This paper analyzes and thinks about the financing business of small and medium-sized enterprises in banks. Keywords: 1 risks and benefits of direct financing channels for small and medium-sized enterprises in commercial banks. The development of small and medium-sized enterprises is the basic force to promote the development of China's national economy, build the main body of market economy and promote social stability, especially in ensuring moderate growth of the national economy, alleviating employment pressure, rejuvenating the country through science and technology and optimizing the economic structure. Since the reform and opening up, small and medium-sized enterprises have developed rapidly. It is reported that the number of SMEs officially registered in China exceeds100000, accounting for 99% of the total number of enterprises in China; The value of final products and services created by small and medium-sized enterprises accounts for more than 50% of China's GDP, 60% of exports, 43% of taxes and 75% of urban employment opportunities. Small and medium-sized enterprises have become an important part of national economic development, and have played an irreplaceable role in absorbing labor, promoting market competition, facilitating people's lives, promoting technological innovation and promoting economic development. Small and medium-sized enterprises have become a new growth point to stimulate the economy. Second, the development of financial services for small and medium-sized enterprises is of strategic significance to commercial banks. 1. The contribution of major customers decreased rapidly, and the profit margin of banks gradually narrowed (1). The fund management level of major customers has generally improved. Large customers have basically established a capital network, and the intensive management of funds has led to a gradual decline in the share of deposits and loans of large banks and enterprises. (2) The financing ability of large customers has been improved, the direct financing channels are smooth, and the demand for traditional loan business is insufficient. For example, the rapid development of short-term financing market has accelerated the pace of "financial disintermediation", and the traditional credit business of commercial banks is facing a severe test. (3) The target markets of banks are converging, and fierce competition leads to banks being in a weak position in negotiations with major customers, with weak loan bargaining power and low income level of intermediary business. Under the pressure of competition, the loan interest rates of many big customers of banks are below the benchmark interest rate, especially the monopoly group customers are mostly down 10%, and the intermediary business of big customers often does not charge or underpays because of pursuing considerable loan spreads. 2. The contribution of small and medium-sized enterprises has gradually increased, and it has increasingly become the strategic goal of the development of commercial banks (1). Banks have strong bargaining power for loans to small and medium-sized customers, and the income level of intermediary business is high, which has become a new profit growth point. According to the survey data of Zhejiang Branch of a state-owned bank, the loan balance of small and medium-sized enterprises accounts for 70% of the loan balance of corporate customers, and the loan interest rate of small and medium-sized enterprises rises by an average of 20% on the benchmark interest rate, which is much higher than other loan income. 85% of the interest income of enterprise loans comes from small and medium-sized enterprises, and small and medium-sized enterprises in intermediary business, international business and credit card business are also the main force to generate income. (2) Disperse risks and increase liquidity. Commercial banks can spread the concentration risk by developing the financial business of small and medium-sized enterprises, and make strategic adjustments to the credit asset structure and customer structure; At the same time, because the credit demand of SME customers is mostly short-term credit products, it is of great significance to expand and develop short-term credit products suitable for SMEs to adjust asset structure and reduce the risk of asset-liability mismatch. (3) Rich resources, great development space and great potential. At present, there are a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises and individual industrial and commercial households, and the proportion of small and medium-sized enterprise customers to the total number of bank customers is extremely low, forming a great contrast. Therefore, the huge resources and business development space of small and medium-sized enterprises need to be tapped and expanded. Three. Analysis of the financing situation of small and medium-sized enterprises and the reasons for the difficulty in lending 1. The imperfect credit system makes banks generally reluctant to lend. From the bank's point of view, security, liquidity and profitability are the basic requirements of bank loans, and the high operational risks of small and medium-sized enterprises make them a natural barrier for banks to strengthen their loan support for small and medium-sized enterprises. The life span of SMEs in China is very short. According to the large-scale sampling survey of private enterprises in China, before 1993, the average duration of private enterprises was only 4 years, which increased to 7.02 years in 2000. 70% of SMEs will be eliminated within five years after starting a business, while less than 10% of SMEs have been operating for more than10 years. In this case, financial institutions are cautious about SME loans. From the point of view of enterprises, many enterprises lack the concept of credit, don't talk about credit in the relationship between transaction and financing, and often deliberately default on loans. Coupled with the absence of local protection, government intervention, dishonesty punishment and other laws and regulations, the phenomenon of evading bank debts is becoming more and more serious. After the enterprise defaults, it is difficult for banks to recover the principal and interest of loans, so they have to strengthen credit management and improve lending conditions, which leads to widespread reluctance to lend. 2. Lack of effective mortgage guarantee has become the primary obstacle to financing. More than 90% of the workshop land of small and medium-sized enterprises in China is mostly collective land and homestead. Real estate mortgage is a common guarantee method for banks to issue loans at present, and it is also an important way for guarantee companies to guard against loan risks. Due to the legal ambiguity of the subject of collective land ownership (at least three), it is difficult to determine the subject of collective land ownership in practical work. In addition, administrative power is often used to replace the management right of land assets, which brings the "boundary" of land property rights of all subjects in the process of collective land circulation, resulting in the problem that the right to use collective construction land is difficult to mortgage. The "Guarantee Law" clearly stipulates: "The houses owned by the mortgagor and other things fixed on the ground can be mortgaged" and "the land use right of township enterprises cannot be mortgaged separately. If buildings such as factories of township enterprises are mortgaged, the land use rights within their occupied areas shall be mortgaged at the same time. " "Cultivated land, homestead, private plots, private plots and other collectively owned land use rights shall not be mortgaged". The misplacement of housing ownership and homestead use right in mortgage has become a deadlock for small and medium-sized enterprises to raise funds, financial institutions to realize cash and guarantee institutions to guarantee. 3. Credit management and business environment risks Inadequate information disclosure and distorted financial data of SMEs make it difficult and untrue for banks to conduct investigations before lending. China's credit system and credit management for the whole society, including small and medium-sized enterprises, have not yet formed. 4. The asymmetry of risk and income reduces the enthusiasm of banks. Although some innovative small and medium-sized enterprises have a high failure rate, successful entrepreneurship will bring high entrepreneurial income. On the other hand, bank credit financing can only obtain fixed interest income, that is to say, banks bear the financing risk and cannot share the high income brought by the success of enterprises, which leads to the asymmetry of risks and income of banks and reduces the motivation of banks to lend to SMEs. 4. The main problems that commercial banks must solve in developing the financial industry of small and medium-sized enterprises 1. The value orientation and market orientation of banks need to be adjusted. Under the situation of insufficient demand for loan business of large enterprises, commercial banks must re-examine their own market positioning and seek new business growth bases. We should focus on "maximizing value", adhere to the principle of matching income with risk, apply risk identification technology, default rate statistics and customer credit risk assessment technology suitable for small enterprises to avoid small enterprise risks, improve risk pricing ability, cover risks and costs through price increase, and finally reflect the benefit goal. 2. Small businesses should not adopt the same management mechanism as big customers. The existing "one-size-fits-all" management mechanism for financial business of large enterprises is difficult to respond correctly and quickly to the market and effectively prevent financial business risks of small enterprises.
Analysis of financing status of small and medium-sized enterprises
Main listed companies of small and medium-sized banks: At present, the listed companies of small and medium-sized banks in China mainly include: Shanghai Pudong Development Bank (600,000. SH)； China Merchants Bank (600036. SH)； Industrial Bank (60 1 166. SH)； China citic bank (60 1998. SH)； Minsheng bank (6000 16. SH)； China everbright bank (60 18 18. SH)； Ping An Bank (00000 1. SH)； Huaxia bank (6000 15. SH)； Bank of Beijing (60 1 169. SH)； Shengjing Bank (HK.02066); Chongqing bank (60 1963. SH)； Bank of Ningbo (002 142. SZ)； Guangzhou Rural Commercial Bank (0 155 1. HK)； Chongqing Rural Commercial Bank (60 1077).
The core data of this article: the issuance scale of the New Third Board; The scale of private debt banks; Loan balance of small and micro enterprises
Financing demand of small and medium-sized enterprises decreased under normal epidemic situation.
Since the outbreak of COVID-19 epidemic, the living environment of small and medium-sized enterprises in China has deteriorated sharply. According to the data of the Banker's Questionnaire Report, the loan demand index of SMEs in China has fluctuated and declined since 2020 1 quarter, and by the end of 20265438 1 quarter, the loan demand index of SMEs had dropped to 62.3% and 72.3% respectively.
Judging from the financing channels of several domestic small and medium-sized enterprises,
-The financing scale of the New Third Board declined.
Since 20 15, the number of small and medium-sized board listings in China's new third board market has fluctuated as a whole. In 2020, there are 8 187 listed companies in the national share transfer system for small and medium-sized enterprises, and the total stock financing of listed companies in the whole year is 33.9 billion yuan. By the end of 2020, the turnover of the New Third Board was129.46 billion yuan, and the issuance amount was 33.76 billion yuan. The overall transaction amount and issuance amount have increased significantly compared with the previous year, and the financing function of the New Third Board of SMEs has improved.
202 1 As of August, the issuance amount of the New Third Board was 144.5 trillion yuan, down by 33.05% over the previous year, and the number of listed companies was 7,369, down by 12.8% over the previous year.
Note: The issuance amount of 202 1 New Third Board is the data as of August 6th this year, and the rest is the data of August13rd.
-The financing scale of Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets is mixed.
According to the latest data released by the China Banking Regulatory Commission, by the end of 65,438+February in 2020, the loan balance of inclusive small and micro enterprises in China exceeded/kloc-0.5 trillion yuan, with a year-on-year growth rate of over 30%. Among them, the balance of small and micro enterprise credit loans and renewed loans increased by 365,438+0.34% and 50.33% respectively compared with the beginning of 2020, and the balance of medium and long-term loans increased by 65,438+0.79% compared with the end of June 2020.
In addition, the data also shows that from June 1 to June 1 1 in 2020, the interest rate of new loans for inclusive small and micro enterprises in the banking industry was 5.88%, which was 0.82 percentage points lower than that in 20 19. With the rapid growth of loans, interest rates have dropped sharply, which shows that the ability to serve small and micro enterprises has been significantly improved under the guidance of regulatory policies and the efforts of banking institutions.
Judging from the total market value of listed SMEs' private debt, from 20 12 to 2020, it experienced a process of rapid rise first and then decline. 2011848.78 billion yuan, the market value of private debt deposited by small and medium-sized enterprises reached its peak, and then decreased year by year until the end of 202 1.
-Small and medium-sized banks continue to provide support.
Different from the performance of the equity market, China's small and medium-sized banks have become the most important financing channel for small and micro enterprises, and the support for small and medium-sized enterprises has increased year by year. Since 20 19, No.4 Middle School has maintained a positive growth. In the quarter of 2002 1,1,the balance of inclusive loans for small and medium-sized banks in China was 10.9 trillion yuan, up 7.2% from the previous month. Compared with the above financing channels, the financing support of small and medium-sized banks for inclusive small and micro enterprises is more sustainable.
—— The above data refer to the Analysis Report on Market Foresight and Investment Planning of Small and Medium-sized Banks in China by Forward-looking Industry Research Institute.
What indicators should banks analyze when lending to SMEs?
The biggest problem faced by many small and medium-sized enterprises is the strict examination of funds and quotas by banks and financial institutions, so refer to the following indicators before applying for corporate loans:
1. Operating income and tax payment of the enterprise. The tax amount mainly depends on the enterprise's value-added tax and enterprise income tax. At the same time, it will also analyze whether the operating income is stable and whether there will be a significant decline compared with last year.
2. In the process of operation, some economic and legal problems will inevitably be encountered. If the enterprise has a lawsuit, the bank can find the judgment document in the court announcement. If a lawsuit is classified as closed or not, some banks will ignore it, but even the plaintiff will trigger a veto because the machine is difficult to identify.
3. It mainly depends on the upstream suppliers and downstream customers, the upstream and downstream stability of the industrial chain operated by the enterprise, and whether the customers of the enterprise itself are some high-quality customers.
4. The historical change of an enterprise mainly depends on whether the shareholders, legal persons and some main businesses of the enterprise have changed in the past year, especially the changes of shareholders. General banks need to change careers for a certain period of time before they can apply for micro-enterprise credit loans.
5. It is common that the owners of small and medium-sized enterprises are not legal persons themselves, and let others be legal persons, with 0 shares as legal persons. In the era of big data, a lot of relevant information is clear at a glance. Holding shares on behalf of shareholders or holding companies through complex corporate structures is usually automatically rejected by the system.
Response time: 2021-1-11. Please refer to the latest business changes announced by Ping An Bank in official website.
How to do the financial statements of bank loans?
It is generally beneficial for enterprises to master the following 12 financial indicators when preparing bank loan statements. Ratio of net assets to annual outstanding loan balance. Must be greater than 100% (real estate enterprises can be greater than 80%). , asset-liability ratio. It must be less than 70%, preferably less than 55%. , flow ratio. Generally speaking, the larger the index, the stronger the short-term solvency of enterprises. Usually the index is 150%~200%. , quick ratio. In general, the greater the index, the stronger the short-term solvency of enterprises. Usually the index is around 100%, and SMEs should be above 80%. , guarantee the proportion. Enterprises should minimize the risk of loss. Generally speaking, the ratio is less than 0.5. The net cash flow generated by the business activities of the enterprise should be positive, and the cash withdrawal rate of its sales income should be above 85~95%. In business activities, enterprises pay for purchased goods, and the cash payment rate of labor services should be above 85~95%. Growth rate of main business income. Generally speaking, if the annual growth rate of main business income is not less than 8%, it means that the main business of the enterprise is in the growth stage. If the ratio is less than -5%, it means that the product will enter the end of its life. , the turnover rate of accounts receivable. The average enterprise should be more than six times. Generally speaking, the higher the turnover rate of enterprise accounts receivable, the shorter the average collection period of enterprise accounts receivable, and the faster the speed of fund withdrawal. 0, deposit and loan turnover rate, the average small and medium-sized enterprises should be more than five times. The faster the inventory turnover rate, the lower the inventory occupancy level and the stronger the liquidity. 1 1, operating profit rate, which indicates the profit level of annual operating income and reflects the comprehensive profitability of the enterprise. Generally speaking, the index should be greater than 8%. Of course, the greater the index value, the stronger the comprehensive profitability of the enterprise. 2. The return on net assets should be greater than 5% for SMEs at present. Generally speaking, the higher the index value, the higher the return from investment and the higher the income level of shareholders.