1 949 65438+1October1,People's Republic of China (PRC) was established. At that time, there were only over 30 specialized research institutions in China, and there were no more than 50,000 scientific and technological personnel in the country. China's science and technology needs to be rebuilt on a "ruin".
1949,1/kloc-0 In June, China Academy of Sciences was established on the basis of the former Academia Sinica and Beiping Research Institute, as the main government research institution in new China, and in the following years, China Association for Science and Technology, China Meteorological Bureau, Ministry of Geology and other scientific and technological coordination research institutions were successively established. The development of science and technology in China has entered a brand-new historical stage.
The establishment of New China has inspired a large number of overseas students to talk about serving the country. Hua, a famous mathematician who is teaching at the University of Illinois in the United States, was very excited after hearing the news of the establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC). Without hesitation, he gave up his tenured professorship and generous living conditions abroad and resolutely returned to China.
1955, Qian Xuesen, a student of aero-dynamicist von Carmen and then a professor at California Institute of Technology, went back to work after difficulties. In the following decades, he made a special contribution to the development of national defense science and technology in China.
By 1957, more than 3,000 overseas scholars had returned to China, accounting for more than half of the overseas students and scholars before the founding of New China. They overcame many difficulties and returned to their motherland. Most of them became the founders or pioneers of new China's scientific and technological development. Nearly two-thirds of the first batch of 233 faculty members (later renamed academicians) selected by China Academy of Sciences are returned overseas students.
At the same time, the China Municipal Government has made great efforts to train scientific and technological talents and set up scientific research institutions. In a short time, China has initially formed a scientific and technological system consisting of five scientific research armies, namely, China Academy of Sciences, universities, research units of various departments in the State Council, local scientific research units and national defense scientific research units.
1956 is an important milestone in the development history of modern science and technology in China. 65438+ 10 In June, China put forward the slogan "March to science". Science and technology have entered a new stage of planned and vigorous development.
In this year, the China Municipal Government established the National Science Planning Commission, organized more than 600 scientists and technical experts from all over the country, formulated the first long-term plan for the development of science and technology in China, namely, 1956 to 1967 long-term plan for the development of science and technology, and worked out 57 major tasks. The main tasks put forward in the plan were completed ahead of schedule in 1962, which laid the foundation of emerging science and technology in China, such as atomic energy, electronics, semiconductors, automation, computing technology, aviation and rocket technology, and promoted the birth and development of a series of emerging industrial sectors. On the basis of completing the forward-looking plan of 1956 to 1967 ahead of schedule, China has formulated the outline of 1963 to 1972 (referred to as the ten-year plan).
1958, the government of China reorganized and merged the science and technology management institutions, and established the State Science and Technology Commission and the National Defense Science and Technology Commission. All provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), cities and counties have successively set up science and technology committees at all levels, forming China's science and technology management system. Under the national planning, China's scientific and technological undertakings have entered a modern development period.
1964, Premier Zhou Enlai first proposed to realize the modernization of industry, agriculture, national defense and science and technology in his government work report.
During this period, science and technology developed rapidly. 1959, geologist Li Siguang and others put forward the theory of "continental oil generation", which broke the western scholar's theory of "China is poor in oil"; 1960, physicist Wang et al. discovered the anti-negative hyperon; 1964, China's first atomic bomb exploded successfully; From 65438 to 0965, biologists synthesized bovine insulin for the first time in the world. In this process, China has formed a number of scientific research institutes with complete disciplines and good equipment, and trained a high-level and strong scientific research team. By 1965, there were more than 700 scientific research institutions and120,000 people engaged in scientific research. This is the basis for the sustainable development of science and technology in China.