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Arrangement and summary of human geography knowledge points
I. A brief history of development
The development of human geography has gone through the process of knowledge accumulation, discipline formation and theoretical evolution, discipline differentiation and theoretical and methodological innovation. According to its development order, it can be divided into three stages: ancient, modern and modern.
Ancient stage
The ancient stage is the accumulation period of human geography knowledge, which is mainly described by fragments, and various discussions about the relationship between man and land have appeared.
In China's ancient books, there are many expositions about the relationship between man and land, including the geographical environment determinism thought that "the wide valley is different from the big river, and the people's livelihood is different" in The Book of Rites. There is also the idea that "the weather is not as good as the geographical position, and the geographical position is not as good as human harmony" in Mencius' Sun Chou. There is also the idea that "a lady can't feel the sky with her actions, and the sky can't accompany her" in Wang Chong's "On Heng Yong Huai" in the Eastern Han Dynasty, which advocates the regularity between people and land and opposes the absolute relationship between people and land. However, in ancient China, there were no human geography works that systematically expressed the idea of the relationship between man and land.
In the west, geography has always regarded the earth as the hometown of mankind. Scholars in ancient Greece and Rome, such as Herodotus and Strappo, all discussed the phenomenon of human geography in their works. In the Middle Ages, some isolated and closed monarchies were formed in Western Europe, with the decline of economy and culture, and the corresponding development of human geography was at a standstill. At the same time, the geography of Arab countries has also made great progress, and Idrisi and other scholars have recorded many human geography phenomena in their works.
Modern stage
15-17th century, European navigators opened up new routes, and after "discovering" the new continent, European countries published various geographical works one after another, many of which were descriptions of human geography around the world, and most of them focused on races, settlements and other aspects, which played a great role in promoting the development of human geography.
Modern stage
/kloc-in the 0/9th century, geography began to form two branches: nature and humanity. Humboldt and Ritter, the founders of modern scientific geography, established early theories for the study of physical geography and human geography respectively. Since then, human geography has emerged a series of theories, established various branches and formed a system.
The formation and evolution of human geography theory began with Ritter's empirical and comparative study on the causal relationship of various geographical phenomena in various regions of the world. In the book Geography-The Relationship between Geography and Human Quality and History, Gary Gary Liddle discussed the relationship between natural phenomena and humanistic phenomena, regarded nature as the basic reason of human beings, and emphasized the influence of nature on human history. After his death, the theory of man-land relationship has been developed in different countries.
Germany
German geographer Lakzer argued in the book "Human Geography" published by 1882 and 189 1 that human beings, as the product of the environment, are strictly restricted in their activities, development and distribution. Later, his students, American geographers semple and Huntington, emphasized the decisive role of geographical environment in human civilization, and their views had a wide impact, forming a systematic environmental determinism.
France
At the same time, Vidal brandes, a French geographer, put forward another theory of human-land relationship, which was later called possibility theory or possibility theory. He believes that the task of geography is to explain the spatial relationship between natural conditions and human conditions. The natural environment provides a certain range of possibilities, and human beings make use of this possibility according to their own needs, wishes and abilities when creating dwellings. His viewpoint was further developed in the book Principles of Anthropology published by his student Bruner in 19 10. Bruner believes that nature is fixed and human nature is uncertain, and the relationship between them often changes with the times. The views of Vidal brandeis and Bruner had a great influence on French geography, thus forming the French School.
Britain, England
Influenced by the French School, Professor Luo Shi Pei of the University of Liverpool in the United Kingdom coined the word "regulation" in 1920 and founded the "adaptation theory". In his view, regulation contains two meanings, namely, the restriction of natural environment on human activities and the possibility of human society using and utilizing the environment. Luo believes that human geography studies the two-way relationship between man and land, and mainly discusses the adaptability of human social activities to the environment.
United States of America
American geographer Barros published "Human Ecology" in 1923, and put forward the theory of ecological regulation. He advocates that human geography is the viewpoint of studying human ecology, and thinks that man is the central topic in the relationship between man and land, and other phenomena are only necessary to explain when they involve man and his reaction to man. He also believes that history studies the relationship between people in time, while geography should focus on analyzing the relationship between people in space.
other
At the beginning of the 20th century, German scholar ruutel put forward the concept of cultural landscape, and thought that it was the main task of geography to explore the process of transforming original landscape into cultural landscape. Later, American geographer Saul proposed that human beings exert influence on natural and biological phenomena in the natural environment according to their own cultural standards, making them become cultural landscapes.
With the development of human geography theory, the research content and scope are also expanding, human geography and physical geography begin to divide, and some branches of disciplines appear one after another, forming a disciplinary system of human geography. Ethnography, population geography, settlement geography, cultural geography, political geography, commercial geography, economic geography, industrial geography, agricultural geography, traffic geography, etc. , are formed and developed at this stage.
Two. research method
Theme introduction
For a long time, geography classes in many universities in Europe have been taught by historians. They emphasized that geography research, especially human geography, is closely related to history, and the study of historical geography has long been limited to the content of historical human geography, so historical geography used to be an important part of human geography. British scholar Darby and others began to study historical physical geography in the 1930s, which made historical geography not only study the changes of human geographical phenomena in the historical period, but also study the changes of natural geographical phenomena in the historical period, thus becoming an independent branch of geography.
Since the 1960s, due to the rapid development of social economy and science and technology, great changes have taken place in the theories, methods and research contents of human geography.
In the theory of man-land relationship, it has experienced the transformation from environmental determinism, possibility theory, adaptation theory to harmony theory. Under the influence of the development of ecology and environmental science, analyzing and coordinating the relationship between man and environment has become a new topic in human geography.
Mathematical method
In terms of observation and analysis methods, the emergence of mathematical methods has greatly promoted the development of human geography. From 65438 to 0965, Garrison, a professor of geography at the University of Washington in the United States, set up a research class and trained a group of geographers by mathematical statistics. After 1960, British scholars Jolly and hagt introduced quantitative methods into the geography departments of Cambridge University and Bristol University, which made this innovation spread rapidly among geographers in various countries, and the expression of geographical phenomenon distribution differences began to develop from qualitative to quantitative.
The application of electronic computers enables geographers to deal with complicated calculations of various variables, study some spatial laws with new statistical methods and technical means, make accurate measurements, express the relationship between man and land in digital form, and explain regional differences and their changes.
Since the system theory was founded in 1950s, American geographer Ackerman proposed in 1966 that geographers should explore a system concept composed of many different but interdependent variables, and deal with the system of human and environment from the perspective of time and space. Since 1960s, many scholars have made contributions to the study of ecosystem, political system, economic system, social system and regional system. With the introduction of quantitative calculation and system theory, geography began to use models to express the geographical phenomena it studied.
After the rise of behavioral science in 1960s, the study of behavioral geography appeared. In 1970s, behavioral research was very popular in geography. By studying the reaction and behavior decision-making process of different social groups, strata and classes to different environments, geography can play a greater role in decision-making to solve practical problems.
After the Second World War, tourism developed vigorously, and the importance of tourism income to national economic income increased day by day, which made tourism geography develop rapidly and become a new branch of human geography. Human beings exist in the form of various social groups, and the different cultures of each group are not only components of the social environment, but also factors that restrict people's behavior. Therefore, since the Second World War, the importance of socio-cultural geography in studying social phenomena and cultural differences in space has been increasing. At the same time, the need to rebuild cities in many countries, the rapid increase of new cities and the continuous expansion of city scale have accelerated the process of urbanization, making urban geography gradually occupy an important position in human geography.
Traditional human geography focuses on small area research, economic zoning and cultural landscape types, and now it turns to analyze and solve real social problems, involving land consolidation, environmental protection, poverty and hunger, racial discrimination, rational utilization of resources and improvement of people's lives. Since the mid-20th century, human geography has begun to face social problems, thus breaking the artificial boundaries of various branches of disciplines and emerging a new synthesis.
Three. Research characteristics
The research characteristics of human geography are not only comprehensive, regional and dynamic, but also the characteristics of taking human phenomena as the research object. Although its research object has something in common with social science, it pays attention to the characteristics of regional distribution and the relationship between human phenomena and geographical environment, which is different from social science, thus forming its unique theory and method and becoming an interdisciplinary marginal science. As a discipline close to humanities or social sciences in geography, human geography not only adopts traditional methods (truthful investigation, using maps, etc.). ) and modern methods (such as aerial photos, satellite photos, geographical models, etc. ), but also introduced a large number of social science methods (such as sampling survey, quantitative technology, psychology and behavior research methods). Geography is a subject that studies the spatial distribution of natural phenomena and human phenomena on the earth's surface and their relationship. Human geography and physical geography are two closely related components. Therefore, the development of human geography plays an important role in the development of geography
Four. Geographical division
According to the division of large administrative regions
North China, Northeast China, East China, Central China, South China, Southwest China, Northwest China, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.
According to the division of economic strategy
East China, Central China, Northeast China and West China.
Divided by north and south
South and north, China is divided by Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River, which is generally limited to the main residential areas of the Han nationality.
Other branches
The capital of People's Republic of China (PRC) is Beijing, and the capitals of the Republic of China are Nanjing and Chongqing. In addition to Beijing and Nanjing, China has long taken Xi, Luoyang, Kaifeng and Hangzhou as national administrative centers.
For the territorial scope of China today, please refer to the Republic of China, People's Republic of China (PRC), Taiwan Province Province, Tibet, South China Sea Islands, Heixiazi Island, Diaoyutai Yule, Outer Mongolia and Pamirs.
How to learn geography?
First, cultivate your interest in geography. Interest is the best teacher. If you lack the necessary interest in geography, you must cultivate it in your study and life. For example, in the poem, "The spring breeze is but the Yumen Pass", I have to study it myself. Why did the ancients write such a poem? It is understood that the original "spring breeze" refers to the summer monsoon that affects China. Yumen is located in the non-monsoon area, which is not affected by the summer monsoon, so the precipitation here is scarce and desolate. Only in this way can you stimulate your interest in learning.
Second, correct learning attitude and be proactive. As a student, you should have what a student should look like, don't believe in genius, do yourself well, study in a down-to-earth way, and ask your classmates or teachers if you don't understand. A threesome requires a teacher. Teachers will like to be attached to their students and feel gratified. They are afraid that if they don't understand and wait for their own research, they will build a car behind closed doors, which is likely to accumulate more problems.
Third, carefully preview what you want to talk about before class, so as to be aware of it; Listen carefully and concentrate in class. After class, you should finish your homework carefully and independently, and check for leaks. If you are distracted in class for a while, you may fall behind and make up for it. Sometimes, it may be difficult to break through the knowledge understood in class, and it will take several times after class. At this time, you will get twice the result with half the effort.
Fourth, middle school geography, especially high school geography, places special emphasis on understanding and memory. After all, rote learning is not as impressive as understanding. For example, the earth's rotation and revolution involve time difference, so it is necessary to draw more pictures, understand more and use more brains to get the topic right. Besides, you can also remember some jingles. For example, when you remember the dividing line between Asia and Europe, you can remember it like this-"Two Urals Black Lands" (Urals Mountain, ural river, Caspian Sea, Caucasus Mountain, Black Sea, Turkish Strait and Mediterranean Sea).
Fifth, the study of geography can not be separated from the assistance of maps. It is difficult to learn geography without pictures. Look at large and small maps and pay attention to different kinds of maps. Rivers, mountains, cities and other places need pictures in your mind. In particular, junior high school geography left a map, so the knowledge points were basically not attached. Junior high school geography can draw more maps, such as maps of the main stream and tributaries of the Yangtze River, and then fill in the birthplace and estuary, the main cities along the Yangtze River and the main topographic areas in the basin according to the map.
Sixth, I will do the problem in actual combat, whether it is a mule or a horse. See you on the topic. There are so many topics, we must pay more attention to the topics of our own weak link design, and we must complete them independently. Don't copy books, or you'll get yourself hurt! After explaining the topic, the teacher should learn to reflect and ask more why. Why did he do it wrong? Is it carelessness or is there really a knowledge loophole? If you miss Jingzhou, you must tell yourself not to make such low-level mistakes again! If there are loopholes, it is not terrible. The terrible thing is not to summarize and sort it out. For example, the agricultural development conditions in a certain place, including natural conditions and socio-economic conditions. Natural conditions include climate, topography, soil and water. Social and economic conditions include market, transportation, agricultural technology, national policy, labor force, etc. If you miss something in your answer, you should reflect it in your notebook and never do it again.
Seventh, we should always make periodic summaries and have our own study plans. After the weekly or monthly exams, you should sum up the problems exposed in the exams, analyze your recent study situation, and communicate with teachers and classmates more so as to adjust and improve.
Methods of learning geography
Learn to use textbooks
Teaching materials are not only tools for mastering knowledge and skills, but also the basis for cultivating self-study ability. The table of contents indicates the main points of this book and the relationship between them, so you should read it often to understand the content of this book. Read the text carefully, often think deeply, grasp the main points, write down the questions, pay special attention to the illustrations and tables, and understand the problems illustrated by the charts.
Learn to use maps.
Map is the carrier of geographical information, which can explain the vast geographical environment that we can't see with the naked eye. Maps are also tools for learning geography. By analyzing the map, we can understand the geographical characteristics, principles and causes, and find ways to use and transform it. To learn to read and use all kinds of maps, we must first remember the most basic maps. For world geography, we must first remember the distribution of seven continents and four oceans.
Attach importance to geographical observation
Observation is thinking and careful observation. Take a look at the local geographical environment and how people move around there. Get geographical information through newspapers, TV programs and pictures, and exercise our intelligence.
Be good at geographical imagination
Observation can only get local intuition, while maps can only provide location intuition. Imagination can connect the two, so that you can get a comprehensive view of the geographical environment and then show you the future of geography.
Organize and summarize the relevant articles about human geography knowledge points;
★ Summary of geographical basic knowledge points
★ Review method of human geography
★ People's Education Edition Seventh Grade Geography Knowledge Points
★ Learning methods of human geography
★ Encyclopedia of inductive knowledge points of eighth grade geography.
★ Summary of geography knowledge points in Grade 7 of People's Education Edition
★ Organize all junior high school geography knowledge points.
★ Memory method of human geography
★ Summarize the knowledge points in the second volume of geography in grade eight.
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