two situations. One is that it did not obey the rule of the Qing Dynasty and posed a threat to it, so it was eliminated, which was an excuse for it to suppress and eliminate the Boxer Movement. Second, some bad elements and even parishioners pretend to be Boxers. The former is like "restless people, or echoing on the altar, or antique clothes, fish is good." (Tianjin, January) The latter, such as "worshippers all pretend to be fake Boxers, looking for revenge and killing people everywhere, especially in the west side of Beijing" ("Boxer Movement Historical Materials Series") "In Zhibei area, Catholics often rob people everywhere for the Boxers. If there is a winner who calls himself the Boxer Rebellion, the local authorities will release him immediately. " ("Geng Zi Notes").
The root cause of failure: the leading class of the boxer movement is the peasant class, and the basic masses are farmers and small-scale craftsmen, so they can't come up with a practical revolutionary program. At first, they were repeatedly suppressed by the Qing Dynasty for the purpose of "opposing the Qing Dynasty and regaining sight". Facing the serious national crisis, the Boxer Rebellion pointed its finger at imperialism and put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". Due to the limitations of the peasant class and the lack of leadership of the advanced class, the Qing Dynasty, headed by Empress Dowager Cixi, was forced to surrender to imperialism by means of false declaration of war and real surrender, and suppressed the Boxer Rebellion at home, leaving the Boxer in a position of internal and external attack. It was defeated by enemies at home and abroad.
Objective reasons: repression by the Qing Dynasty and foreign allied forces.
Subjective reasons: "Fuqing" in Fuqing made the Boxer Rebellion lose its due vigilance and blindly exclude foreigners.
What is the Boxer Movement? It is also called the Boxer Movement. The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the "Boxer Rebellion", was a large-scale mass violence movement in China at the end of 19 with the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries", targeting westerners in China, including missionaries and Christians in China. The Boxer Rebellion prevented the imperialist powers from dividing up China, preserved the culture and civilization of China, curbed the possible imperialist war, and promoted the awakening of the broad masses of people in China, which was one of the cornerstones for the great victory of the people of China fifty years later. The Boxer Rebellion was launched by the Boxer Rebellion in North China at the end of 19, and it was an anti-imperialist patriotic movement widely participated by all social strata in China. Due to the joint strangulation of the Qing court and foreign Coalition forces, the Boxer Rebellion finally failed. This matter has a great influence. Historians in China also call this event "the Boxer Rebellion" or "the Battle of Eight-Nation Alliance". Some people in Japan call it the "Northern Youth Incident".
When was the Boxer Movement? The Boxer Rebellion was a large-scale anti-imperialist patriotic movement which took place in the north of China from the 24th to 25th year of Guangxu (1899 ~ 1900).
Is the boxer a thug or something? Historically, the Boxer Rebellion was still evaluated as a "patriotic movement to save the nation from extinction".
But in my opinion, at first they were "opposing the Qing Dynasty and destroying the foreign countries", and later they were "helping the Qing Dynasty and destroying the foreign countries". In fact, they are extremely hostile to all westerners and cultures and destroy all new things under the banner of "saving the country". In fact, the people who suffered the most in the Boxer Rebellion were not foreigners, but China people. Not many foreigners were really killed by the Boxer Rebellion, and their skill of infighting was not small. China parishioners who died at their hands were bullied by countless women. It seemed patriotic, but it was wrong. If you compare the Boxer Rebellion with the group of dung youths who smash Japanese cars and Japanese shops now, you will find that they are actually the same person.
What is the nature of the Boxer Movement? The Boxer Rebellion started in the 26th year of Guangxu, namely 1900, which was the product of the increasingly serious national crisis after the Sino-Japanese War. The Boxer Rebellion originated from private secret organizations such as the Boxer Rebellion, Plum Blossom Boxing and Broadsword Club. 1In the second half of 899, Shandong Boxer took the lead in putting forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries", and in the following year, it developed rapidly to North China and Northeast China, with great momentum in Beijing and Tianjin.
The Boxer Rebellion can be characterized by the following four words: patriotism and anti-imperialism. The attitude of the Qing Dynasty towards the Boxer Rebellion can be summarized as "utilization", which was finally decided by Empress Dowager Cixi at several "command meetings". Therefore, in some areas, the Qing army once cooperated with the Boxer Rebellion, and the Qing court even set up Minister Ying Yong to control the Boxer Rebellion. The use of the Boxer Rebellion in Qing Dynasty was based on the Boxer Rebellion and patriotism and anti-imperialism. However, Eight-Nation Alliance ravaged Beijing, and the Qing Dynasty was forced to sign the "Xin Chou Treaty", and the Boxer Movement was immediately suppressed, and the slogan was changed to "Sweep away foreigners". Obviously, the Boxer Rebellion, composed of farmers and manual workers, is absolutely unambiguous in its policy of "patriotism and anti-imperialism" from beginning to end. The weaknesses and shortcomings of the Boxer Rebellion and some cruel measures taken against foreigners have led to the conclusion that the Boxer Rebellion is "anti-civilization and anti-humanity", which means that the Boxer Rebellion is "a national humiliation that China people cannot forget". The result of this discussion can be described as "only seeing the trees, not seeing the forest" and "picking up the grass and losing the watermelon", which not only violates historical facts, but also leaves a lot of room for discussion on the standpoint, viewpoint and attitude of historical research.
The historical orientation of the Boxer Rebellion should be patriotism and anti-imperialism. In order to oppose imperialist aggression against China (specifically, Eight-Nation Alliance killed innocent people, raped and plundered China, and committed all kinds of evils), he made a lot of sacrifices. This is the historical subject of the Boxer Rebellion, touching and illuminating the earth. I think that even if the Boxer Rebellion has a hundred stupid, rude and reprehensible things, it can't hide its glory of "patriotism and anti-imperialism". This principle also applies to the resistance movement of any invaded country in the world. The boxer in ancient China and the Iraqi resistance fighters today have the same nature and the same reason.
Is the Boxer Rebellion a cult? Is the Boxer Rebellion a folk religion? Although primitive and backward, the Boxer Rebellion is an anti-imperialist and patriotic movement of China people. In the era when there were no revolutionary political parties armed with advanced theories, the Boxer Rebellion was a spontaneous anti-imperialist and patriotic movement of China people. Although there are many shortcomings, as China people, we cannot completely deny the Boxer Movement. The heroic and fearless patriotism shown by the Boxers is worth learning forever. Nowadays, many people who abuse the Boxers wantonly are traitors and scum who worship foreign things and flatter foreign countries.
It is wrong for the Boxer to seek revenge and xenophobia blindly. Its civil movement is too chaotic and unorganized, and it is easy to be deceived by the government.
Who started the boxer movement? The Boxer Movement of Patriotic Groups in Eight-Nation Alliance
The Boxer Rebellion was a large-scale anti-imperialist patriotic movement which took place in the north of China from the 24th to 25th year of Guangxu (1899 ~ 1900).
/kloc-at the end of 0/9, various imperialists invaded China's border areas and neighboring countries crazily, and a new crisis appeared in China's border areas. After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, imperialism exported a large amount of capital to China economically, but politically seized "leased land" and divided "spheres of influence", which set off a wave of dividing up China. Culturally, they invaded the cities and villages of China through the church, which aggravated the national crisis and eventually broke out the anti-imperialist patriotic movement of the Boxer Movement.
Boxer, formerly known as Boxer. Originated in Shandong, it rose on the basis of the struggle against foreign religions. Boxing is related to Anbaili and Bagua. It organizes the masses by setting up boxing factories and practicing boxing. Most of the participants are farmers, craftsmen and other people. This is the first anti-church armed struggle launched in the name of the Boxer Rebellion. The name of the Boxer Rebellion actually started here. Since then, "Sanduo Zhao is the leader, gathering thousands of people and scattered in more than ten counties, with great prestige and frequent surprises."
(Guanxian annals). In other places, mass anti-church struggle organizations (such as broadsword clubs) also use the banner of the Boxer Rebellion. In the areas where foreign churches are densely populated along the Luxi Canal, the Boxer Rebellion has the largest momentum, with more than 800 boxing factories in Chiping County. In just over half a year, the boxer's activities have expanded to most parts of the province.
1899, Zhu led the Boxer Rebellion against foreign religions in western Shandong and northwestern Shandong, and nearby counties responded in succession. The anti-imperialist fire of the Boxer Rebellion started under such circumstances. "The Boxer Rebellion started in Shandong and became popular everywhere in March", and then it quickly developed to Zhili (now Hebei), Henan, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Northeast China. Especially in Beijing and Tianjin, the momentum is huge. The Boxer Rebellion was developed from the Boxer Rebellion, Plum Blossom Boxing, and Broadsword Club, which were distributed all over Shandong. 1899 gradually formed a unified name after the second half of the year. The boxer movement did not establish a unified organization and leadership, and most of the participants were teenagers, but they were highly disciplined. "Thousands of people gathered as soon as the leaflets were sent out." Have a strong fighting capacity.
The basic masses of the Boxer Rebellion are farmers and small-scale craftsmen. At first, they were repeatedly suppressed by the Qing Dynasty for the purpose of "opposing the Qing Dynasty and regaining sight". Facing the serious national crisis, the Boxer Rebellion pointed its finger at imperialism and put forward the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries".
1June, 900, the Boxer Rebellion flooded into Beijing with the connivance and acquiescence of Empress Dowager Cixi. They practiced boxing and martial arts in Beijing, scrambling to make weapons, burning churches and punishing corrupt officials, and set off a massive "anti-imperialist" movement. On June 10, more than 2,000 people from Britain, Russia, Japan, France, Germany, the United States, Italy and Austria invaded Beijing from Tianjin. The invading army was stopped by the Boxer Rebellion and patriotic officers and soldiers near Langfang, and retreated to the "concession" in Tianjin on 26th. However, another group of invaders captured Dagu Fort on June 17, and then invaded Tianjin on a large scale. The boxer fought bravely against the invading army in Tianjin, and some Qing troops also participated in the Tianjin defense war under the influence of the boxer. In July 14, Tianjin fell. However, the Boxer Rebellion wiped out more than 1000 invaders and dealt them a heavy blow.
On August 4th, 20,000 people from Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Peking again. 14 August 4th, captured Beijing. By the end of the year, Eight-Nation Alliance dispatched hundreds of thousands of troops to occupy Baoding, Zhengding and Jingxing, and finally occupied the three northeastern provinces. Wherever the invading army went, it burned, killed and looted, doing all kinds of evil. In particular, Russia created a shocking blue ocean bubble and the 64 th massacre in Jiangdong. Hailan bubble is located on the other side of Aihui County. 16 In July, more than 3,000 Russians were killed by Russian aggressors here. Jiangdong 64 Tun is located in the south of Gyeonggi Province (namely Jieya River) on the east bank of Heilongjiang. On July 17, more than 7,000 Russians were killed by the invading Russian army.
Under the strong pressure of the Boxer Rebellion and the threat of Eight-Nation Alliance's artillery fire, the Qing Dynasty headed by Empress Dowager Cixi was forced to resort to false declaration of war and real surrender, surrendered to imperialism and suppressed the Boxer Rebellion internally, leaving the Boxer in a position of internal and external attack.
However, after August 1900, the Boxer fighters who retreated to the suburbs of Beijing and Tianjin and the vast rural areas of Zhili persisted in the anti-imperialist struggle and continued to fight the aggressors in various forms, showing the heroic spirit of the people of China who vowed to fight the aggressors to the end.
The Boxers in the history books are good. Why did the Boxer Rebellion go bad in Huang Feihong movies? Is the boxer movement good or bad? Because you received a socialist education, but you watched a film made by capitalism. The two sides hold different views. Just as North Korea, which has friendly relations with China, is called the axis of evil by the United States. Which side would you agree with?