The establishment of Wuchi Road in Qin Dynasty marked the beginning of the official rule of Yunnan by the central dynasty. Yizhou County was established in the Western Han Dynasty and Yongchang County was established in Baoshan in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which further deepened the rule of Yunnan, and the territory of China in western Yunnan has been basically laid. During the Qin and Han Dynasties, bronze wares were widely used in Yunnan, and the economy developed greatly. More than 2,000 bronzes unearthed in Lijiashan, Jiangchuan and Shizhai Mountain, Jinning, copper and silver smelting and manufacturing in Zhuti (now Zhaotong and Ludian) and Tanglang (now Dongchuan, Huize and Qiaojia) in northeast Yunnan enjoy a good reputation in the whole country, and silk, hemp and cotton fabrics in west Yunnan are also very developed. In particular, the opening of the Southern Silk Road in China has promoted Yunnan's external ties with Southeast Asia and South Asia.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Yunnan, Guizhou and southwestern Sichuan were called "South China". During the Three Kingdoms period, some slave owners and nobles in southern and central China were self-sufficient. Zhuge Liang led the army to "explore the Central Plains in the North", crossed Lushui (now Jinsha River) in May, settled the south and central China, adjusted the county settings, United the upper classes of ethnic minorities and developed Yunnan's economy. In the Western Jin Dynasty, Ningzhou, which was directly ruled by the central government, was changed to Yunnan, which was one of the nine Kyushu countries in China/KLOC-0 at that time. At this time, iron was widely used in Yunnan, and immigrants settled in fields. New factors of feudal relations of production have emerged in central and northeastern Yunnan. During the Southern and Northern Dynasties, under the rule of cuan clan clan, Yunnan maintained close ties with Liu, Song and other feudal dynasties, with relatively stable society and relatively developed economy and culture. Since then, Yunnan has not only "well registered households", but also "reaped the same harvest as midsummer", leaving behind the Dragon Monument and Treasure Monument regarded as "divine products". It is during this period that the economic and cultural exchanges between ethnic groups have been continuously strengthened, and the ancestors of Bai and Yi people such as "West Mang and White Man", "Han Shang Man", "Song Wai Man" and "Helman" have been formed.
The Sui Dynasty eliminated the separatist forces, and Yunnan was placed under the direct rule of the central government again, followed by the early Tang Dynasty, which basically restored the scale of the county system in the Han and Jin Dynasties. In 707 AD, the Tang Dynasty defeated the Tibetan expansionist forces invading Erhai Lake in the south and set up an iron column to make contributions. In 738 AD, it helped Nanzhao unify Erhai Lake area and conferred the title of "King of Yunnan" on Polo, which further developed the general trend of unity between Yunnan and the motherland. During Nanzhao period, Guizhou was in the east, Irrawaddy River in the west, Xishuangbanna in the south and Dadu River in the north. The southeast border is now Vietnam, and the southwest border is now Myanmar; There are Tubo in the northwest and Rongzhou (now Yibin) in the northeast. Nanzhao's internal repair system, the construction of Dongcheng (now Kunming), the construction of the three pagodas of Chongsheng Temple, the development of economy, and the active study of advanced Han culture in culture have strengthened the economic and cultural ties between various regions and ethnic groups in Yunnan. In 897 AD, Zheng Maisi killed Wang Jian, the "great river" in Nanzhao. In 927, Yang Ganzhen established "Da Yi Ning". In 937, Duan Siping contacted 37 ministries to pacify the country and establish the "Dali Kingdom" regime. Dali regime basically inherited the border since Nanzhao, with eight states, four counties and thirty-seven departments, and practiced feudal serfdom. The rule of Dali regime in Yunnan is basically the same as that of Song Dynasty in the Central Plains. The king of Dali paid tribute to the Song Dynasty, and his leaders were successively named "King of Eight Counties in Yunnan" and "King of Dali" by the Song Dynasty, and became the assistant to resist the western line of Mongolian nobles in the Southern Song Dynasty. The Dali regime has always maintained a vassal relationship with the Song Dynasty. The so-called "Song brandishing jade axe" abandoned Yunnan, which is not in line with historical facts.
In A.D. 1253, Kublai Khan led an army to cross the Jinsha River in skins, enter Yunnan and destroy Dali. 1260, "General Manager of Dali Kingdom" was established. 1274, Kublai Khan sent a talented Hui people to Saidianchi Lake to establish Yunnan Province, and appointed Saidianchi Lake as "the official of Pingzhang Province in Yunnan Province" (equivalent to today's governor) to govern Zhongqing (now Kunming). Yunnan Province has its own roads, prefectures, prefectures and counties, which are directly managed by officials appointed by the provincial government. The establishment of Yunnan Province brought Yunnan into the unified governance of the Yuan Dynasty and opened a new situation in Yunnan history. Since then, the name "Yunnan" has officially appeared in history as a provincial institution. Saidianchi Lake built a "private village" in Yunnan, built water conservancy projects, promoted Confucianism, improved ethnic relations, and made Yunnan politically stable and economically developed. Agriculture and animal husbandry has gradually changed from extensive management to intensive cultivation, and mining and metallurgy, mainly silver and copper, has grown into an important pillar industry. Yunnan's silver and copper courses rank first in the country, accounting for more than half of the national tax. Kunming has become the "industry and commerce" described in Marco Polo's Travels. Commodity exchange further developed, but since then, the Yuan Dynasty made Muer the king of Yunnan, and in 1290, the emperor made Liang the king, and Dali in Yunnan was under the jurisdiction of the whole province. In fact, there are two regimes in Yunnan, the provincial government and the vassal government. Dali took the opportunity to separate western Yunnan, making the provincial government useless. In addition, serf owners and slave owners everywhere took the opportunity to rebel, which brought huge losses to people's production and life. 1363, with the support of the people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan, the Red Scarf Peasant Uprising Army once entered Yunnan from Sichuan, which dealt a blow to the feudal lords of the Yuan Dynasty in Yunnan.
After the establishment of the Ming Dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang sent Fu Youde, Aquamarine and Mu Ying westward to pacify Yunnan on 138 1. 1382, Yunnan political department (equivalent to the provincial government) and capital command post (equivalent to the provincial military region) were established, and prefectures, prefectures and counties were set up in the inland of Yunnan, with the rule of floating officials as the mainstay, and they were set up in remote areas. In the Ming dynasty, a large number of Han Chinese from the mainland entered Yunnan, and the economy developed rapidly. The output of silver reaches more than half of the whole country. The 24,000 Jin Hong Zhong cast in the 21st year of Yongle (1423) reflects the development level of copper mining at that time. With the development of commodity exchange, the currency used in Yunnan has also begun to abandon the coin, and the popular silver and copper coins in China have begun to replace the coin in circulation in Yunnan. At the end of the Ming Dynasty, the peasant uprising army led by Sun Kewang entered Yunnan, established Li Yong as emperor and launched the anti-Qing struggle. 1658 65438+ In February, the Qing army entered Yunnan, and the last dynasty of Nanming fell.
After the establishment of the Qing Dynasty's rule over Yunnan, a large number of immigrants entered Yunnan and implemented the policy of "returning home", which objectively consolidated the unity of the country and promoted the development of the frontier. In the Qing Dynasty, the mining and metallurgy industry in Yunnan developed greatly, and the seeds of capitalism began to appear. Copper from Dongchuan, Yimen, Lunan and Yongbei (now Yongsheng), silver from Ludian, Baiyang (now Binchuan Niujing), Yongsheng (now Yunlong) and Maolong (now Cangyuan), tin from Gejiu, lead from Luoping and Jianshui are all famous. From 1743 to 1802, the average annual output of Yunnan copper industry exceeded 10000 kg, and the highest annual output reached 14000 kg, ranking first in the country.
After the Opium War, Yunnan entered a semi-feudal and semi-colonial society with the whole country and was invaded by imperialist countries headed by Britain and France. People of all ethnic groups in Yunnan launched a vigorous anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle. After 1856, the Hui, Bai, Yi and Hani people's uprisings led by Du Wenxiu and Li strongly supported the national anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle, dealt a heavy blow to the feudal rule of the Qing government and shattered the dream of imperialist division and invasion of Yunnan. In the Sino-French War from South Yunnan 1883 to 1885, people of all ethnic groups in western Yunnan intercepted the British "expedition" to Ma Jiali, defended Pianma and Ban Hong, and severely punished the French invaders. They won great victories in the anti-French struggle led by Xuanguang, Lintao, Xiang Chongzhou and Yang Ziyuan, and wrote touching patriotic poems.
Under the harsh semi-colonial and semi-feudal environment, China's national capitalism developed slowly, and the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal struggle led by the bourgeoisie was gradually launched after the birth of the bourgeois political party alliance. 1907, members of Yunnan Youth League and revolutionary masses held an uprising in Hekou. On the 7th day after Wuchang Uprising/KLOC-0, Zhang Wenguang, a member of the League, responded to the call and launched an armed uprising in Tengchong, establishing the Dudufu of the West Yunnan Army. 6543810.30, on the ninth day of the ninth lunar month, the Kunming uprising was launched, and the Yunnan military government was established, overthrowing the rule of the Qing government in Yunnan. During the Republic of China, Yunnan local government sent troops to the Northern Expedition, aided Sichuan to support the whole country, and carried out a series of bourgeois reforms initially, which played a certain role in promoting Yunnan's economic development. However, due to the weakness of the bourgeoisie in China, the revolutionary achievements were stolen by Yuan Shikai. 19 15, Yuan Shikai publicly proclaimed himself emperor and restored the feudal monarchy. Under the organization of Cai E, Tang and others, people of all ethnic groups in Yunnan first launched an uprising to defend their country on February 25th 19 15, and sent troops along Sichuan and Guangxi to denounce the restoration of monarchy. With the support of all parties in the country, after more than a year's efforts, the rule of Beiyang warlords collapsed and Yuan Shikai's dream of being an emperor was completely shattered. As a backward frontier province with poor land and poor people, Yunnan has made great contributions and sacrifices in the process of democratic republic in China.
19 19 Around the May 4th Movement, Marxism began to spread in Yunnan. 1October 7th, 1926 165438 Through the efforts of Li Xin and other officials, the Yunnan Special Branch of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was established in Kunming, and the revolutionary struggle of Yunnan people entered a brand-new stage under the leadership of the Party. However, due to the cruel suppression of the Kuomintang, comrades Li Xin, Wang Desan and Liu Pingkai died one after another, the party organizations were severely damaged, and the revolutionary struggle turned to a low ebb. During the period of 1935- 1926, the Central Red Army and the Red Second and Red Sixth Army Corps moved to Yunnan, passing through 33 counties and conquering 13 counties, and held a historic Tashi meeting in Weixin County. On the way to the Long March, the Red Army mobilized the masses, cracked down on local tyrants, publicized the party's ethnic policy, and sowed a new revolutionary flame in Yunnan. Under the leadership of the underground party, the people of Yunnan actively supported and cooperated with the Long March, and more than 2,000 people joined the Red Army.
1929, Chiang Kai-shek appointed Long Yun as chairman of the Yunnan provincial government and commander-in-chief of the 13th Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army, and the rule of Yunnan local strength faction headed by Long Yun was established and consolidated. 1937, War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in an all-round way, and Yunnan fought with all its strength. 200,000 Yunnan troops were sent to Taierzhuang, Wuhan and other anti-Japanese war fronts, and 65,438+10,000 migrant workers were invested to build the Yunnan-Myanmar Highway. Moreover, during the period of 1942- 1945, he supported the expeditionary force to enter Myanmar for the war of resistance. When the Japanese invaders trampled on the territory of western and southern Yunnan,
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek suddenly attacked and removed Long Yun from the post of chairman of Yunnan Province. He successively created the "December 1st" massacre, "Wenli Massacre" and "99 purge" in Yunnan, killing * * * members and patriotic Democrats. The atrocities of the Kuomintang aroused strong resistance from the people. The local party organizations in Yunnan, the Communist Party of China (CPC) launched an all-round struggle to organize, mobilize the people and seize power by force, and set up the "China People's Liberation Army Border Region Column". 1949, under the unified leadership of the party, 6 1 county towns were liberated and 14 base areas were established. At the same time, the People's Liberation Army field army went south, and the party organization won the Lu Han Uprising in Kunming on 1949 and 65438+February 9, and Yunnan declared peaceful liberation.
Since modern times, Yunnan's economy has developed in a tortuous way in a very difficult environment. 1914-1919 years, national capital once ushered in a short spring. Before and after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, Yunnan local national capital and bureaucratic capital developed to a certain extent. During the Anti-Japanese War, a number of factories and schools moved from coastal areas and inland areas, which once gave Yunnan economy. However, after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Yunnan's economy nearly collapsed under the oppression of western imperialism, feudal forces and bureaucratic capital. 1949, the population of the province was15.95 million, of which the agricultural population accounted for 92%, the total agricultural output value was 925 million yuan, the per capita grain was 493 Jin, and the total industrial output value was1860,000 yuan. Commodity economy is extremely backward. Most of urban light industrial consumer goods are supplied by coastal provinces and cities, and rural areas are basically self-sufficient natural economy.