From July of the first year (209 BC) to December of the second year (early October of the Qin Dynasty), Chen Sheng and the peasants led an uprising against the State of Qin. The peasant uprising led by Chen Sheng and Guangwu was the first large-scale peasant uprising in the history of China. However, due to the loose organization, the lack of strong unified command and scattered forces, the anti-Qin armed forces across the country failed to unite to fight together, and they were divided by Qin Jun. Like all failed peasant uprisings, they did not have a far-sighted strategic vision, but they fundamentally shook the rule of the Qin Dynasty, created favorable conditions for Xiang Yu and Liu Bang to destroy Qin, and occupied an important position in the history of peasant wars in China.
From the fourth year of Tianfeng in Xin Mang (17) to the third year of Emperor Hancheng (the first year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty, 25 years), a large-scale peasant uprising war led by Wang Kuang and Simomo in Xinshi (now the northeast of Jingshan, Hubei) overthrew Wang Mang's regime. The Green Forest Peasant Uprising Army was an important force in the peasant uprising war in the last years of Xin Mang, which played a key role in overthrowing the Xin Mang regime and occupied an important position in the history of China peasant war.
From the fifth year of Tianfeng in Xin Mang (18) to the first year of Jianwu in the Eastern Han Dynasty (27 years), Fan Chong and others led by Lang Xie (Wu Dong, now Zhucheng, Shandong Province) launched a large-scale peasant uprising war against the follwed regime. Red-eye peasant uprising army was an important force in the peasant uprising war in the last years of Xin Mang. It echoed the novel Heroes in the Woodland, played an important role in overthrowing Xin Mang's regime and occupied an important position in the history of China's ancient peasant war.
From the first year of Zhong Ping in the Eastern Han Dynasty (184) to the third year of Chuping (192), Julu (county governing pottery, now southwest of Ningjin, Hebei) and others led a large-scale peasant uprising war against the Eastern Han Dynasty. The Yellow Scarf Uprising was the first organized and prepared peasant war under the cover of religion in the history of China, which provided valuable experience for the later peasant uprisings and played an important role in the history of peasant war in China. The Successful Experience of the Yellow Scarf Peasant Uprising War
In the refugee uprising war at the end of the Western Jin Dynasty, from Yongjia five years (365,438+065,438+0) to Jianxing three years (365,438+05), Du Mi, a native of Shu County, led the refugees in Jingxiang area to resist gold.
From October of the third year of Longan in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (399) to March of the first year of Yuanxing (402), Sun En led the people in eastern Zhejiang to resist the peasant uprising war in the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
The Sun En Uprising was the first time that the water army was used in the peasant war in China. Rebels threatened Jiankang, the capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty, several times, which shook the ruling foundation of the Eastern Jin Dynasty. However, due to the failure to establish a solid rear base, the operational guidance missed several favorable fighters. In the counterattack of 8 Jin Army, the insurgents retreated to the island several times, which made the achievements unable to be consolidated, and the uprising was finally suppressed by the Eastern Jin Dynasty.
From July of the ninth year of Song Yuanjia (432) to September of the following year, Zhao Guang and others rose up against the failed Song Dynasty.
From September to August in the sixth year of Taiping Zhenjun in the Northern Wei Dynasty (445), Lu Shuihu (a branch of Xiongnu) rallied the people of Wu to resist the Wei Uprising. Gaiwu lacked strong operational guidance in the anti-Wei uprising. Running around, failing to occupy a favorable position as a barrier to advance and retreat; The rebel forces dispersed, and the main forces in Hedong and Hexi failed to unite in time, which made Wei Jun divide and rule.
In the fourth year of Zheng Guang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (523), people in Woye Town of the Northern Wei Dynasty (now the northeast of Wuyuan in Inner Mongolia) broke the tomb of the Six Han Dynasties and rose up against the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
During the five years (524) to six years of the Northern Wei Dynasty, the people of all ethnic groups in Guanlong (now Shaanxi and Gansu) rebelled against the rule of the Northern Wei Dynasty.
In the second year of Xiaochang in the Northern Wei Dynasty (526), Huai Shuo Town of the Northern Wei Dynasty assembled Jung and Zhen soldiers in Li Xiu to protest against the uprising ruled by the Northern Wei Dynasty.
From the sixth year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (6 10), Zhai Rang gathered in Wagangzhai (now south of hua county, Henan Province) to raise the banner against Sui Dynasty, and in the first year of Wude (6 18), Shimi led his troops to the Tang Dynasty, and a peasant armed force was active in the Central Plains, which was the Wagang Rebel Army led by Zhai Rang and Shimi. Wagangjun was one of the three rebels with the earliest, fastest development and strongest strength in the peasant uprising at the end of Sui Dynasty.
From the seventh year of the Great Cause of Sui Dynasty (6 1 1) to the fourth year of Wude (62 1), during the peasant uprising at the end of Sui Dynasty, Dou Jiande and his subordinate Liu Heita led the Hebei Rebels to fight against Sui and Tang Dynasties in the Lu-Ji area.
Hebei Uprising Army, led by Dou Jiande and Liu Heita, persisted in the anti-Sui and anti-Tang struggles for 12 years in the vast areas of Shandong and Hebei. It is an important force in the struggle to overthrow the tyranny of Yang Di and has made outstanding contributions. Although Dou Jiande made some serious mistakes due to his lack of political foresight, he was still an outstanding peasant leader.
From October in the first year of Tang Baoying (762) to April in the first year of Guangde (763), farmers in eastern Zhejiang (now Shaoxing, Zhejiang) led by Yuan Chao, a native of Taizhou (Linhai), revolted.
From the first year of Tang Yongtai (765) to May of the following year, a peasant uprising led by Fang Qing and local tyrant Chen Zhuang took place in Suzhou (now Suzhou, Jiangsu).
From December of the 13th year of Emperor Taizong (859) to June of the following year, a peasant uprising led by Qiu Fu took place in eastern Zhejiang, which started the peasant war that overthrew the Tang Dynasty (see "Peasant Uprising War at the End of Tang Dynasty").
From July of the ninth year of Tang Xiantong (868) to October of the tenth year, the garrison in Guizhou (now Guilin, Guangxi) launched an anti-Tang peasant uprising.
At the beginning of the second year of Tang Ganfu (875), Wang Xianzhi, a native of Zhou Pu (now the ancient city of northern Juancheng), gathered thousands of people to launch a peasant uprising against the rule of the Tang Dynasty.
It took Wang Xianzhi more than three years from the beginning of the uprising to his death. He first held high the banner of righteousness and put forward the slogan of "average", which greatly promoted the mobilization of farmers against the dark rule of the Tang Dynasty. However, he could not stand the test of victory and begged for mercy again and again, which weakened the struggle against the enemy and split the rebel army. His failure is the inevitable result of hesitation and compromise.
From June of the second year of Tang Ganfu (875) to June of the fourth year of Zhonghe (884), Huang Chao, a native of Shandong (now Heze, Shandong), led the peasants to oppose the rule of the Tang Dynasty. After Wang Xianzhi's sacrifice, he held high the banner of "equality" held by Wang Xianzhi and waged an indomitable long-term war with Tang Ting.
Ten years before and after Huang Chao rose up against the Tang Dynasty, it was one of the peasant uprisings with large scale, frequent wars and remarkable results in ancient China. It occupies an important position in the history of peasant war in China. The Huang Chao Uprising Army fought thousands of miles from north to south, from south to north and from east to west, captured two Beijings, drove away the emperors, established the peasant regime, dealt a fatal blow to the Tang Dynasty, shook the corrupt rule of the Li family, and embodied the working people's political desire for "equality" and indomitable fighting spirit. However, the lessons of the failure of the Yellow Scarf peasant war are also very profound. Like all failed peasant uprisings, it has no long-term strategic vision.
In March of the second year of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty (882), Qian Neng, an official in Qiongzhou (now Qionglai, Sichuan), escaped the cruel criminal law of the Tang Dynasty because of his tardiness, and gathered people to launch an uprising.
From the fourth year of Chunhua in the Northern Song Dynasty to the second year of Zhidao (993-996), Wang Xiaobo and Li Shun, citizens of Qingcheng (now southeast of guanxian, Sichuan), United to resist the uprising suppressed by government forces.
From the first year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (119) to three years, Song Jiang gathered in Liangshan Park (also known as Liangshan Dragon. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the government was corrupt, and the peasants were exploited by heavy taxes and displaced. In the first year of Xuanhe, 36 people, including Song Jiang, occupied the water margin, recruited rebels, and gathered for an uprising. Xuanling troops captured Heshuo (generally referring to the north and south areas in the lower reaches of the Yellow River) and Donglu (governing Qingzhou, now Yidu, Shandong Province), fought between Qing and Qi (now Jinan, Shandong Province) and (now Juancheng, Shandong Province), captured more than ten counties and cities, punished corrupt officials, killed the rich and helped the poor, and were ready to go. On the second day of December, Evonne, Song Huizong, learned that Hou Meng of Bozhou had "pardoned" and made a decree to woo him, but failed, so he ordered Zeng Xiaoyun of Bozhou to lead the army to discuss. Song Jiang avoided the battle and led his troops south from Qingzhou to Yizhou (now Linyi, Shandong), where he worked with loyalists for more than ten years. In February of three years, he captured the Huaiyang Army (Xiapi, now the town east of Gupi in the northwest of Suining, Jiangsu Province), and then arrived in Haizhou (now Haizhou Town in the southwest of Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province) by boat from Shuyang (now Jiangsu Province). Zhang Shuye, the magistrate, sent messengers to inquire about the direction of the rebel army. He learned that Sung River led more than ten giant ships to approach the sea, so he recruited more brave men to ambush near the city and sent light soldiers to lure the sea. In May, after Song Jiang led his people ashore, they were ambushed, their ships were burned, their retreat was broken, they were defeated and captured, and the uprising was suppressed.
From the second year of Xuanhe in the Northern Song Dynasty (1 120) to the fourth year, Fang La, a citizen of Qingxi, Zhou Mu (now northwest of Chun 'an, Zhejiang), led the poor peasants in Zhejiang and rose up against the peasant uprising ruled by the Song government.
From the first year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty to the third year of Shaoxing (from the fifth to eleventh year of Jintianhui,1127-133), during the Anti-Jin War in the Southern Song Dynasty, Hebei Zhaofu Division controlled Wang Yan and led the rebels in Taihang Mountain area to fight against the Jin Army in Henan, Sichuan and Shaanxi.
In the first year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty (the fifth year of Jintianhui, 1 127), the Hedong Uprising Army in the Southern Song Dynasty fought with the Jin Army between Yuze and Lu (now Jincheng and Changzhi in Shanxi).
From the first year to the second year of the Southern Song Dynasty (Jintianhui five to six years,1127-1128), Shao Xing led the rebels to fight the Jin Army in the Southern Song Dynasty.
From the fourth year of Jianyan in the Southern Song Dynasty to the fifth year of Shaoxing (111135), in the peasant uprising war in the Southern Song Dynasty, Hunan rebel leaders Zhong Xiang and Yang Mo led Dongting Lake area to fight against the encirclement and suppression of government forces in the Southern Song Dynasty year after year.
This campaign is a large-scale water attack and defense war between peasant rebels and government forces. Yang Yao and others led the rebel army to defend Dongting Lake, combining soldiers with farmers, advancing hand in hand by land and water, and skillfully spinning suspected soldiers. They persisted for six years before and after, defeated the loyalist army many times with the advantage of vehicles and boats, and smashed the enemy's seven attacks. In the later period, Yue Fei led heavy troops to attack the city and sent troops to lure the village chief, which led to the disintegration of the rebel army and was defeated one by one. However, the actions of the rebels dealt a heavy blow to the government of the Southern Song Dynasty.
From the 31st year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty to the 2nd year of Longxing (from the 6th year of Jin Dynasty to the 4th year of Dading,11-65438), the general of the Southern Song Dynasty led his troops to Haizhou (now Haizhou Town, southwest of Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province) for the war of resistance against gold.
From the 31st year of Shaoxing in the Southern Song Dynasty to the 2nd year of Longxing (from the 6th year of Jin Dynasty to the 4th year of Dading,11-65438), the general of the Southern Song Dynasty led his troops to Haizhou (now Haizhou Town, southwest of Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province) for the war of resistance against gold.
From the 11th year of Zheng Zheng, Yuan Shundi to the 27th year of Zheng Zheng (1351-kloc-0/367), the peasants in the Yuan Dynasty rebelled and overthrew the feudal dynasty. At the end of Yuan Dynasty, politics was dark, and the internal political situation of the ruling class was turbulent. The Yuan government extorted money, the land was highly concentrated, the social economy declined, and class contradictions and ethnic contradictions intensified. In the eleventh year, Han, the leader of a private secret organization, and his disciples used the government to recruit 654.38+500,000 farmers to build the Yellow River. The peasants couldn't bear the bullying and heavy labor of Yuan officials and organized anti-Yuan activities. Word got out that Han was captured and killed and fled back to Yingzhou (now Fuyang, Anhui). In May, Liu Futong led an uprising with a red scarf on his head, which was called the Red Scarf Army. Later, he led the army to the west of Henan, and successively conquered Xiangcheng (now south of Xiangcheng, Henan), Luoshan (now Luoshan, Henan) and Zhenyang (now Zhengyang, Henan), and the team quickly developed to more than 100,000 people. Under the influence of Liu Futong Uprising, people's struggles against Yuan broke out in many places in the north and south of the Yangtze River, including: Li Er and Zhao Junyong in Xuzhou, Guo Zixing and Sun Deya in Haozhou (now northeast of Fengyang, Anhui), Buwangsan and Meng Haima in Han Xiang Valley; Qi (now Qichun, Hubei), Huang (now Huanggang, Hubei) and Xu Shouhui all belong to the Red Scarf Army system, and Xu Shouhui in the north and south is the strongest among many uprising troops. The development of these two rebel armies divided the ruling area of the Yuan Dynasty into two parts, isolated the north and the south, and dealt a powerful blow to the rule of the Yuan Dynasty. In addition, there are Zhang Shicheng insurgents.
From October to July (15 10) in the fifth year of Zheng De in Ming Dynasty (15 12), a large-scale peasant armed struggle led by Liu Liu and Liu Qi took place in Wen 'an County, Bazhou, North Zhili, against the feudal rule of Ming Dynasty.
From July in the first year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1628) to March in the seventeenth year (1644), Li Zicheng, Zhang and other peasant armies grew up from small to large, from scattered to concentrated, from guerrilla mobile operations to mobile operations, and finally overthrew the war in Ming Dynasty.
After more than 30 years of repeated contests between the peasant uprising army and the Ming and Qing armies in the late Ming Dynasty, it overthrew the Ming Dynasty and hit the Qing Dynasty, which played an important role in the history of China peasant war. The most typical tactic of peasant war in the late Ming Dynasty was mobile warfare, which had great advantages. The rebel army moved at the wind and was inseparable, which made the Ming army exhausted.
From the first year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (1796) to the ninth year (1804), farmers in Hubei, Sichuan and Shaanxi provinces resisted feudal oppression in the form of Anbailism.
In the 18th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 13), from September to December, Lin Qing and Li Wencheng led the armed riots of Tenrikyo in eastern Henan and Gyeonggi.
From 185 1 (the first year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty) to 1868 (the seventh year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty), the anti-Qing war broke out in Huanghuai River Basin, which was transformed from the party that turned losses into profits.
The Nian Army Uprising War, which lasted for 18 years, spread to Anhui, Shandong, Henan, Jiangsu, Shaanxi and other provinces 10, wiped out more than 100,000 Qing troops and local regiments, effectively cooperated with the people's uprisings in the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom and North China, and dealt a heavy blow to the rule of the Qing Dynasty. In the long-term anti-Qing war, the Nian army formed a unique set of mobile tactics, which were defeated repeatedly. However, the leaders of the Nian Army were short-sighted politically, failed to form a centralized and unified leadership and command, practiced the principle of roving bandits militarily, neglected the establishment of a solid base area, and later divided the total force into two, blindly directing operations, resulting in the Qing army being defeated one by one and the whole army being wiped out.
185 1 (the first year of Xianfeng in Qing dynasty) to 1864 (the third year of Tongzhi in Qing dynasty), the peasant uprising war led by Hong Xiuquan and others opposed the feudal rule of Qing dynasty and foreign capitalist aggression.
The magnificent Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement lasted 14 years, covering 18 provinces. The scale and intensity of the war, and the level of military planning and command have reached the peak of peasant wars in past dynasties. However, the lessons of the failure of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement are also profound. Like all failed peasant uprisings, it has no long-term strategic vision (such as Chen Guang Uprising, Greenwood Uprising, Red Eyebrow Uprising, Yellow Scarf Peasant Uprising, Sui Peasant Uprising, Huang Chao Uprising, Li Zicheng Peasant Uprising in the Late Ming Dynasty, Zhang Peasant Uprising, etc.). ). This war, in which millions of people participated, failed to maintain the unity of the leading core in organization, made repeated mistakes in military strategic decision-making and lacked experience in diplomacy.
Note: N peasant uprisings led by the Producer Party are not summarized here.
The reasons for the peasant uprising can be summarized as follows:
-Land annexation theory. This is analyzed from the perspective of economics. Different from manor ownership in medieval Europe and various feudal ownership in other parts of the world, the biggest feature of China's feudal land system is that the land is private and free to buy and sell. Under the condition of small-scale peasant economy, in order to increase the output, farmers must increase the labor input to the land regardless of the cost, which is also the origin of the ancient intensive farming tradition in China. This will lead to the reduction of marginal labor productivity, and even become negative. Thus, the need for land concentration has arisen. The concentration of land will inevitably reduce the number of farmers on the land, and more people will become refugees and gather in the mountains as bandits, which will seriously form a peasant uprising.
In view of this, all previous dynasties in China prohibited land annexation, and the most severe measure was Wang Mang's Wang Tian system, which fundamentally prohibited the sale of land. However, in China, a country with a small land and a large population, land is the scarcest resource and the main form of social wealth and interest-bearing wealth, and land merger and concentration are inevitable.
-the theory of autocratic oppression. This is analyzed from a political point of view. No matter in which era and society, the interests of different classes are inevitable. In China, the most typical oriental autocratic country, it is impossible to form a game situation in which different classes compete for interests as in ancient Greece and Rome. We can only resort to violence to solve conflicts of interest among different classes. Farmers at the bottom and with a large number can only defend their rights through uprisings and riots. Whether the contradictions between classes can be alleviated depends on whether the rulers can implement the so-called "benevolent government" and voluntarily reduce the oppression and exploitation of farmers. Rulers often adopt harsh laws and tyranny for their own interests, thus inspiring peasant riots.
-population pressure theory. This is analyzed from the perspective of resources. At the beginning of each dynasty, because of the recent turmoil, the population was relatively small and the contradiction between population and resources was not prominent, so the society was relatively stable. With the development of economy and the rapid growth of population, it will inevitably fall into the "Malthusian trap" (that is, when the population grows to a certain limit, it will automatically decrease through war, disease and other means. Before the agricultural revolution, the adjustment of population and resources could only be carried out by reducing the population. In Europe, this is a plague; In China, it was a peasant uprising, which reduced the population through wars and riots. When the contradiction between population and social productive forces approaches the limit, the peasant uprising takes place.
-Natural disasters. This is analyzed from the perspective of geographical environment. China is located on the east coast of the Asian continent, with frequent floods and droughts. Most of the peasant uprisings in ancient China were accompanied by natural disasters. A German research team conducted a high-resolution paleoclimate study on the drilled cores obtained from Huguangyan Lake in Leizhou Peninsula, and concluded that the important reason for the decline of the prosperous Tang Dynasty was long-term drought, with little rain in summer, because successive years of drought led to crop failure, which aroused peasant uprising and eventually led to the demise of the Tang Dynasty in 907. Whenever a major disaster occurs, a large number of farmers are inevitably displaced. At that time, the feudal dynasty was unable to cope with natural disasters and appease a large number of farmers on the verge of survival. The peasants had to take risks and revolt.
-farmers underground organization said. This is analyzed from the organizational behavior of farmers themselves. Due to its vast territory, China's ancient autocratic regime was generally controlled only at the county level. The squire autonomy is basically implemented below the township level, and the rural self-government institutions are relatively developed. The tradition of farmers' secret association has a long history. Many peasant uprisings, such as the Yellow Scarf Uprising and the Red Scarf Army Uprising at the end of Yuan Dynasty, were all related to the organization of secret groups. Before the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, organizations such as the Folk Heaven and Earth Society and the White Lotus Society had flourished, and Hong Xiuquan even started as a missionary.
Exploring the root causes of peasant uprisings still has important reference significance for us to solve the "three rural issues" today. With the abundance of material, especially the thorough solution of the problem of food and clothing, the peasant uprising lost its soil; Moreover, with the advent of the era of hot weapons, the peasant uprising has almost no possibility of success. However, many farmers' rights have been violated, mass incidents of farmers have occurred from time to time due to demolition and tax burden, and underground churches and superstitious organizations in rural areas are rampant, which still remind us that the genes of the uprising are still continuing among contemporary farmers and should be highly valued.